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Yi L, Yang M, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Molnár O, Chen W, Feng J, Zhang H. Dynamics of Carbendazim-Resistance Frequency of Pathogens Associated with the Epidemic of Fusarium Head Blight. Plant Dis 2023; 107:1690-1696. [PMID: 36471466 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1998-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim resistance was detected using 4,701 Fusarium graminearum species complex isolates collected from major wheat-producing regions in China from 2018 to 2020. A total of 348 carbendazim-resistant isolates were identified. The majority of carbendazim-resistant isolates were detected in Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces. In total, 227 and 88 isolates were obtained from each of the Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces, with a high resistance frequency of 41.12 and 20.56%, respectively. The predominant resistant isolates harboring point mutations were F167Y (79.31%), followed by E198Q (16.38%) and F200Y (4.31%). Compared with F. graminearum, F. asiaticum isolates were more likely to produce carbendazim resistance. In this study, we first detected carbendazim-resistant isolates in Hebei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Hunan Provinces. In Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang, the frequency of carbendazim-resistant isolates maintained a high level, resulting in stable carbendazim-resistant populations. We also found the dynamic of carbendazim-resistance frequency in most provinces showed similar trends to the epidemic of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB). Our results facilitate the understanding of the current situation of carbendazim resistance of FHB pathogens and will be helpful for fungicides selection in different wheat-producing areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
| | - Meixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Orsolya Molnár
- ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
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2
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Yan Z, Chen W, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen AD, Feng J, Zhang H, Liu T. Evaluation of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in 410 Chinese Wheat Cultivars Selected for Their Climate Conditions and Ecological Niche Using Natural Infection Across Three Distinct Experimental Sites. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:916282. [PMID: 35712562 PMCID: PMC9195592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.916282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting wheat cultivars with stable resistance to Fusarium Head blight (FHB) and toxin accumulation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the risk of yield losses and contamination with mycotoxins. To facilitate the deployment of stable cultivar resistance, we evaluated FHB resistance and resistance to mycotoxin accumulation in 410 wheat lines bred by local breeders from four major wheat growing regions in China after natural infection at three distinct locations (Hefei, Yangzhou and Nanping). Significant differences in disease index were observed among the three locations. The disease indexes (DI's) in Nanping were the highest, followed by Yangzhou and Hefei. The distribution of DI's in Yangzhou showed the best discrimination of FHB resistance in cultivars. Growing region and cultivar had significant effect on DI and mycotoxins. Among the climate factors, relative humidity and rainfall were the key factors resulting in the severe disease. Even though most cultivars were still susceptible to FHB under the strongly conducive conditions applied, the ratio of resistant lines increased in the Upper region of the Yangtze River (UYR) and the Middle and Lower Region of the Yangtze River (MLYR) between 2015 and 2019. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the dominant mycotoxin found in Hefei and Yangzhou, while NIV was predominant in Nanping. Disease indexes were significantly correlated with DON content in wheat grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
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3
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Del Ponte EM, Moreira GM, Ward TJ, O'Donnell K, Nicolli CP, Machado FJ, Duffeck MR, Alves KS, Tessmann DJ, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T, Zhang H, Chulze SN, Stenglein SA, Pan D, Vero S, Vaillancourt LJ, Schmale DG, Esker PD, Moretti A, Logrieco AF, Kistler HC, Bergstrom GC, Viljoen A, Rose LJ, van Coller GJ, Lee T. Fusarium graminearum Species Complex: A Bibliographic Analysis and Web-Accessible Database for Global Mapping of Species and Trichothecene Toxin Chemotypes. Phytopathology 2022; 112:741-751. [PMID: 34491796 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0277-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is ranked among the five most destructive fungal pathogens that affect agroecosystems. It causes floral diseases in small grain cereals including wheat, barley, and oats, as well as maize and rice. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed studies reporting species within the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) and created two main data tables. The first contained summarized data from the articles including bibliographic, geographic, methodological (ID methods), host of origin and species, while the second data table contains information about the described strains such as publication, isolate code(s), host/substrate, year of isolation, geographical coordinates, species and trichothecene genotype. Analyses of the bibliographic data obtained from 123 publications from 2000 to 2021 by 498 unique authors and published in 40 journals are summarized. We describe the frequency of species and chemotypes for 16,274 strains for which geographical information was available, either provided as raw data or extracted from the publications, and sampled across six continents and 32 countries. The database and interactive interface are publicly available, allowing for searches, summarization, and mapping of strains according to several criteria including article, country, host, species and trichothecene genotype. The database will be updated as new articles are published and should be useful for guiding future surveys and exploring factors associated with species distribution such as climate and land use. Authors are encouraged to submit data at the strain level to the database, which is accessible at https://fgsc.netlify.app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Gláucia M Moreira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Todd J Ward
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria 61604, U.S.A
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria 61604, U.S.A
| | - Camila P Nicolli
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Maíra R Duffeck
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Kaique S Alves
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Dauri J Tessmann
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900 Brazil
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sofia N Chulze
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, 5800 Argentina
| | - Sebastian A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Buenos Aires, 7300, Argentina
| | - Dinorah Pan
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Silvana Vero
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061-0390, U.S.A
| | - Paul D Esker
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Antonio Moretti
- National Research Council of Research, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- National Research Council of Research, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H Corby Kistler
- Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, St. Paul 55108, U.S.A
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-5904, U.S.A
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Lindy J Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Gert J van Coller
- Plant Science, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
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4
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Fan X, Yan Z, Yang M, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T, van Diepeningen A, Brankovics B, Chen W, Feng J, Zhang H. Contamination and Translocation of Deoxynivalenol and Its Derivatives Associated with Fusarium Crown Rot of Wheat in Northern China. Plant Dis 2021; 105:3397-3406. [PMID: 33944574 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0612-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is one of the most important wheat diseases in northern China. The main causal agent of FCR, Fusarium pseudograminearum, can produce mycotoxins such as type B trichothecenes. Therefore, FCR could be an additional source of mycotoxin contamination during wheat production. Field inoculation experiments demonstrated that FCR disease severity strongly impacts the distribution pattern of trichothecenes in different wheat tissues. Mycotoxins were mainly observed in lower internodes, and a low amount was detected in the upper parts above the fourth internode. However, high levels of trichothecene accumulation were detected in the upper segments of wheat plants under field conditions, which would threaten the feed production. The variation of mycotoxin content among sampling sites indicated that besides disease severity, other factors like climate, irrigation, and fungicide application may influence the mycotoxin accumulation in wheat. A comprehensive survey of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives in wheat heads with FCR symptoms in natural fields was conducted at 80 sites in seven provinces in northern China. Much higher levels of mycotoxin were observed compared with inoculation experiments. The mycotoxin content varied greatly among sampling sites, but no significant differences were observed if compared at province level, which indicated the variation is mainly caused by local conditions. Trace amounts of mycotoxin appeared to be translocated to grains, which revealed that FCR infection in natural fields poses a relatively small threat to contamination of grains but a larger one to plant parts that may be used as animal feed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of trichothecene accumulation in wheat stems and heads, as well as grains after FCR infection in natural field conditions. These investigations provide novel insights into food and feed safety risk caused by FCR in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Meixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Business Unit Biointeractions, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Business Unit Biointeractions, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Anne van Diepeningen
- Business Unit Biointeractions, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Balazs Brankovics
- Business Unit Biointeractions, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Gansu 741200, China
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5
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Geiser DM, Al-Hatmi AMS, Aoki T, Arie T, Balmas V, Barnes I, Bergstrom GC, Bhattacharyya MK, Blomquist CL, Bowden RL, Brankovics B, Brown DW, Burgess LW, Bushley K, Busman M, Cano-Lira JF, Carrillo JD, Chang HX, Chen CY, Chen W, Chilvers M, Chulze S, Coleman JJ, Cuomo CA, de Beer ZW, de Hoog GS, Del Castillo-Múnera J, Del Ponte EM, Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Di Pietro A, Edel-Hermann V, Elmer WH, Epstein L, Eskalen A, Esposto MC, Everts KL, Fernández-Pavía SP, da Silva GF, Foroud NA, Fourie G, Frandsen RJN, Freeman S, Freitag M, Frenkel O, Fuller KK, Gagkaeva T, Gardiner DM, Glenn AE, Gold SE, Gordon TR, Gregory NF, Gryzenhout M, Guarro J, Gugino BK, Gutierrez S, Hammond-Kosack KE, Harris LJ, Homa M, Hong CF, Hornok L, Huang JW, Ilkit M, Jacobs A, Jacobs K, Jiang C, Jiménez-Gasco MDM, Kang S, Kasson MT, Kazan K, Kennell JC, Kim HS, Kistler HC, Kuldau GA, Kulik T, Kurzai O, Laraba I, Laurence MH, Lee T, Lee YW, Lee YH, Leslie JF, Liew ECY, Lofton LW, Logrieco AF, López-Berges MS, Luque AG, Lysøe E, Ma LJ, Marra RE, Martin FN, May SR, McCormick SP, McGee C, Meis JF, Migheli Q, Mohamed Nor NMI, Monod M, Moretti A, Mostert D, Mulè G, Munaut F, Munkvold GP, Nicholson P, Nucci M, O'Donnell K, Pasquali M, Pfenning LH, Prigitano A, Proctor RH, Ranque S, Rehner SA, Rep M, Rodríguez-Alvarado G, Rose LJ, Roth MG, Ruiz-Roldán C, Saleh AA, Salleh B, Sang H, Scandiani MM, Scauflaire J, Schmale DG, Short DPG, Šišić A, Smith JA, Smyth CW, Son H, Spahr E, Stajich JE, Steenkamp E, Steinberg C, Subramaniam R, Suga H, Summerell BA, Susca A, Swett CL, Toomajian C, Torres-Cruz TJ, Tortorano AM, Urban M, Vaillancourt LJ, Vallad GE, van der Lee TAJ, Vanderpool D, van Diepeningen AD, Vaughan MM, Venter E, Vermeulen M, Verweij PE, Viljoen A, Waalwijk C, Wallace EC, Walther G, Wang J, Ward TJ, Wickes BL, Wiederhold NP, Wingfield MJ, Wood AKM, Xu JR, Yang XB, Yli-Mattila T, Yun SH, Zakaria L, Zhang H, Zhang N, Zhang SX, Zhang X. Phylogenomic Analysis of a 55.1-kb 19-Gene Dataset Resolves a Monophyletic Fusarium that Includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex. Phytopathology 2021; 111:1064-1079. [PMID: 33200960 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0330-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user's needs and established successful practice. In 2013, the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani species complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged in 2015 by one research group who proposed dividing the genus Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC described as members of the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification in 2018 based on claims that the 2013 concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic. Here, we test this claim and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a genus Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students, and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species described as genus Neocosmospora were recombined in genus Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural, and practical taxonomic option available.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | | | - Takayuki Aoki
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | | | - Cheryl L Blomquist
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95832, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Bowden
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daren W Brown
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Lester W Burgess
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - José F Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Medical School, Reus, Spain
| | - Joseph D Carrillo
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Hao-Xun Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Martin Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Sofia Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, National University of Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey J Coleman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | | | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Department of Medical Mycology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Wade H Elmer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | | | - Kathryne L Everts
