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Vasta JD, Michaud A, Zimprich CA, Beck MT, Swiatnicki MR, Zegzouti H, Thomas MR, Wilkinson J, Crapster JA, Robers MB. Protomer selectivity of type II RAF inhibitors within the RAS/RAF complex. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1354-1365.e6. [PMID: 37643616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
RAF dimer inhibitors offer therapeutic potential in RAF- and RAS-driven cancers. The utility of such drugs is predicated on their capacity to occupy both RAF protomers in the RAS-RAF signaling complex. Here we describe a method to conditionally quantify drug-target occupancy at selected RAF protomers within an active RAS-RAF complex in cells. RAF target engagement can be measured in the presence or absence of any mutant KRAS allele, enabling the high-affinity state of RAF dimer inhibitors to be quantified in the cellular milieu. The intracellular protomer selectivity of clinical-stage type II RAF inhibitors revealed that ARAF protomer engagement, but not engagement of BRAF or CRAF, is commensurate with inhibition of MAPK signaling in various mutant RAS cell lines. Our results support a fundamental role for ARAF in mutant RAS signaling and reveal poor ARAF protomer vulnerability for a cohort of RAF inhibitors undergoing clinical evaluation.
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2
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Shen S, Picci C, Ustinova K, Benoy V, Kutil Z, Zhang G, Tavares MT, Pavlíček J, Zimprich CA, Robers MB, Van Den Bosch L, Bařinka C, Langley B, Kozikowski AP. Tetrahydroquinoline-Capped Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor SW-101 Ameliorates Pathological Phenotypes in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2A Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4810-4840. [PMID: 33830764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. SW-100 (1a), a phenylhydroxamate-based HDAC6 inhibitor (HDAC6i) bearing a tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) capping group, is a highly potent and selective HDAC6i that was shown to be effective in mouse models of Fragile X syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A). In this study, we report the discovery of a new THQ-capped HDAC6i, termed SW-101 (1s), that possesses excellent HDAC6 potency and selectivity, together with markedly improved metabolic stability and druglike properties compared to SW-100 (1a). X-ray crystallography data reveal the molecular basis of HDAC6 inhibition by SW-101 (1s). Importantly, we demonstrate that SW-101 (1s) treatment elevates the impaired level of acetylated α-tubulin in the distal sciatic nerve, counteracts progressive motor dysfunction, and ameliorates neuropathic symptoms in a CMT2A mouse model bearing mutant MFN2. Taken together, these results bode well for the further development of SW-101 (1s) as a disease-modifying HDAC6i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cristina Picci
- School of Health, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Kseniya Ustinova
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Veronick Benoy
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Brain & Disease (VIB) and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zsófia Kutil
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Maurício T Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jiří Pavlíček
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Chad A Zimprich
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | | | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Brain & Disease (VIB) and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Brett Langley
- School of Health, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Shen S, Hadley M, Ustinova K, Pavlicek J, Knox T, Noonepalle S, Tavares MT, Zimprich CA, Zhang G, Robers MB, Bařinka C, Kozikowski AP, Villagra A. Discovery of a New Isoxazole-3-hydroxamate-Based Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor SS-208 with Antitumor Activity in Syngeneic Melanoma Mouse Models. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8557-8577. [PMID: 31414801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoxazole is a five-membered heterocycle that is widely used in drug discovery endeavors. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and structural and biological characterization of SS-208, a novel HDAC6-selective inhibitor containing the isoxazole-3-hydroxamate moiety as a zinc-binding group as well as a hydrophobic linker. A crystal structure of the Danio rerio HDAC6/SS-208 complex reveals a bidentate coordination of the active-site zinc ion that differs from the preferred monodentate coordination observed for HDAC6 complexes with phenylhydroxamate-based inhibitors. While SS-208 has minimal effects on the viability of murine SM1 melanoma cells in vitro, it significantly reduced in vivo tumor growth in a murine SM1 syngeneic melanoma mouse model. These findings suggest that the antitumor activity of SS-208 is mainly mediated by immune-related antitumor activity as evidenced by the increased infiltration of CD8+ and NK+ T cells and the enhanced ratio of M1 and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Melissa Hadley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
| | - Kseniya Ustinova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science , Charles University , Albertov 6 , 128 43 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pavlicek
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Tessa Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
| | - Satish Noonepalle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
| | - Mauricio T Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Chad A Zimprich
- Promega Corporation , Madison , Wisconsin 53711 , United States