- Wye Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, Queenstown, MD 21658, U.S.A
| | - Sylvia P Fernández-Pavía
- Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán 58880, México
| | | | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Gerda Fourie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, U.S.A
| | - Tatiana Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg-Pushkin, Russia
| | | | - Anthony E Glenn
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, U.S.A
| | - Scott E Gold
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, U.S.A
| | - Thomas R Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Nancy F Gregory
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, DE 19716, U.S.A
| | - Marieka Gryzenhout
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Beth K Gugino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | | | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Mónika Homa
- MTA-SZTE Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cheng-Fang Hong
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - László Hornok
- Institute of Plant Protection, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Jenn-Wen Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Sarıçam, Adana, Turkey
| | - Adriaana Jacobs
- Biosystematics Unit, Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Cong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - María Del Mar Jiménez-Gasco
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Matthew T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, U.S.A
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - John C Kennell
- Biology Department, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63101, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - H Corby Kistler
- USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Gretchen A Kuldau
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Imane Laraba
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Matthew H Laurence
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John F Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Edward C Y Liew
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lily W Lofton
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, U.S.A
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuel S López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alicia G Luque
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Referencia de Micología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Erik Lysøe
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien, Ås, Norway
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Robert E Marra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Frank N Martin
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, ARS-USDA, Salinas, CA 93905, U.S.A
| | - Sara R May
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Chyanna McGee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Mycology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Nucleo Ricerca Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - N M I Mohamed Nor
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Michel Monod
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gary P Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Marcio Nucci
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludwig H Pfenning
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Anna Prigitano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen A Rehner
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Martijn Rep
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán 58880, México
| | - Lindy Joy Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Mitchell G Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Carmen Ruiz-Roldán
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Amgad A Saleh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baharuddin Salleh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - María Mercedes Scandiani
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Referencia de Micología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Scauflaire
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation Agronomie, Haute Ecole Louvain en Hainaut, Montignies-sur-Sambre, Belgium
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | | | - Adnan Šišić
- Department of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Christopher W Smyth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, U.S.A
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ellie Spahr
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, U.S.A
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Brett A Summerell
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antonella Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Cassandra L Swett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | | | - Terry J Torres-Cruz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Anna M Tortorano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Urban
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Vanderpool
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Eduard Venter
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Marcele Vermeulen
- Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Mycology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma C Wallace
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Grit Walther
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jie Wang
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94702
| | - Todd J Ward
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Brian L Wickes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ana K M Wood
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | - Xiao-Bing Yang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Latiffah Zakaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A
| | - Sean X Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, U.S.A
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
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6
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Tan J, De Zutter N, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Tran TM, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, Willems A, Vandamme P, Ameye M, Audenaert K. Presence of the Weakly Pathogenic Fusarium poae in the Fusarium Head Blight Disease Complex Hampers Biocontrol and Chemical Control of the Virulent Fusarium graminearum Pathogen. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:641890. [PMID: 33679858 PMCID: PMC7928387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is caused by a consortium of mutually interacting Fusarium species. In the field, the weakly pathogenic F. poae often thrives on the infection sites of the virulent F. graminearum. In this ecological context, we investigated the efficacy of chemical and biocontrol agents against F. graminearum in wheat ears. For this purpose, one fungicide comprising prothioconazole + spiroxamine and two bacterial biocontrol strains, Streptomyces rimosus LMG 19352 and Rhodococcus sp. R-43120 were tested for their efficacy to reduce FHB symptoms and mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, DON) production by F. graminearum in presence or absence of F. poae. Results showed that the fungicide and both actinobacterial strains reduced FHB symptoms and concomitant DON levels in wheat ears inoculated with F. graminearum. Where Streptomyces rimosus appeared to have direct antagonistic effects, Rhodococcus and the fungicide mediated suppression of F. graminearum was linked to the archetypal salicylic acid and jasmonic acid defense pathways that involve the activation of LOX1, LOX2 and ICS. Remarkably, this chemical- and biocontrol efficacy was significantly reduced when F. poae was co-inoculated with F. graminearum. This reduced efficacy was linked to a suppression of the plant's intrinsic defense system and increased levels of DON. In conclusion, our study shows that control strategies against the virulent F. graminearum in the disease complex causing FHB are hampered by the presence of the weakly pathogenic F. poae. This study provides generic insights in the complexity of control strategies against plant diseases caused by multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Tan
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie De Zutter
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Trang Minh Tran
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Willems
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Tan J, Ameye M, Landschoot S, De Zutter N, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Abdallah MF, Van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, Audenaert K. At the scene of the crime: New insights into the role of weakly pathogenic members of the fusarium head blight disease complex. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1559-1572. [PMID: 32977364 PMCID: PMC7694684 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases are often caused by a consortium of pathogens competing with one another to gain a foothold in the infection niche. Nevertheless, studies are often limited to a single pathogen on its host. In Europe, fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is caused by multiple Fusarium species, including Fusarium graminearum and F. poae. Here, we combined a time series of (co)inoculations, monitored by multispectral imaging, transcriptional, and mycotoxin analyses, to study the temporal interaction between both species and wheat. Our results showed coinoculation of F. graminearum and F. poae inhibited symptom development but did not alter mycotoxin accumulation compared to a single inoculation with F. graminearum. In contrast, preinoculation of F. poae reduced both FHB symptoms and mycotoxin levels compared to a single F. graminearum infection. Interestingly, F. poae exhibited increased growth in dual infections, demonstrating that this weak pathogen takes advantage of its co-occurrence with F. graminearum. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR revealed that F. poae induces LOX and ICS gene expression in wheat. We hypothesize that the early induction of salicylic and jasmonic acid-related defences by F. poae hampers a subsequent F. graminearum infection. This study is the first to report on the defence mechanisms of the plant involved in a tripartite interaction between two species of a disease complex and their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Tan
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and PhenomicsDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and PhenomicsDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and PhenomicsDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Noémie De Zutter
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and PhenomicsDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public HealthDepartment of BioanalysisFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public HealthDepartment of BioanalysisFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and PhenomicsDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public HealthDepartment of BioanalysisFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningenNetherlands
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and PhenomicsDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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8
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Brankovics B, van Diepeningen AD, de Hoog GS, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C. Detecting Introgression Between Members of the Fusarium fujikuroi and F. oxysporum Species Complexes by Comparative Mitogenomics. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1092. [PMID: 32582074 PMCID: PMC7285627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC) are two related groups of plant pathogens causing a wide diversity of diseases in agricultural crops world wide. The aims of this study are (1) to clarify the phylogeny of the FFSC, (2) to identify potential deviation from tree-like evolution, (3) to explore the value of using mitogenomes for these kinds of analyses, and (4) to better understand mitogenome evolution. In total, we have sequenced 24 species from the FFSC and a representative set of recently analyzed FOSC strains was chosen, while F. redolens was used as outgroup for the two species complexes. A species tree was constructed based on the concatenated alignment of seven nuclear genes and the mitogenome, which was contrasted to individual gene trees to identify potential conflicts. These comparisons indicated conflicts especially within the previously described African clade of the FFSC. Furthermore, the analysis of the mitogenomes revealed the presence of a variant of the large variable (LV) region in FFSC which was previously only reported for FOSC. The distribution of this variant and the results of sequence comparisons indicate horizontal genetic transfer between members of the two species complexes, most probably through introgression. In addition, a duplication of atp9 was found inside an intron of cob, which suggests that even highly conserved mitochondrial genes can have paralogs. Paralogization in turn may lead to inaccurate single gene phylogenies. In conclusion, mitochondrial genomes provide a robust basis for phylogeny. Comparative phylogenetic analysis indicated that gene flow among and between members of FFSC and FOSC has played an important role in the evolutionary history of these two groups. Since mitogenomes show greater levels of conservation and synteny than nuclear regions, they are more likely to be compatible for recombination than nuclear regions. Therefore, mitogenomes can be used as indicators to detect interspecies gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Brankovics
- B.U. Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- B.U. Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, KNAW, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- B.U. Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- B.U. Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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9
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Yang M, Zhang H, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen AD, Feng J, Brankovics B, Chen W. Population Genomic Analysis Reveals a Highly Conserved Mitochondrial Genome in Fusarium asiaticum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:839. [PMID: 32431686 PMCID: PMC7214670 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium asiaticum is one of the pivotal members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley and rice in large parts of Asia. Besides resulting in yield losses, FHB also causes the accumulation of mycotoxins such as nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON). The aim of this study was to conduct population studies on F. asiaticum from Southern China through mitochondrial genome analyses. All strains were isolated from wheat or rice from several geographic areas in seven provinces in Southern China. Based on geographic location and host, 210 isolates were selected for next generation sequencing, and their mitogenomes were assembled by GRAbB and annotated to explore the mitochondrial genome variability of F. asiaticum. The F. asiaticum mitogenome proves extremely conserved and variation is mainly caused by absence/presence of introns harboring homing endonuclease genes. These variations could be utilized to develop molecular markers for track and trace of migrations within and between populations. This study illustrates how mitochondrial introns can be used as markers for population genetic analysis. SNP analysis demonstrate the occurrence of mitochondrial recombination in F. asiaticum as was previously found for F. oxysporum and implied for F. graminearum. Furthermore, varying degrees of genetic diversity and recombination showed a high association with different geographic regions as well as with cropping systems. The mitogenome of F. graminearum showed a much higher SNP diversity while the interspecies intron variation showed no evidence of gene flow between the two closely related and sexual compatible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China.,Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Yan Z, Zhang H, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen A, Deng Y, Feng J, Liu T, Chen W. Resistance to Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin accumulation among 129 wheat cultivars from different ecological regions in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 129 wheat cultivars collected from local breeders in four ecological regions in China was evaluated for Fusarium head blight resistance after natural infection under epidemic conditions. The disease index was scored and seven toxins concentrations were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The disease index ranged from 6.3 to 80.9% and a strong correlation was found between the regions from which the cultivars originate and disease index. The middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Region showed the highest disease resistance, followed by the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Region. FHB resistance of cultivars from northern and southern Huanghuai Region was lowest and all cultivars in these regions are highly or moderately susceptible. Disease index was significantly correlated with toxin accumulation on nation scale, but no clear correlation was found within most ecological regions. The toxin accumulation was also not well correlated with resistant levels. As the incidence of FHB has increased dramatically over the last decade, improved FHB resistance in cultivars is urgently needed. We recommend that besides scoring for disease index also mycotoxin accumulation in cultivars is incorporated in breeding procedures and the evaluation of cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 125100 Xingcheng, China P.R
- Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - T.A.J. van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A.D. van Diepeningen
- Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Y. Deng
- Nanping Institute of Agriculture Sciences, 354200 Nanping, China P.R
| | - J. Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - T. Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - W. Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
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11
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Abstract
Maize is currently the most important crop in China. A major concern in maize production is maize ear rot caused by Fusarium spp., which results in yield losses, reduction of seed quality and the accumulation of mycotoxins in the harvested grains. To identify the importance of the different Fusarium species in maize infection, we performed a comprehensive survey on 9,000 asymptomatic and randomly collected maize kernels. Seeds were collected from 12 different provinces covering all major maize growing areas in China and included five maize varieties. In total 1,022 Fusarium isolates were retrieved that were identified based on morphological characteristics, by species specific diagnostic PCRs and by EF1-α gene sequencing. Eight different species were identified: Fusarium verticillioides (75.34%), Fusarium graminearum (8.32%), Fusarium proliferatum (7.14%), Fusarium subglutinans (4.11%), Fusarium meridionale (1.57%), Fusarium oxysporum (1.37%), Fusarium semitectum (1.17%), and Fusarium asiaticum (0.98%). The distribution of Fusarium species was found to be different in different regions with the largest diversity observed in Hubei province, where all eight Fusarium species were isolated. Genetic chemotyping within the F. graminearum species complex indicated that all of the 85 F. graminearum isolates showed the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype, whereas all F. asiaticum (n=10) and F. meridionale (n=16) isolates had the nivalenol chemotype even when isolated from the same maize field. To our knowledge this is the largest collection of Fusarium isolates from maize and further exploitations of this collection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.W. Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe Street, Dongling Road No.120, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - J. Xu
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - Y. Jiang
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - L. Hu
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
| | - T. van der Lee
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W.M. Zhang
- Plant Protection Station of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110034, China P.R
| | - X.D. Xu
- Plant Protection Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China P.R
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12
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Kong X, Zhang H, Wang X, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen A, Brankovics B, Xu J, Xu J, Chen W, Feng J. FgPex3, a Peroxisome Biogenesis Factor, Is Involved in Regulating Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, Sexual Development, and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2088. [PMID: 31616386 PMCID: PMC6764106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in a wide range of important cellular functions. Here, the role of the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX3 in the plant-pathogen and mycotoxin producer Fusarium graminearum was studied using knock-out and complemented strains. To fluorescently label peroxisomes’ punctate structures, GFP and RFP fusions with the PTS1 and PTS2 localization signal were transformed into the wild type PH-1 and ΔFgPex3 knock-out strains. The GFP and RFP transformants in the ΔFgPex3 background showed a diffuse fluorescence pattern across the cytoplasm suggesting the absence of mature peroxisomes. The ΔFgPex3 strain showed a minor, non-significant reduction in growth on various sugar carbon sources. In contrast, deletion of FgPex3 affected fatty acid β-oxidation in F. graminearum and significantly reduced the utilization of fatty acids. Furthermore, the ΔFgPex3 mutant was sensitive to osmotic stressors as well as to cell wall-damaging agents. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the mutant had increased significantly, which may be linked to the reduced longevity of cultured strains. The mutant also showed reduced production of conidiospores, while sexual reproduction was completely impaired. The pathogenicity of ΔFgPex3, especially during the process of systemic infection, was strongly reduced on both tomato and on wheat, while to production of deoxynivalenol (DON), an important factor for virulence, appeared to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne van Diepeningen
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Balazs Brankovics
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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van de Vossenberg BTLH, Warbroek T, Ingerson-Mahar J, Waalwijk C, van der Gouw LP, Eichinger B, Loomans AJM. Tracking outbreak populations of the pepper weevil Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) using complete mitochondrial genomes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221182. [PMID: 31412079 PMCID: PMC6693850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii, is a major pest on Capsicum species. Apart from natural spread, there is a risk of spread via international pepper trade. In the Netherlands, a pepper weevil outbreak occurred in 2012 and affected six greenhouses producing different sweet pepper varieties. The following year, a pepper weevil outbreak occurred in Italy. To trace the origin of the Dutch outbreak and to establish if the Dutch and Italian outbreaks were linked, we determined the mitogenomes of A. eugenii specimens collected at outbreak locations, and compared these with specimens from the native area, and other areas where the pest was introduced either by natural dispersal or via trade. The circular 17,257 bp A. eugenii mitogenome comprises thirteen mitochondrial genes typically found in insect species. Intra-species variation of these mitochondrial genes revealed four main mitochondrial lineages encompassing 41 haplotypes. The highest diversity was observed for specimens from its presumed native area (i.e. Mexico). The Dutch outbreak specimens represented three highly similar haplotypes, suggesting a single introduction of the pest. The major Dutch haplotype was also found in two specimens from New Jersey. As the Netherlands does not have pepper trade with New Jersey, it is likely that the specimens sampled in New Jersey and those sampled in the Netherlands originate from a shared source that was not included in this study. In addition, our analysis shows that the Italian and Dutch outbreaks were not linked. The mitochondrial genome is a useful tool to trace outbreak populations and the methodology presented in this paper could prove valuable for other invasive pest species, such as the African fruit moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta and emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart T. L. H. van de Vossenberg
- National Reference Centre of plant health, Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim Warbroek
- National Reference Centre of plant health, Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph Ingerson-Mahar
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas P. van der Gouw
- National Reference Centre of plant health, Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - Bernadette Eichinger
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Antoon J. M. Loomans
- National Reference Centre of plant health, Dutch National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
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14
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Santos-Ciscon BAD, van Diepeningen A, Machado JDC, Dias IE, Waalwijk C. Aspergillus species from Brazilian dry beans and their toxigenic potential. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 292:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Brankovics B, Kulik T, Sawicki J, Bilska K, Zhang H, de Hoog GS, van der Lee TA, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen AD. First steps towards mitochondrial pan-genomics: detailed analysis of Fusarium graminearum mitogenomes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5963. [PMID: 30588394 PMCID: PMC6304159 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a gradual shift from representing a species' genome by a single reference genome sequence to a pan-genome representation. Pan-genomes are the abstract representations of the genomes of all the strains that are present in the population or species. In this study, we employed a pan-genomic approach to analyze the intraspecific mitochondrial genome diversity of Fusarium graminearum. We present an improved reference mitochondrial genome for F. graminearum with an intron-exon annotation that was verified using RNA-seq data. Each of the 24 studied isolates had a distinct mitochondrial sequence. Length variation in the F. graminearum mitogenome was found to be largely due to variation of intron regions (99.98%). The "intronless" mitogenome length was found to be quite stable and could be informative when comparing species. The coding regions showed high conservation, while the variability of intergenic regions was highest. However, the most important variable parts are the intron regions, because they contain approximately half of the variable sites, make up more than half of the mitogenome, and show presence/absence variation. Furthermore, our analyses show that the mitogenome of F. graminearum is recombining, as was previously shown in F. oxysporum, indicating that mitogenome recombination is a common phenomenon in Fusarium. The majority of mitochondrial introns in F. graminearum belongs to group I introns, which are associated with homing endonuclease genes (HEGs). Mitochondrial introns containing HE genes may spread within populations through homing, where the endonuclease recognizes and cleaves the recognition site in the target gene. After cleavage of the "host" gene, it is replaced by the gene copy containing the intron with HEG. We propose to use introns unique to a population for tracking the spread of the given population, because introns can spread through vertical inheritance, recombination as well as via horizontal transfer. We demonstrate how pooled sequencing of strains can be used for mining mitogenome data. The usage of pooled sequencing offers a scalable solution for population analysis and for species level comparisons studies. This study may serve as a basis for future mitochondrial genome variability studies and representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Brankovics
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jakub Sawicki
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Aj van der Lee
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
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16
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Waalwijk C, de Koning JR, Baayen RP, Gams W. Discordant groupings ofFusariumspp. from sectionsElegans, LiseolaandDlaminiabased on ribosomal ITS1 and ITS2 sequences. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1996.12026663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cees Waalwijk
- DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacq R.A. de Koning
- DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Baayen
- DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Gams
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 273, 3740 AG Baarn, The Netherlands
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17