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Bontac Bio-Engineering (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518102 , China
| | | | - Cyril Bařinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology , Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Alan P Kozikowski
- StarWise Therapeutics LLC, University Research Park, Inc. , Madison , Wisconsin 53719 , United States
| | - Alejandro Villagra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia 20052 , United States
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Kozikowski AP, Shen S, Pardo M, Tavares MT, Szarics D, Benoy V, Zimprich CA, Kutil Z, Zhang G, Bařinka C, Robers MB, Van Den Bosch L, Eubanks JH, Jope RS. Brain Penetrable Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor SW-100 Ameliorates Memory and Learning Impairments in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1679-1695. [PMID: 30511829 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-modifying therapies are needed for Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), as at present there are no effective treatments or cures. Herein, we report on a tetrahydroquinoline-based selective histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor SW-100, its pharmacological and ADMET properties, and its ability to improve upon memory performance in a mouse model of FXS, Fmr1-/- mice. This small molecule demonstrates good brain penetrance, low-nanomolar potency for the inhibition of HDAC6 (IC50 = 2.3 nM), with at least a thousand-fold selectivity over all other class I, II, and IV HDAC isoforms. Moreover, through its inhibition of the α-tubulin deacetylase domain of HDAC6 (CD2), in cells SW-100 upregulates α-tubulin acetylation with no effect on histone acetylation and selectively restores the impaired acetylated α-tubulin levels in the hippocampus of Fmr1-/- mice. Lastly, SW-100 ameliorates several memory and learning impairments in Fmr1-/- mice, thus modeling the intellectual deficiencies associated with FXS, and hence providing a strong rationale for pursuing HDAC6-based therapies for the treatment of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sida Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Marta Pardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Maurício T. Tavares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Dora Szarics
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Veronick Benoy
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Brain & Disease (VIB) and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Zsófia Kutil
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Brain & Disease (VIB) and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James H. Eubanks
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Richard S. Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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5
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Vasta JD, Corona CR, Wilkinson J, Zimprich CA, Hartnett JR, Ingold MR, Zimmerman K, Machleidt T, Kirkland TA, Huwiler KG, Ohana RF, Slater M, Otto P, Cong M, Wells CI, Berger BT, Hanke T, Glas C, Ding K, Drewry DH, Huber KVM, Willson TM, Knapp S, Müller S, Meisenheimer PL, Fan F, Wood KV, Robers MB. Quantitative, Wide-Spectrum Kinase Profiling in Live Cells for Assessing the Effect of Cellular ATP on Target Engagement. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:206-214.e11. [PMID: 29174542 PMCID: PMC5814754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
For kinase inhibitors, intracellular target selectivity is fundamental to pharmacological mechanism. Although a number of acellular techniques have been developed to measure kinase binding or enzymatic inhibition, such approaches can fail to accurately predict engagement in cells. Here we report the application of an energy transfer technique that enabled the first broad-spectrum, equilibrium-based approach to quantitatively profile target occupancy and compound affinity in live cells. Using this method, we performed a selectivity profiling for clinically relevant kinase inhibitors against 178 full-length kinases, and a mechanistic interrogation of the potency offsets observed between cellular and biochemical analysis. For the multikinase inhibitor crizotinib, our approach accurately predicted cellular potency and revealed improved target selectivity compared with biochemical measurements. Due to cellular ATP, a number of putative crizotinib targets are unexpectedly disengaged in live cells at a clinically relevant drug dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Vasta
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Cesear R Corona
- Promega Biosciences Incorporated, 277 Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | | | - Chad A Zimprich
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - James R Hartnett
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Morgan R Ingold
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | | - Thomas Machleidt
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Thomas A Kirkland
- Promega Biosciences Incorporated, 277 Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Kristin G Huwiler
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | | - Michael Slater
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Paul Otto
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carina Glas
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China; School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kilian V M Huber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Frank Fan
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Keith V Wood
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Matthew B Robers
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA.