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Hoogendoorn K, Barra L, Waalwijk C, Dickschat JS, van der Lee TAJ, Medema MH. Evolution and Diversity of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Fusarium. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1158. [PMID: 29922257 PMCID: PMC5996196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi in the Fusarium genus cause severe damage to crops, resulting in great financial losses and health hazards. Specialized metabolites synthesized by these fungi are known to play key roles in the infection process, and to provide survival advantages inside and outside the host. However, systematic studies of the evolution of specialized metabolite-coding potential across Fusarium have been scarce. Here, we apply a combination of bioinformatic approaches to identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) across publicly available genomes from Fusarium, to group them into annotated families and to study gain/loss events of BGC families throughout the history of the genus. Comparison with MIBiG reference BGCs allowed assignment of 29 gene cluster families (GCFs) to pathways responsible for the production of known compounds, while for 57 GCFs, the molecular products remain unknown. Comparative analysis of BGC repertoires using ancestral state reconstruction raised several new hypotheses on how BGCs contribute to Fusarium pathogenicity or host specificity, sometimes surprisingly so: for example, a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of hexadehydro-astechrome was identified in the genome of the biocontrol strain Fusarium oxysporum Fo47, while being absent in that of the tomato pathogen F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Several BGCs were also identified on supernumerary chromosomes; heterologous expression of genes for three terpene synthases encoded on the Fusarium poae supernumerary chromosome and subsequent GC/MS analysis showed that these genes are functional and encode enzymes that each are able to synthesize koraiol; this observed functional redundancy supports the hypothesis that localization of copies of BGCs on supernumerary chromosomes provides freedom for evolutionary innovations to occur, while the original function remains conserved. Altogether, this systematic overview of biosynthetic diversity in Fusarium paves the way for targeted natural product discovery based on automated identification of species-specific pathways as well as for connecting species ecology to the taxonomic distributions of BGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Hoogendoorn
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lena Barra
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
The germ tube burst method (GTBM) was employed to examine karyotypes of 33 Fusarium species representative of 11 species complexes that span the phylogenetic breadth of the genus. The karyotypes revealed that the nucleolar organizing region (NOR), which includes the ribosomal rDNA region, was telomeric in the species where it was discernible. Variable karyotypes were detected in eight species due to variation in numbers of putative core and/or supernumerary chromosomes. The putative core chromosome number (CN) was most variable in the F. solani (CN = 9‒12) and F. buharicum (CN = 9+1 and 18-20) species complexes. Quantitative real-time PCR and genome sequence analysis rejected the hypothesis that the latter variation in CN was due to diploidization. The core CN in six other species complexes where two or more karyotypes were obtained was less variable or fixed. Karyotypes of 10 species in the sambucinum species complex, which is the most derived lineage of Fusarium, revealed that members of this complex possess the lowest CN in the genus. When viewed in context of the species phylogeny, karyotype evolution in Fusarium appears to have been dominated by a reduction in core CN in five closely related complexes that share a most recent common ancestor (tricinctum and incarnatum-equiseti CN = 8-9, chlamydosporum CN = 8, heterosporum CN = 7, sambucinum CN = 4-5) but not in the sister to these complexes (nisikadoi CN = 11, oxysporum CN = 11 and fujikuroi CN = 10-12). CN stability is best illustrated by the F. sambucinum subclade, where the only changes observed since it diverged from other fusaria appear to have involved two independent putative telomere to telomere fusions that reduced the core CN from five to four, once each in the sambucinum and graminearum subclades. Results of the present study indicate a core CN of 4 may be fixed in the latter subclade, which is further distinguished by the absence of putative supernumerary chromosomes. Karyotyping of fusaria in the not too distant future will be done by whole-genome sequencing such that each scaffold represents a complete chromosome from telomere to telomere. The CN data presented here should be of value to assist such full genome assembling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Waalwijk
- Businessunit Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Masatoki Taga
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Song-Lin Zheng
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999, USA
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999, USA
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999, USA
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19
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Kong X, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang H, Chen W, Feng J. The Fusarium graminearum Histone Acetyltransferases Are Important for Morphogenesis, DON Biosynthesis, and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:654. [PMID: 29755419 PMCID: PMC5932188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin structure by histone acetyltransferase (HATs) play a central role in the regulation of gene expression and various biological processes in eukaryotes. Although HAT genes have been studied in many fungi, few of them have been functionally characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized four putative HATs (FgGCN5, FgRTT109, FgSAS2, FgSAS3) in the plant pathogenic ascomycete Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. We replaced the genes and all mutant strains showed reduced growth of F. graminearum. The ΔFgSAS3 and ΔFgGCN5 mutant increased sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Additionally, ΔFgSAS3 showed reduced conidia sporulation and perithecium formation. Mutant ΔFgGCN5 was unable to generate any conidia and lost its ability to form perithecia. Our data showed also that FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 are pathogenicity factors required for infecting wheat heads as well as tomato fruits. Importantly, almost no Deoxynivalenol (DON) was produced either in ΔFgSAS3 or ΔFgGCN5 mutants, which was consistent with a significant downregulation of TRI genes expression. Furthermore, we discovered for the first time that FgSAS3 is indispensable for the acetylation of histone site H3K4, while FgGCN5 is essential for the acetylation of H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27. H3K14 can be completely acetylated when FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 were both present. The RNA-seq analyses of the two mutant strains provide insight into their functions in development and metabolism. Results from this study clarify the functional divergence of HATs in F. graminearum, and may provide novel targeted strategies to control secondary metabolite expression and infections of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Leslie JF, Lattanzio V, Audenaert K, Battilani P, Cary J, Chulze SN, De Saeger S, Gerardino A, Karlovsky P, Liao YC, Maragos CM, Meca G, Medina A, Moretti A, Munkvold G, Mulè G, Njobeh P, Pecorelli I, Perrone G, Pietri A, Palazzini JM, Proctor RH, Rahayu ES, Ramírez ML, Samson R, Stroka J, Sulyok M, Sumarah M, Waalwijk C, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Logrieco AF. MycoKey Round Table Discussions of Future Directions in Research on Chemical Detection Methods, Genetics and Biodiversity of Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E109. [PMID: 29494529 PMCID: PMC5869397 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MycoKey, an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project, includes a series of "Roundtable Discussions" to gather information on trending research areas in the field of mycotoxicology. This paper includes summaries of the Roundtable Discussions on Chemical Detection and Monitoring of mycotoxins and on the role of genetics and biodiversity in mycotoxin production. Discussions were managed by using the nominal group discussion technique, which generates numerous ideas and provides a ranking for those identified as the most important. Four questions were posed for each research area, as well as two questions that were common to both discussions. Test kits, usually antibody based, were one major focus of the discussions at the Chemical Detection and Monitoring roundtable because of their many favorable features, e.g., cost, speed and ease of use. The second area of focus for this roundtable was multi-mycotoxin detection protocols and the challenges still to be met to enable these protocols to become methods of choice for regulated mycotoxins. For the genetic and biodiversity group, both the depth and the breadth of trending research areas were notable. For some areas, e.g., microbiome studies, the suggested research questions were primarily of a descriptive nature. In other areas, multiple experimental approaches, e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, RNAi and gene deletions, are needed to understand the regulation of toxin production and mechanisms underlying successful biological controls. Answers to the research questions will provide starting points for developing acceptable prevention and remediation processes. Forging a partnership between scientists and appropriately-placed communications experts was recognized by both groups as an essential step to communicating risks, while retaining overall confidence in the safety of the food supply and the integrity of the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Veronica Lattanzio
- Institute for the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentyn Vaerwyckweg 1, Campus Schoonmeersen-Gebouw C, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of the Science of Sustainable Vegetable Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Jeffrey Cary
- Food and Feed Safety Research, Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
| | - Sofia N Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Annamaria Gerardino
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IFN), via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Rome, Italy.
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street 1, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Toxicology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia Avenida Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agri-Food Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute for the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gary Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 160 Seed Science Center, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute for the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Patrick Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa.
| | - Ivan Pecorelli
- Environmental Contaminants Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche (IZSUM), via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute for the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Amedeo Pietri
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Juan M Palazzini
- Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Endang S Rahayu
- Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Universiti Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Maria L Ramírez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Robert Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jörg Stroka
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences-Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstrasse 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Mark Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute for the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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21
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Kema GHJ, Mirzadi Gohari A, Aouini L, Gibriel HAY, Ware SB, van den Bosch F, Manning-Smith R, Alonso-Chavez V, Helps J, Ben M'Barek S, Mehrabi R, Diaz-Trujillo C, Zamani E, Schouten HJ, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, de Waard MA, de Wit PJGM, Verstappen ECP, Thomma BPHJ, Meijer HJG, Seidl MF. Stress and sexual reproduction affect the dynamics of the wheat pathogen effector AvrStb6 and strobilurin resistance. Nat Genet 2018; 50:375-380. [PMID: 29434356 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance and fungicide treatments are cornerstones of plant-disease control. Here, we show that these treatments allow sex and modulate parenthood in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We demonstrate that the Z. tritici-wheat interaction complies with the gene-for-gene model by identifying the effector AvrStb6, which is recognized by the wheat resistance protein Stb6. Recognition triggers host resistance, thus implying removal of avirulent strains from pathogen populations. However, Z. tritici crosses on wheat show that sex occurs even with an avirulent parent, and avirulence alleles are thereby retained in subsequent populations. Crossing fungicide-sensitive and fungicide-resistant isolates under fungicide pressure results in a rapid increase in resistance-allele frequency. Isolates under selection always act as male donors, and thus disease control modulates parenthood. Modeling these observations for agricultural and natural environments reveals extended durability of host resistance and rapid emergence of fungicide resistance. Therefore, fungal sex has major implications for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit H J Kema
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Amir Mirzadi Gohari
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Lamia Aouini
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hesham A Y Gibriel
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Ware
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Biological Sciences, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarrah Ben M'Barek
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Caucasella Diaz-Trujillo
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elham Zamani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Henk J Schouten
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A de Waard
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Els C P Verstappen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold J G Meijer
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Biosynthesis of trichothecenes requires the involvement of at least 15 genes, most of which have been targeted for PCR. Qualitative PCRs are used to assign chemotypes to individual isolates, e.g., the capacity to produce type A and/or type B trichothecenes. Many regions in the core cluster (consisting of 12 genes) including intergenic regions have been used as targets for PCR, but the most robust assays are targeted to the tri3 and tri12 genes. Quantitative PCRs, that work across trichothecene-producing members of the Fusarium head blight complex, are described along with procedures to quantify the amount of fungal biomass in wheat samples. These assays are directed to the chemotype(s) present in field samples and quantify the total fungal biomass of trichothecene-producing fungi, irrespective of their genetic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Els Verstappen
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marga van Gent
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Brankovics B, van Dam P, Rep M, de Hoog GS, J. van der Lee TA, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen AD. Mitochondrial genomes reveal recombination in the presumed asexual Fusarium oxysporum species complex. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:735. [PMID: 28923029 PMCID: PMC5604515 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) contains several phylogenetic lineages. Phylogenetic studies identified two to three major clades within the FOSC. The mitochondrial sequences are highly informative phylogenetic markers, but have been mostly neglected due to technical difficulties. RESULTS A total of 61 complete mitogenomes of FOSC strains were de novo assembled and annotated. Length variations and intron patterns support the separation of three phylogenetic species. The variable region of the mitogenome that is typical for the genus Fusarium shows two new variants in the FOSC. The variant typical for Fusarium is found in members of all three clades, while variant 2 is found in clades 2 and 3 and variant 3 only in clade 2. The extended set of loci analyzed using a new implementation of the genealogical concordance species recognition method support the identification of three phylogenetic species within the FOSC. Comparative analysis of the mitogenomes in the FOSC revealed ongoing mitochondrial recombination within, but not between phylogenetic species. CONCLUSIONS The recombination indicates the presence of a parasexual cycle in F. oxysporum. The obstacles hindering the usage of the mitogenomes are resolved by using next generation sequencing and selective genome assemblers, such as GRAbB. Complete mitogenome sequences offer a stable basis and reference point for phylogenetic and population genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Brankovics
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584CT The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Dam
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584CT The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Theo A. J. van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Anne D. van Diepeningen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584CT The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
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24
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Vanheule A, De Boevre M, Moretti A, Scauflaire J, Munaut F, De Saeger S, Bekaert B, Haesaert G, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T, Audenaert K. Genetic Divergence and Chemotype Diversity in the Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium poae. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090255. [PMID: 28832503 PMCID: PMC5618188 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a disease caused by a complex of Fusarium species. F. poae is omnipresent throughout Europe in spite of its low virulence. In this study, we assessed a geographically diverse collection of F. poae isolates for its genetic diversity using AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). Furthermore, studying the mating type locus and chromosomal insertions, we identified hallmarks of both sexual recombination and clonal spread of successful genotypes in the population. Despite the large genetic variation found, all F. poae isolates possess the nivalenol chemotype based on Tri7 sequence analysis. Nevertheless, Tri gene clusters showed two layers of genetic variability. Firstly, the Tri1 locus was highly variable with mostly synonymous mutations and mutations in introns pointing to a strong purifying selection pressure. Secondly, in a subset of isolates, the main trichothecene gene cluster was invaded by a transposable element between Tri5 and Tri6. To investigate the impact of these variations on the phenotypic chemotype, mycotoxin production was assessed on artificial medium. Complex blends of type A and type B trichothecenes were produced but neither genetic variability in the Tri genes nor variability in the genome or geography accounted for the divergence in trichothecene production. In view of its complex chemotype, it will be of utmost interest to uncover the role of trichothecenes in virulence, spread and survival of F. poae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Vanheule
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Jonathan Scauflaire
- Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Françoise Munaut
- Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Boris Bekaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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25
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Zhang H, Brankovics B, Luo W, Xu J, Xu J, Guo C, Guo J, Jin S, Chen W, Feng J, Van Diepeningen A, Van der Lee T, Waalwijk C. Crops are a main driver for species diversity and the toxigenic potential of Fusarium isolates in maize ears in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years increasing demands and the relatively low-care cultivation of the crop have resulted in an enormous expansion of the acreage of maize in China. However, particularly in China, Fusarium ear rot forms an important constraint to maize production. In this study, we showed that members of both the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and the Fusarium graminearum species complex are the causal agents of Fusarium ear rot in the main maize producing areas in China. Fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent species, followed by fumonisin producing Fusarium proliferatum and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol producing F. graminearum. Both Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium boothii were identified for the first time in the colder regions in China, extending their known habitats to colder environments. Mating type analysis of the different heterothallic FFSC species, showed that both types co-occur in each sampling site suggestive of the possibility of sexual recombination. Virulence tests with F. boothii (from maize) and F. graminearum from maize or wheat showed adaptation to the host. In addition, F. graminearum seems to outcompete F. boothii in wheat-maize rotations. Based on our findings and previous studies, we conclude that wheat/maize rotation selects for F. graminearum, while a wheat/rice rotation selects for F. asiaticum. In contrast, F. boothii is selected when maize is cultivated without rotation. A higher occurrence of F. temperatum is observed on maize in colder climatological regions in China, while Fusarium meridionale seems restricted to mountain areas. Each of these species has their characteristic mycotoxin profile and deoxynivalenol and fumonisin are the potential threats to maize production in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - B. Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94216, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W. Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J.S. Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - C. Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - J.G. Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - S.L. Jin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - W.Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - A.D. Van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T.A.J. Van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Plant Research International, B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Plant Research International, B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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26
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Zhang H, Brankovics B, van der Lee TA, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen AA, Xu J, Xu J, Chen W, Feng J. A single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based genotyping assay for simultaneous detection of different carbendazim-resistant genotypes in the Fusarium graminearum species complex. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2609. [PMID: 27812414 PMCID: PMC5088611 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBC)-fungicides in the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is becoming a serious problem in the control of Fusarium head blight in China. The resistance is caused by point mutations in the β2-tubulingene. So far, five resistant genotypes (F167Y, E198Q, E198L, E198K and F200Y) have been reported in the field. To establish a high-throughput method for rapid detection of all the five mutations simultaneously, an efficient single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based genotyping method was developed based on the Luminex xMAP system. One pair of amplification primers and five allele specific primer extension probes were designed and optimized to specially distinguish the different genotypes within one single reaction. This method has good extensibility and can be combined with previous reported probes to form a highly integrated tool for species, trichothecene chemotype and MBC resistance detection. Using this method, carbendazim resistant FGSC isolates from Jiangsu, Anhui and Sichuan Province in China were identified. High and moderate frequencies of resistance were observed in Jiangsu and Anhui Province, respectively. Carbendazim resistance in F. asiaticum is only observed in the 3ADON genotype. Overall, our method proved to be useful for early detection of MBC resistance in the field and the result aids in the choice of fungicide type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo A.J. van der Lee
- Department of Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Department of Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne A.D. van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Vanheule A, Audenaert K, Warris S, van de Geest H, Schijlen E, Höfte M, De Saeger S, Haesaert G, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T. Living apart together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:670. [PMID: 27552804 PMCID: PMC4994206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotes display remarkable genome plasticity, which can include supernumerary chromosomes that differ markedly from the core chromosomes. Despite the widespread occurrence of supernumerary chromosomes in fungi, their origin, relation to the core genome and the reason for their divergent characteristics are still largely unknown. The complexity of genome assembly due to the presence of repetitive DNA partially accounts for this. RESULTS Here we use single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to assemble the genome of a prominent fungal wheat pathogen, Fusarium poae, including at least one supernumerary chromosome. The core genome contains limited transposable elements (TEs) and no gene duplications, while the supernumerary genome holds up to 25 % TEs and multiple gene duplications. The core genome shows all hallmarks of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP), a defense mechanism against TEs, specific for fungi. The absence of RIP on the supernumerary genome accounts for the differences between the two (sub)genomes, and results in a functional crosstalk between them. The supernumerary genome is a reservoir for TEs that migrate to the core genome, and even large blocks of supernumerary sequence (>200 kb) have recently translocated to the core. Vice versa, the supernumerary genome acts as a refuge for genes that are duplicated from the core genome. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a mechanism was determined that explains the differences that exist between the core and supernumerary genome in fungi. Different biology rather than origin was shown to be responsible. A "living apart together" crosstalk exists between the core and supernumerary genome, accelerating chromosomal and organismal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Vanheule
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Kelly A, Proctor RH, Belzile F, Chulze SN, Clear RM, Cowger C, Elmer W, Lee T, Obanor F, Waalwijk C, Ward TJ. The geographic distribution and complex evolutionary history of the NX-2 trichothecene chemotype from Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 95:39-48. [PMID: 27497828 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum and 21 related species comprising the F. sambucinum species complex lineage 1 (FSAMSC-1) are the most important Fusarium Head Blight pathogens of cereal crops world-wide. FSAMSC-1 species typically produce type B trichothecenes. However, some F. graminearum strains were recently found to produce a novel type A trichothecene (NX-2) resulting from functional variation in the trichothecene biosynthetic enzyme Tri1. We used a PCR-RFLP assay targeting the TRI1 gene to identify the NX-2 allele among a global collection of 2515 F. graminearum. NX-2 isolates were only found in southern Canada and the northern U.S., where they were observed at low frequency (1.8%), but over a broader geographic range and set of cereal hosts than previously recognized. Phylogenetic analyses of TRI1 and adjacent genes produced gene trees that were incongruent with the history of species divergence within FSAMSC-1, indicating trans-species evolution of ancestral polymorphism. In addition, placement of NX-2 strains in the TRI1 gene tree was influenced by the accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions associated with the evolution of the NX-2 chemotype, and a significant (P<0.001) change in selection pressure was observed along the NX-2 branch (ω=1.16) in comparison to other branches (ω=0.17) in the TRI1 phylogeny. Parameter estimates were consistent with positive selection for specific amino-acid changes during the evolution of NX-2, but direct tests of positive selection were not significant. Phylogenetic analyses of fourfold degenerate sites and intron sequences in TRI1 indicated the NX-2 chemotype had a single evolutionary origin and evolved recently from a type B ancestor. Our results indicate the NX-2 chemotype may be indigenous, and possibly endemic, to southern Canada and the northern U.S. In addition, we demonstrate that the evolution of TRI1 within FSAMSC-1 has been complex, with evidence of trans-species evolution and chemotype-specific shifts in selective constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Kelly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Francois Belzile
- Université Laval, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sofia N Chulze
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto-CONICET, Rutas 8 and 36 Km 601, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Christina Cowger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 3411 Gardner Hall, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wade Elmer
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Theresa Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Friday Obanor
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Todd J Ward