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6
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Walker JR, Hall MP, Zimprich CA, Robers MB, Duellman SJ, Machleidt T, Rodriguez J, Zhou W. Highly Potent Cell-Permeable and Impermeable NanoLuc Luciferase Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1028-1037. [PMID: 28195704 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel engineered NanoLuc (Nluc) luciferase being smaller, brighter, and superior to traditional firefly (Fluc) or Renilla (Rluc) provides a great opportunity for the development of numerous biological, biomedical, clinical, and food and environmental safety applications. This new platform created an urgent need for Nluc inhibitors that could allow selective bioluminescent suppression and multiplexing compatibility with existing luminescence or fluorescence assays. Starting from thienopyrrole carboxylate 1, a hit from a 42 000 PubChem compound library with a low micromolar IC50 against Nluc, we derivatized four different structural fragments to discover a family of potent, single digit nanomolar, cell permeable inhibitors. Further elaboration revealed a channel that allowed access to the external Nluc surface, resulting in a series of highly potent cell impermeable Nluc inhibitors with negatively charged groups likely extending to the protein surface. The permeability was evaluated by comparing EC50 shifts calculated from both live and lysed cells expressing Nluc cytosolically. Luminescence imaging further confirmed that cell permeable compounds inhibit both intracellular and extracellular Nluc, whereas less permeable compounds differentially inhibit extracellular Nluc and Nluc on the cell surface. The compounds displayed little to no toxicity to cells and high luciferase specificity, showing no activity against firefly luciferase or even the closely related NanoBit system. Looking forward, the structural motifs used to gain access to the Nluc surface can also be appended with other functional groups, and therefore interesting opportunities for developing assays based on relief-of-inhibition can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R. Walker
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Mary P. Hall
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Chad A. Zimprich
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Matthew B. Robers
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Sarah J. Duellman
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Thomas Machleidt
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Jacquelynn Rodriguez
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Promega Biosciences LLC, 277
Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods
Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-5399, United States
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7
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Bernau K, Lewis CM, Petelinsek AM, Benink HA, Zimprich CA, Meyerand ME, Suzuki M, Svendsen CN. In vivo tracking of human neural progenitor cells in the rat brain using bioluminescence imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 228:67-78. [PMID: 24675049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapies appear promising for treating certain neurodegenerative disorders and molecular imaging methods that track these cells in vivo could answer some key questions regarding their survival and migration. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which relies on luciferase expression in these cells, has been used for this purpose due to its high sensitivity. NEW METHOD In this study, we employ BLI to track luciferase-expressing human neural progenitor cells (hNPC(Luc2)) in the rat striatum long-term. RESULTS We show that hNPC(Luc2) are detectable in the rat striatum. Furthermore, we demonstrate that using this tracking method, surviving grafts can be detected in vivo for up to 12 weeks, while those that were rejected do not produce bioluminescence signal. We also demonstrate the ability to discern hNPC(Luc2) contralateral migration. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Some of the advantages of BLI compared to other imaging methods used to track progenitor/stem cells include its sensitivity and specificity, low background signal and ability to distinguish surviving grafts from rejected ones over the long term while the blood-brain barrier remains intact. CONCLUSIONS These new findings may be useful in future preclinical applications developing cell-based treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Bernau
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4325a Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Christina M Lewis
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1005 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Anna M Petelinsek
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4325a Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Hélène A Benink
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Rd., Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA.
| | - Chad A Zimprich
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Rd., Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA.
| | - M Elizabeth Meyerand
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1129 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4124 Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5009 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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8
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Zins MM, Zimprich CA, Petermann SR, Rust L. Erratum to “Expression and partial characterization of an elastase from Chromobacterium violaceum” [Vet. Microbiol. 80 (2001) 63–74]. Vet Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum was recovered at necropsy from the lungs, liver, spleen, and an interscapular abscess of a Chinese red panda (strain 98-9187) [J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 12 (2000) 177]. As the lungs exhibited extensive, necrotizing lesions harboring bacterial aggregates, we sought to determine whether C. violaceum produced an elastase that might in part account for these lesions. The C. violaceum type strain (ATCC 12472(T)) and strain 98-9187 were shown to exhibit elastolytic activity by elastin Congo red and elastin nutrient agar assays. The activity was isolated from the periplasmic fraction and was present throughout the growth cycle. Activity increased markedly in late logarithmic phase growth. In elastin-limiting medium, activity rapidly decreased in early stationary phase indicating a tight regulation of yield. The activity was optimal at neutral pH and was sensitive to the metalloproteinase inhibitors EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline. Activity was restored upon addition of zinc indicating the enzyme is a zinc metalloproteinase. A band corresponding to purified elastase activity was present at approximately 30kDa in a denaturing polyacrylamide gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Zins
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, Van Es Laboratories, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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10
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB elastase gene (lasB) transcription is controlled by the two-component quorum-sensing system of LasR, and the autoinducer, 3OC(12)-HSL (N-3-[oxododecanoyl]homoserine lactone). LasR and 3OC(12)-HSL-mediated lasB activation requires a functional operator sequence (OP1) in the lasB promoter region. Optimal activation of lasB, however, requires a second sequence of 70% identity to OP1, named OP2, located 43 bp upstream of OP1. In this study, we used sequence substitutions and insertion mutations in lasBp-lacZ fusion plasmids to explore the role of OP2 in lasB activation. Our results demonstrate that (i) OP1 and OP2 synergistically mediate lasB activation; (ii) OP2, like OP1, responds to LasR and 3OC(12)-HSL; and (iii) the putative autoinducer-binding domain of LasR is not required for synergistic activation from OP1 and OP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Anderson
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
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