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Brankovics B, Zhang H, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, de Hoog GS. GRAbB: Selective Assembly of Genomic Regions, a New Niche for Genomic Research. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004753. [PMID: 27308864 PMCID: PMC4911045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GRAbB (Genomic Region Assembly by Baiting) is a new program that is dedicated to assemble specific genomic regions from NGS data. This approach is especially useful when dealing with multi copy regions, such as mitochondrial genome and the rDNA repeat region, parts of the genome that are often neglected or poorly assembled, although they contain interesting information from phylogenetic or epidemiologic perspectives, but also single copy regions can be assembled. The program is capable of targeting multiple regions within a single run. Furthermore, GRAbB can be used to extract specific loci from NGS data, based on homology, like sequences that are used for barcoding. To make the assembly specific, a known part of the region, such as the sequence of a PCR amplicon or a homologous sequence from a related species must be specified. By assembling only the region of interest, the assembly process is computationally much less demanding and may lead to assemblies of better quality. In this study the different applications and functionalities of the program are demonstrated such as: exhaustive assembly (rDNA region and mitochondrial genome), extracting homologous regions or genes (IGS, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1a), as well as extracting multiple regions within a single run. The program is also compared with MITObim, which is meant for the exhaustive assembly of a single target based on a similar query sequence. GRAbB is shown to be more efficient than MITObim in terms of speed, memory and disk usage. The other functionalities (handling multiple targets simultaneously and extracting homologous regions) of the new program are not matched by other programs. The program is available with explanatory documentation at https://github.com/b-brankovics/grabb. GRAbB has been tested on Ubuntu (12.04 and 14.04), Fedora (23), CentOS (7.1.1503) and Mac OS X (10.7). Furthermore, GRAbB is available as a docker repository: brankovics/grabb (https://hub.docker.com/r/brankovics/grabb/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hofgaard I, Aamot H, Torp T, Jestoi M, Lattanzio V, Klemsdal S, Waalwijk C, Van der Lee T, Brodal G. Associations between Fusarium species and mycotoxins in oats and spring wheat from farmers’ fields in Norway over a six-year period. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last ten years, Norwegian cereal grain industry has experienced large challenges due to Fusarium spp. and Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of small-grained cereals. To prevent severely contaminated grain lots from entering the grain supply chain, it is important to establish surveys for the most prevalent Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins. The objective of our study was to quantify and calculate the associations between Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins prevalent in oats and spring wheat. In a 6-year period from 2004-2009, 178 grain samples of spring wheat and 289 samples of oats were collected from farmers’ fields in South East Norway. The grains were analysed for 18 different Fusarium-mycotoxins by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. Generally, the median mycotoxin levels were higher than reported in Norwegian studies covering previous years. The DNA content of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae and Fusarium avenaceum were determined by quantitative PCR. We identified F. graminearum as the main deoxynivalenol (DON) producer in oats and spring wheat, and F. langsethiae as the main HT-2 and T-2-toxins producer in oats. No association was observed between quantity of F. graminearum DNA and quantity of F. langsethiae DNA nor for their respective mycotoxins, in oats. F. avenaceum was one of the most prevalent Fusarium species in both oats and spring wheat. The following ranking of Fusarium species was made based on the DNA concentrations of the Fusarium spp. analysed in this survey (from high to low): F. graminearum = F. langsethiae = F. avenaceum > F. poae > F. culmorum (oats); F. graminearum = F. avenaceum > F. culmorum > F. poae = F. langsethiae (spring wheat). Our results are in agreement with recently published data indicating a shift in the relative prevalence of Fusarium species towards more F. graminearum versus F. culmorum in Norwegian oats and spring wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.S. Hofgaard
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - H.U. Aamot
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - T. Torp
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - M. Jestoi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S.S. Klemsdal
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Van der Lee
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G. Brodal
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
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Ordonez N, Seidl MF, Waalwijk C, Drenth A, Kilian A, Thomma BPHJ, Ploetz RC, Kema GHJ. Worse Comes to Worst: Bananas and Panama Disease--When Plant and Pathogen Clones Meet. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005197. [PMID: 26584184 PMCID: PMC4652896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ordonez
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Drenth
- Centre for Plant Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Randy C. Ploetz
- University of Florida, IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research & Education Center, Homestead, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gert H. J. Kema
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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van Diepeningen AD, Brankovics B, Iltes J, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C. Diagnosis of Fusarium Infections: Approaches to Identification by the Clinical Mycology Laboratory. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 2015; 9:135-143. [PMID: 26301000 PMCID: PMC4537702 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-015-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by the genus Fusarium have emerged over the past decades and range from onychomycosis and keratitis in healthy individuals to deep and disseminated infections with high mortality rates in immune-compromised patients. As antifungal susceptibility can differ between the different Fusarium species, identification at species level is recommended. Several clinical observations as hyaline hyphae in tissue, necrotic lesions in the skin and positive blood tests with fungal growth or presence of fungal cell wall components may be the first hints for fusariosis. Many laboratories rely on morphological identification, but especially multi-locus sequencing proves better to discriminate among members of the species complexes involved in human infection. DNA-based diagnostic tools have best discriminatory power when based on translation elongation factor 1-α or the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit. However, assays based on the detection of other fusarial cell compounds such as peptides and cell wall components may also be used for identification. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and a comparison of the different tools currently available for the diagnosis of fusariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jearidienne Iltes
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A. J. van der Lee
- />Plant Research International Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- />Plant Research International Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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van der Lee T, Zhang H, van Diepeningen A, Waalwijk C. Biogeography of Fusarium graminearum species complex and chemotypes: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:453-60. [PMID: 25530109 PMCID: PMC4376211 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.984244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the geographic distribution of distinct trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat and barley were first recorded two decades ago. The different toxicological properties of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their acetylated derivatives require careful monitoring of the dynamics of these mycotoxins and their producers. The phylogenetic species concept has become a valuable tool to study the global occurrence of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species. This has revolutionised our views on the terrestrial distribution of trichothecene-producing Fusaria in the context of agronomics, climatic conditions, and human interference by the global trade and exchange of agricultural commodities. This paper presents an overview of the dynamics of the different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species as well as their chemotypes and genotypes across different continents. Clearly not one global population exists, but separate ones can be distinguished, sometimes even sympatric in combination with different hosts. A population with more pathogenic strains and chemotypes can replace another. Several displacement events appear to find their origin in the inadvertent introduction of new genotypes into new regions: 3-acetyl-DON-producing F. graminearum in Canada; 3-acetyl-DON-producing F. asiaticum in Eastern China; 15-acetyl-DON F. graminearum in Uruguay; and NIV-producing F asiaticum in the southern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo van der Lee
- Plant Research International Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Cees Waalwijk
- Plant Research International Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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García-Bastidas F, Ordóñez N, Konkol J, Al-Qasim M, Naser Z, Abdelwali M, Salem N, Waalwijk C, Ploetz RC, Kema GHJ. First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Associated with Panama Disease of Banana outside Southeast Asia. Plant Dis 2014; 98:694. [PMID: 30708524 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-13-0954-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt or Panama disease of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is among the most destructive plant diseases (3). Race 1 ravaged 'Gros Michel'-based export trades until the cultivar was replaced by resistant Cavendish cultivars. However, a new variant of Foc, tropical race 4 (TR4), was identified in Southeast Asia in 1992 and has spread throughout the region (3). Cavendish clones, which are most important in subsistence and export production, are among the wide range of cultivars that are affected, and there is a huge concern that TR4 will further disseminate in Africa since its presence was announced in November 2013 and move into Latin America, thereby threatening other vital banana-growing regions. In Jordan, Cavendish bananas are produced on 1,000 to 1,500 ha in the Jordan Valley (32°N, 35.5°E). In 2006, symptoms of Fusarium wilt were observed and sampled for the isolation of Foc. On half-strength PDA amended with 100-ppm streptomycin sulfate, pale salmon-colored colonies with floccose mycelia developed consistently from surface-disinfested xylem. Single microconidia from these colonies were transferred to half-strength PDA, and conidia and mycelia from these monospore colonies were stored at -80°C in 15% glycerol. On banana leaf agar (Co60-irradiated leaf tissue on water agar), isolates resembled F. oxysporum phenotypically by producing infrequent three- to five-celled macroconidia, copious, usually aseptate microconida on monophialides, and terminal and intercalary chlamydospores after 2 weeks (2). With nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants and testers for different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), each of seven examined monospore isolates were placed in VCG 01213, which contains only strains of TR4 (3). Total DNA was extracted from six isolates and PCR analyses, which confirmed their identity as TR4 (1). Subsequently, one of the isolates (JV11) was analyzed for pathogenicity. Inoculum production and inoculation were according to (1) by dipping (30 min) root-wounded 10-week-old plants of the Cavendish cv. Grand Naine in 2 liters of spore suspension (1.0 × 106 spores/ml). Inoculated plants were then placed in sand in 3-liter pots under 28°C, 70% relative humidity, and a 16/8-h light/darkness photoperiod. Sets of three plants were each treated with either JV11 or two TR4 controls (isolate II-5 and a strain isolated from an affected Cavendish plant in Mindanao, Philippines, both of which were diagnosed as TR4 by PCR and pathogenicity analyses). Control sets were either treated with race 1 originating from Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil (1), or water. After 2 weeks, plants inoculated with JV11 and TR4 controls produced typical symptoms of Fusarium wilt. After 4 weeks, tissue was collected from all plants and plated on Komada's medium. TR4 was directly confirmed by PCR (1), either directly from symptomatic plants (JV11 and TR4 controls), or from isolates that were recovered from these plants. Nothing was re-isolated from race 1 inoculated plants and water controls, which remained asymptomatic. This is the first report of TR4 affecting Cavendish outside Southeast Asia, is its northernmost outbreak, and represents a dangerous expansion of this destructive race. Currently, 80% of the Jordan Valley production area is affected by Fusarium wilt, and 20 to 80% of the plants are affected in different farms. References: (1) M. A. Dita et al. Plant Pathol. 59:348, 2010. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Lab Manual. Blackwell, Ames, 2006. (3) R. C. Ploetz. Phytopathology 96:653, 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- F García-Bastidas
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - N Ordóñez
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Konkol
- University of Florida, IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031
| | - M Al-Qasim
- Plant Protection (NCARE), Baga 19381, Jordan
| | - Z Naser
- Plant Protection (NCARE), Baga 19381, Jordan
| | - M Abdelwali
- Plant Protection (NCARE), Baga 19381, Jordan
| | - N Salem
- Department of Plant Protection, The University of Jordan, Amman
| | - C Waalwijk
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R C Ploetz
- University of Florida, IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031
| | - G H J Kema
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhao C, Waalwijk C, de Wit PJGM, Tang D, van der Lee T. Relocation of genes generates non-conserved chromosomal segments in Fusarium graminearum that show distinct and co-regulated gene expression patterns. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:191. [PMID: 24625133 PMCID: PMC4022177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome comparisons between closely related species often show non-conserved regions across chromosomes. Some of them are located in specific regions of chromosomes and some are even confined to one or more entire chromosomes. The origin and biological relevance of these non-conserved regions are still largely unknown. Here we used the genome of Fusarium graminearum to elucidate the significance of non-conserved regions. RESULTS The genome of F. graminearum harbours thirteen non-conserved regions dispersed over all of the four chromosomes. Using RNA-Seq data from the mycelium of F. graminearum, we found weakly expressed regions on all of the four chromosomes that exactly matched with non-conserved regions. Comparison of gene expression between two different developmental stages (conidia and mycelium) showed that the expression of genes in conserved regions is stable, while gene expression in non-conserved regions is much more influenced by developmental stage. In addition, genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites and secreted proteins are enriched in non-conserved regions, suggesting that these regions could also be important for adaptations to new environments, including adaptation to new hosts. Finally, we found evidence that non-conserved regions are generated by sequestration of genes from multiple locations. Gene relocations may lead to clustering of genes with similar expression patterns or similar biological functions, which was clearly exemplified by the PKS2 gene cluster. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that chromosomes can be functionally divided into conserved and non-conserved regions, and both could have specific and distinct roles in genome evolution and regulation of gene expression.
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Proctor RH, Van Hove F, Susca A, Stea G, Busman M, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, Moretti A, Ward TJ. Birth, death and horizontal transfer of the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster during the evolutionary diversification of Fusarium. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:290-306. [PMID: 23937442 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are a family of carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by members of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and rare strains of Fusarium oxysporum. In Fusarium, fumonisin biosynthetic genes (FUM) are clustered, and the cluster is uniform in gene organization. Here, sequence analyses indicated that the cluster exists in five different genomic contexts, defining five cluster types. In FUM gene genealogies, evolutionary relationships between fusaria with different cluster types were largely incongruent with species relationships inferred from primary-metabolism (PM) gene genealogies, and FUM cluster types are not trans-specific. In addition, synonymous site divergence analyses indicated that three FUM cluster types predate diversification of FFSC. The data are not consistent with balancing selection or interspecific hybridization, but they are consistent with two competing hypotheses: (i) multiple horizontal transfers of the cluster from unknown donors to FFSC recipients and (ii) cluster duplication and loss (birth and death). Furthermore, low levels of FUM gene divergence in F. bulbicola, an FFSC species, and F. oxysporum provide evidence for horizontal transfer of the cluster from the former, or a closely related species, to the latter. Thus, uniform gene organization within the FUM cluster belies a complex evolutionary history that has not always paralleled the evolution of Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
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Fernández-Ortuño D, Waalwijk C, Van der Lee T, Fan J, Atkins S, West JS, Fraaije BA. Simultaneous real-time PCR detection of Fusarium asiaticum, F. ussurianum and F. vorosii, representing the Asian clade of the F. graminearum species complex. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:148-54. [PMID: 23867363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the repeated discovery of new members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), some of the F. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.)-specific qPCR assays developed to date have since been shown to be non-specific. In this study, a probe-based qPCR method was developed, targeting a sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) paralogue, CYP51C unique to the genus Fusarium, for the simultaneous detection of F. asiaticum, F. ussurianum and F. vorosii. Specificity of the assay was demonstrated for a wide range of Fusarium species, including all tested FGSC members (n=6), originating from different hosts and geographic regions. Alongside a previously published assay for detection of F. graminearum, we were able to show that members of the Asian clade of the FGSC (i.e. F. asiaticum, F. ussurianum and F. vorosii) were the primary etiological agent in wheat seeds samples originating from Central-East China. The grain samples from the UK tested negative for the presence of the FGSC's Asian clade and positive for presence of F. graminearum. It is likely that only F. graminearum s.s. is present in the UK, but the presence of other FGSC members cannot be ruled out and need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Fungicide Research Group, Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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Davari M, Wei S, Babay-Ahari A, Arzanlou M, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T, Zare R, Gerrits van den Ende A, de Hoog G, van Diepeningen A. Geographic differences in trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum in the Northwest and North of Iran. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity and prevalence of Fusarium species and their chemotypes on wheat in the North-West and North of Iran was determined. Wheat in these areas is severely affected by Fusarium head blight, with Fusarium graminearum as prevalent species causing 96% of the infections in the North-West and 50% in the Northern provinces. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characters and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, and parts of translation elongation factor 1-? and RNA polymerase subunit II sequences. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses show little haplotype variation between the F. graminearum strains collected from the different locations, but the isolates differ significantly in their trichothecene chemotypes as determined with a multilocus genotyping assay. F. graminearum strains producing 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol were abundant in Ardabil (North-West of Iran), while in Golestan province (North of Iran) at the other side of the Caspian Sea especially nivalenol producing strains and a variety of other Fusarium species were observed. Strains producing 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol were rarely found in both areas. This is the first detailed study on Fusarium infections in Iranian wheat, showing large differences in prevalent etiological agents and in mycotoxin chemotypes geographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Davari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 56199-11367 Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51666-14766 Tabriz, Iran
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S.H. Wei
- B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110866 Shenyang, China
| | - A. Babay-Ahari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51666-14766 Tabriz, Iran
| | - M. Arzanlou
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51666-14766 Tabriz, Iran
| | - C. Waalwijk
- B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T.A.J. van der Lee
- B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Zare
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, 19395-1454 Tehran, Iran
| | | | - G.S. de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Peking University Health Science Centre, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - A.D. van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Geiser DM, Aoki T, Bacon CW, Baker SE, Bhattacharyya MK, Brandt ME, Brown DW, Burgess LW, Chulze S, Coleman JJ, Correll JC, Covert SF, Crous PW, Cuomo CA, De Hoog GS, Di Pietro A, Elmer WH, Epstein L, Frandsen RJN, Freeman S, Gagkaeva T, Glenn AE, Gordon TR, Gregory NF, Hammond-Kosack KE, Hanson LE, Jímenez-Gasco MDM, Kang S, Kistler HC, Kuldau GA, Leslie JF, Logrieco A, Lu G, Lysøe E, Ma LJ, McCormick SP, Migheli Q, Moretti A, Munaut F, O'Donnell K, Pfenning L, Ploetz RC, Proctor RH, Rehner SA, Robert VARG, Rooney AP, Bin Salleh B, Scandiani MM, Scauflaire J, Short DPG, Steenkamp E, Suga H, Summerell BA, Sutton DA, Thrane U, Trail F, Van Diepeningen A, Vanetten HD, Viljoen A, Waalwijk C, Ward TJ, Wingfield MJ, Xu JR, Yang XB, Yli-Mattila T, Zhang N. One fungus, one name: defining the genus Fusarium in a scientifically robust way that preserves longstanding use. Phytopathology 2013; 103:400-8. [PMID: 23379853 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-12-0150-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we advocate recognizing the genus Fusarium as the sole name for a group that includes virtually all Fusarium species of importance in plant pathology, mycotoxicology, medicine, and basic research. This phylogenetically guided circumscription will free scientists from any obligation to use other genus names, including teleomorphs, for species nested within this clade, and preserve the application of the name Fusarium in the way it has been used for almost a century. Due to recent changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this is an urgent matter that requires community attention. The alternative is to break the longstanding concept of Fusarium into nine or more genera, and remove important taxa such as those in the F. solani species complex from the genus, a move we believe is unnecessary. Here we present taxonomic and nomenclatural proposals that will preserve established research connections and facilitate communication within and between research communities, and at the same time support strong scientific principles and good taxonomic practice.
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Zhao C, Waalwijk C, de Wit PJGM, Tang D, van der Lee T. RNA-Seq analysis reveals new gene models and alternative splicing in the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:21. [PMID: 23324402 PMCID: PMC3577648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genome of Fusarium graminearum has been sequenced and annotated previously, but correct gene annotation remains a challenge. In addition, posttranscriptional regulations, such as alternative splicing and RNA editing, are poorly understood in F. graminearum. Here we took advantage of RNA-Seq to improve gene annotations and to identify alternative splicing and RNA editing in F. graminearum. Results We identified and revised 655 incorrectly predicted gene models, including revisions of intron predictions, intron splice sites and prediction of novel introns. 231 genes were identified with two or more alternative splice variants, mostly due to intron retention. Interestingly, the expression ratios between different transcript isoforms appeared to be developmentally regulated. Surprisingly, no RNA editing was identified in F. graminearum. Moreover, 2459 novel transcriptionally active regions (nTARs) were identified and our analysis indicates that many of these could be missed genes. Finally, we identified the 5′ UTR and/or 3′ UTR sequences of 7666 genes. A number of representative novel gene models and alternatively spliced genes were validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the generated amplicons. Conclusions We have developed novel and efficient strategies to identify alternatively spliced genes and incorrect gene models based on RNA-Seq data. Our study identified hundreds of alternatively spliced genes in F. graminearum and for the first time indicated that alternative splicing is developmentally regulated in filamentous fungi. In addition, hundreds of incorrect predicted gene models were identified and revised and thousands of nTARs were discovered in our study, which will be helpful for the future genomic and transcriptomic studies in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Zhao
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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D'Hont A, Denoeud F, Aury JM, Baurens FC, Carreel F, Garsmeur O, Noel B, Bocs S, Droc G, Rouard M, Da Silva C, Jabbari K, Cardi C, Poulain J, Souquet M, Labadie K, Jourda C, Lengellé J, Rodier-Goud M, Alberti A, Bernard M, Correa M, Ayyampalayam S, Mckain MR, Leebens-Mack J, Burgess D, Freeling M, Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié D, Chabannes M, Wicker T, Panaud O, Barbosa J, Hribova E, Heslop-Harrison P, Habas R, Rivallan R, Francois P, Poiron C, Kilian A, Burthia D, Jenny C, Bakry F, Brown S, Guignon V, Kema G, Dita M, Waalwijk C, Joseph S, Dievart A, Jaillon O, Leclercq J, Argout X, Lyons E, Almeida A, Jeridi M, Dolezel J, Roux N, Risterucci AM, Weissenbach J, Ruiz M, Glaszmann JC, Quétier F, Yahiaoui N, Wincker P. The banana (Musa acuminata) genome and the evolution of monocotyledonous plants. Nature 2012; 488:213-7. [PMID: 22801500 DOI: 10.1038/nature11241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bananas (Musa spp.), including dessert and cooking types, are giant perennial monocotyledonous herbs of the order Zingiberales, a sister group to the well-studied Poales, which include cereals. Bananas are vital for food security in many tropical and subtropical countries and the most popular fruit in industrialized countries. The Musa domestication process started some 7,000 years ago in Southeast Asia. It involved hybridizations between diverse species and subspecies, fostered by human migrations, and selection of diploid and triploid seedless, parthenocarpic hybrids thereafter widely dispersed by vegetative propagation. Half of the current production relies on somaclones derived from a single triploid genotype (Cavendish). Pests and diseases have gradually become adapted, representing an imminent danger for global banana production. Here we describe the draft sequence of the 523-megabase genome of a Musa acuminata doubled-haploid genotype, providing a crucial stepping-stone for genetic improvement of banana. We detected three rounds of whole-genome duplications in the Musa lineage, independently of those previously described in the Poales lineage and the one we detected in the Arecales lineage. This first monocotyledon high-continuity whole-genome sequence reported outside Poales represents an essential bridge for comparative genome analysis in plants. As such, it clarifies commelinid-monocotyledon phylogenetic relationships, reveals Poaceae-specific features and has led to the discovery of conserved non-coding sequences predating monocotyledon-eudicotyledon divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique D'Hont
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France. angelique.d’
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van der Fels-Klerx HJ, de Rijk TC, Booij CJH, Goedhart PW, Boers EAM, Zhao C, Waalwijk C, Mol HGJ, van der Lee TAJ. Occurrence of Fusarium Head Blight species and Fusarium mycotoxins in winter wheat in the Netherlands in 2009. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1716-26. [PMID: 22624849 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.685891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Most recent information on the occurrence of Fusarium Head Blight species and related mycotoxins in wheat grown in the Netherlands dates from 2001. This aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and levels of Fusarium Head Blight species and Fusarium mycotoxins, as well as their possible relationships, in winter wheat cultivated in the Netherlands in 2009. Samples were collected from individual fields of 88 commercial wheat growers. Samples were collected at harvest from 86 fields, and 2 weeks before the expected harvest date from 21 fields. In all, 128 samples, the levels of each of seven Fusarium Head Blight species and of 12 related mycotoxins were quantified. The results showed that F. graminearum was the most frequently observed species at harvest, followed by F. avenaceum and M. nivale. In the pre-harvest samples, only F. graminearum and M. nivale were relevant. The highest incidence and concentrations of mycotoxins were found for deoxynivalenol, followed by zearalenone and beauvericin, both pre-harvest and at harvest. Other toxins frequently found--for the first time in the Netherlands--included T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and moniliformin. The levels of deoxynivalenol were positively related to F. graminearum levels, as well as to zearalenone levels. Other relationships could not be established. The current approach taken in collecting wheat samples and quantifying the presence of Fusarium Head Blight species and related mycotoxins is an efficient method to obtain insight into the occurrence of these species and toxins in wheat grown under natural environmental conditions. It is recommended that this survey be repeated for several years to establish inter-annual variability in both species composition and mycotoxin occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J van der Fels-Klerx
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang H, Van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, Chen W, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang Y, Feng J. Population analysis of the Fusarium graminearum species complex from wheat in China show a shift to more aggressive isolates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31722. [PMID: 22363714 PMCID: PMC3282776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of Fusarium isolates was collected from blighted wheat spikes originating from 175 sampling sites, covering 15 provinces in China. Species and trichothecene chemotype determination by multilocus genotyping (MLGT) indicated that F. graminearum s. str. with the 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15ADON) chemotype and F. asiaticum with either the nivalenol (NIV) or the 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype were the dominant causal agents. Bayesian model-based clustering with allele data obtained with 12 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) markers, detected three genetic clusters that also show distinct chemotypes. High levels of population genetic differentiation and low levels of effective number of migrants were observed between these three clusters. Additional genotypic analyses revealed that F. graminearum s. str. and F. asiaticum are sympatric. In addition, composition analysis of these clusters indicated a biased gene flow from 3ADON to NIV producers in F. asiaticum. In phenotypic analyses, F. asiaticum that produce 3ADON revealed significant advantages over F. asiaticum that produce NIV in pathogenicity, growth rate, fecundity, conidial length, trichothecene accumulation and resistance to benzimidazole. These results suggest that natural selection drives the spread of a more vigorous, more toxigenic pathogen population which also shows higher levels of fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhao C, Waalwijk C, de Wit PJGM, van der Lee T, Tang D. EBR1, a novel Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factor, affects virulence and apical dominance of the hyphal tip in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:1407-1418. [PMID: 21830952 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-11-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factors are unique to fungi and have been reported to be involved in different regulatory functions. Here, we characterized EBR1 (enhanced branching 1), a novel Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factor of Fusarium graminearum. Knocking out EBR1 in F. graminearum PH-1 caused reduction of both radial growth and virulence. The conidia of knock-out strain PH-1?ebr1 germinated faster than those of wild-type PH-1, but the conidiation of the mutant was significantly reduced. Detailed analysis showed that the reduced radial growth might be due to reduced apical dominance of the hyphal tip, leading to increased hyphal branching. Inoculation assays on wheat heads with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled PH-1?ebr1 mutant showed that it was unable to penetrate the rachis of the spikelets. Protein fusion with GFP showed that EBR1 is localized in the nucleus of both conidia and hyphae. Knocking out the orthologous gene FOXG_05408 in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici caused a much weaker phenotype than the PH-1?ebr1 mutant, which may be due to the presence of multiple orthologous genes in this fungus. Transformation of FOXG_05408 into PH-1?ebr1 restored the mutant phenotype. Similar to EBR1, FOXG_05408 is localized in the nucleus of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Possible functions of EBR1 and its relation with other fungal transcription factors are discussed.
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Ncube E, Flett BC, Waalwijk C, Viljoen A. Fusarium spp. and levels of fumonisins in maize produced by subsistence farmers in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.4102/sajs.v107i1/2.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Alexander NJ, McCormick SP, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T, Proctor RH. The genetic basis for 3-ADON and 15-ADON trichothecene chemotypes in Fusarium. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:485-95. [PMID: 21216300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain Fusarium species cause head blight of wheat and other small grains worldwide and produce trichothecene mycotoxins. These mycotoxins can induce toxicoses in animals and humans and can contribute to the ability of some fusaria to cause plant disease. Production of the trichothecene 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) versus 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) is an important phenotypic difference within and among some Fusarium species. However, until now, the genetic basis for this difference in chemotype has not been identified. Here, we identified consistent DNA sequence differences in the coding region of the trichothecene biosynthetic gene TRI8 in 3-ADON and 15-ADON strains. Functional analyses of the TRI8 enzyme (Tri8) in F. graminearum, the predominant cause of wheat head blight in North America and Europe, revealed that Tri8 from 3-ADON strains catalyzes deacetylation of the trichothecene biosynthetic intermediate 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol at carbon 15 to yield 3-ADON, whereas Tri8 from 15-ADON strains catalyzes deacetylation of 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol at carbon 3 to yield 15-ADON. Fusarium strains that produce the trichothecene nivalenol have a Tri8 that functions like that in 15-ADON strains. TRI3, which encodes a trichothecene carbon 15 acetyltransferase, was found to be functional in all three chemotypes. Together, our data indicate that differential activity of Tri8 determines the 3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes in Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Alexander
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Van Hove F, Waalwijk C, Logrieco A, Munaut F, Moretti A. Gibberella musae (Fusarium musae) sp. nov., a recently discovered species from banana is sister to F. verticillioides. Mycologia 2010; 103:570-85. [PMID: 21177490 DOI: 10.3852/10-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several strains of Fusarium isolated from banana were identified previously as F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg but described as unable to produce fumonisin. Here we report biochemical and morphological evidence, as well as multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on elongation factor (EF-1α), calmodulin, β-tubulin, and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) sequences, indicating that these isolates represent a unique lineage in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex related to but distinct from F. verticillioides. Together with previous results of molecular studies, as well as with results of metabolite analyses, crossing experiments, pathogenicity tests and morphological characterization, these new data indicate that these strains isolated from banana represent a new species, Gibberella musae Van Hove et al. sp. nov. (anamorph: Fusarium musae Van Hove et al. sp. nov.), which is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Van Hove
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (BCCM™ /MUCL), Croix du Sud 3/6, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Feldmann F, Dullemans A, Waalwijk C. Binding of the CryIVD Toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to Larval Dipteran Midgut Proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:2601-5. [PMID: 16535074 PMCID: PMC1388492 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.7.2601-2605.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-blotting experiments on dipteran brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) showed binding of CryIVD toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to proteins of 148 kDa in Anopheles stephensi and of 78 kDa in Tipula oleracea, both species being susceptible to CryIVD. Binding of CryIVD with BBMVs of A. stephensi resulted in a stronger signal than with BBMVs of T. oleracea. Likewise, larvae of A. stephensi are 10,000-fold more susceptible to the CryIVD toxin than are larvae of T. oleracea. Binding was also found with six proteins ranging in size from 48 to 110 kDa in BBMVs from the lepidopteran species Manduca sexta, but CryIVD was not toxic for M. sexta larvae. No binding of trypsinated CryIVD to BBMV proteins was observed. With the lepidopteran-specific toxin CryIA(b), no binding to dipteran BBMVs was found. Binding of CryIA(b) to nine different BBMV proteins ranging in size from 71 to 240 kDa was observed in M. sexta. The major binding signal was observed with a protein of 240 kDa for CryIA(b).
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Zhang H, Zhang Z, van der Lee T, Chen WQ, Xu J, Xu JS, Yang L, Yu D, Waalwijk C, Feng J. Population genetic analyses of Fusarium asiaticum populations from barley suggest a recent shift favoring 3ADON producers in southern China. Phytopathology 2010; 100:328-36. [PMID: 20205536 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-100-4-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium asiaticum is the predominant causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in southern China. The genetic diversity was assessed by analyzing 448 single-spore F. asiaticum isolates from 18 sampling sites that were 10 to 2,000 km apart, using seven highly informative variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) markers. This analysis showed a significant degree of population subdivision (P < 0.001) among populations from upper, middle, and lower valleys of the Yangtze River, with little gene flow (Nm = 1.210). We observed a strong association between this genetic population subdivision and the mycotoxin produced. Our results show that the dramatic cline in trichothecene chemotypes may be explained by a recent and significant invasion of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) producers in FHB pathogen composition in the middle valley. Using Bayesian statistics, we found a biased gene flow from 3ADON to nivalenol (NIV) populations. In addition, we observed significant genetic differentiation and linkage disequilibrium between NIV- and 3ADON-producing isolates at the same sampling sites. The impact of the changed agronomy and trade of cereal commodities on the spread of the new Fusarium population and the consequent increase of FHB observed in southern China are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Köhl J, Groenenboom-de Haas BH, Kastelein P, Rossi V, Waalwijk C. Quantitative detection of pear-pathogenic Stemphylium vesicarium in orchards. Phytopathology 2009; 99:1377-86. [PMID: 19900004 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-12-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Isolates of Stemphylium vesicarium causing brown spot of pear can be distinguished from nonpathogenic isolates of S. vesicarium from pear or from other hosts on the basis of distinctive amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting profiles. DNA fragments specific for isolates pathogenic to pear were identified and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed on the sequence from one of these specific DNA loci. This TaqMan PCR has a high sensitivity with a dynamic range for reliable quantification between 1 ng and 100 fg of DNA. The method detected pear-pathogenic isolates of S. vesicarium originating from four different European countries and various regions within those countries. No cross-reaction was found with either the nonpathogenic isolates of S. vesicarium tested or isolates belonging to other Stemphylium spp. or related fungi. The pathogen was detected on leaves with brown-spot symptoms originating from six different locations in The Netherlands, Italy, and Spain. Pear-pathogenic S. vesicarium populations were monitored on crop residues in two Dutch orchards between October 2007 and October 2008. Brown spot had been observed at both orchards at the end of the growing season of 2007. In one location, pear-pathogenic S. vesicarium was detected only sporadically on crop residues and no brown-spot symptoms were observed on fruit in 2008. At the other location, a pathogenic population was found on fallen pear leaves and on other crop residues but this population decreased during winter. From the beginning of the growing season in 2008 onward, the pathogen population could not be detected and the disease incidence was only 0.6%. The TaqMan PCR will allow more detailed studies on epidemiology of brown spot and on the effect of disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Köhl
- Business unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, PO Box 69, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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