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Lindau ST, Makelarski JA, Kaligotla C, Abramsohn EM, Beiser DG, Chou C, Collier N, Huang ES, Macal CM, Ozik J, Tung EL. Building and experimenting with an agent-based model to study the population-level impact of CommunityRx, a clinic-based community resource referral intervention. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009471. [PMID: 34695116 PMCID: PMC8568099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CommunityRx (CRx), an information technology intervention, provides patients with a personalized list of healthful community resources (HealtheRx). In repeated clinical studies, nearly half of those who received clinical "doses" of the HealtheRx shared their information with others ("social doses"). Clinical trial design cannot fully capture the impact of information diffusion, which can act as a force multiplier for the intervention. Furthermore, experimentation is needed to understand how intervention delivery can optimize social spread under varying circumstances. To study information diffusion from CRx under varying conditions, we built an agent-based model (ABM). This study describes the model building process and illustrates how an ABM provides insight about information diffusion through in silico experimentation. To build the ABM, we constructed a synthetic population ("agents") using publicly-available data sources. Using clinical trial data, we developed empirically-informed processes simulating agent activities, resource knowledge evolution and information sharing. Using RepastHPC and chiSIM software, we replicated the intervention in silico, simulated information diffusion processes, and generated emergent information diffusion networks. The CRx ABM was calibrated using empirical data to replicate the CRx intervention in silico. We used the ABM to quantify information spread via social versus clinical dosing then conducted information diffusion experiments, comparing the social dosing effect of the intervention when delivered by physicians, nurses or clinical clerks. The synthetic population (N = 802,191) exhibited diverse behavioral characteristics, including activity and knowledge evolution patterns. In silico delivery of the intervention was replicated with high fidelity. Large-scale information diffusion networks emerged among agents exchanging resource information. Varying the propensity for information exchange resulted in networks with different topological characteristics. Community resource information spread via social dosing was nearly 4 fold that from clinical dosing alone and did not vary by delivery mode. This study, using CRx as an example, demonstrates the process of building and experimenting with an ABM to study information diffusion from, and the population-level impact of, a clinical information-based intervention. While the focus of the CRx ABM is to recreate the CRx intervention in silico, the general process of model building, and computational experimentation presented is generalizable to other large-scale ABMs of information diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tessler Lindau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Makelarski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chaitanya Kaligotla
- Decision and Infrastructure Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
- Beedie School of Business, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily M. Abramsohn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David G. Beiser
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chiahung Chou
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicholson Collier
- Decision and Infrastructure Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elbert S. Huang
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charles M. Macal
- Decision and Infrastructure Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Ozik
- Decision and Infrastructure Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Tung
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Macal CM, North MJ, Collier N, Dukic VM, Wegener DT, David MZ, Daum RS, Schumm P, Evans JA, Wilder JR, Miller LG, Eells SJ, Lauderdale DS. Modeling the transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a dynamic agent-based simulation. J Transl Med 2014; 12:124. [PMID: 24886400 PMCID: PMC4049803 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a deadly pathogen in healthcare settings since the 1960s, but MRSA epidemiology changed since 1990 with new genetically distinct strain types circulating among previously healthy people outside healthcare settings. Community-associated (CA) MRSA strains primarily cause skin and soft tissue infections, but may also cause life-threatening invasive infections. First seen in Australia and the U.S., it is a growing problem around the world. The U.S. has had the most widespread CA-MRSA epidemic, with strain type USA300 causing the great majority of infections. Individuals with either asymptomatic colonization or infection may transmit CA-MRSA to others, largely by skin-to-skin contact. Control measures have focused on hospital transmission. Limited public health education has focused on care for skin infections. METHODS We developed a fine-grained agent-based model for Chicago to identify where to target interventions to reduce CA-MRSA transmission. An agent-based model allows us to represent heterogeneity in population behavior, locations and contact patterns that are highly relevant for CA-MRSA transmission and control. Drawing on nationally representative survey data, the model represents variation in sociodemographics, locations, behaviors, and physical contact patterns. Transmission probabilities are based on a comprehensive literature review. RESULTS Over multiple 10-year runs with one-hour ticks, our model generates temporal and geographic trends in CA-MRSA incidence similar to Chicago from 2001 to 2010. On average, a majority of transmission events occurred in households, and colonized rather than infected agents were the source of the great majority (over 95%) of transmission events. The key findings are that infected people are not the primary source of spread. Rather, the far greater number of colonized individuals must be targeted to reduce transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that current paradigms in MRSA control in the United States cannot be very effective in reducing the incidence of CA-MRSA infections. Furthermore, the control measures that have focused on hospitals are unlikely to have much population-wide impact on CA-MRSA rates. New strategies need to be developed, as the incidence of CA-MRSA is likely to continue to grow around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Macal
- Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg 221, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J North
- Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg 221, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicholson Collier
- Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg 221, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Vanja M Dukic
- Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Michael Z David
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert S Daum
- Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Philip Schumm
- Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James A Evans
- Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Loren G Miller
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samantha J Eells
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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North MJ, Collier NT, Ozik J, Tatara ER, Macal CM, Bragen M, Sydelko P. Complex adaptive systems modeling with Repast Simphony. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2194-3206-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper is to describe development of the features and functions of Repast Simphony, the widely used, free, and open source agent-based modeling environment that builds on the Repast 3 library. Repast Simphony was designed from the ground up with a focus on well-factored abstractions. The resulting code has a modular architecture that allows individual components such as networks, logging, and time scheduling to be replaced as needed. The Repast family of agent-based modeling software has collectively been under continuous development for more than 10 years.
Method
Includes reviewing other free and open-source modeling libraries and environments as well as describing the architecture of Repast Simphony. The architectural description includes a discussion of the Simphony application framework, the core module, ReLogo, data collection, the geographical information system, visualization, freeze drying, and third party application integration.
Results
Include a review of several Repast Simphony applications and brief tutorial on how to use Repast Simphony to model a simple complex adaptive system.
Conclusions
We discuss opportunities for future work, including plans to provide support for increasingly large-scale modeling efforts.
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Lee BY, Singh A, David MZ, Bartsch SM, Slayton RB, Huang SS, Zimmer SM, Potter MA, Macal CM, Lauderdale DS, Miller LG, Daum RS. The economic burden of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:528-36. [PMID: 22712729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The economic impact of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) remains unclear. We developed an economic simulation model to quantify the costs associated with CA-MRSA infection from the societal and third-party payer perspectives. A single CA-MRSA case costs third-party payers $2277-$3200 and society $7070-$20 489, depending on patient age. In the United States (US), CA-MRSA imposes an annual burden of $478 million to 2.2 billion on third-party payers and $1.4-13.8 billion on society, depending on the CA-MRSA definitions and incidences. The US jail system and Army may be experiencing annual total costs of $7-11 million ($6-10 million direct medical costs) and $15-36 million ($14-32 million direct costs), respectively. Hospitalization rates and mortality are important cost drivers. CA-MRSA confers a substantial economic burden on third-party payers and society, with CA-MRSA-attributable productivity losses being major contributors to the total societal economic burden. Although decreasing transmission and infection incidence would decrease costs, even if transmission were to continue at present levels, early identification and appropriate treatment of CA-MRSA infections before they progress could save considerable costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Lee
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Abstract
Effective management of supply chains creates value and can strategically position companies. In practice, human beings have been found to be both surprisingly successful and disappointingly inept at managing supply chains. The related fields of cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence have postulated a variety of potential mechanisms to explain this behavior. One of the leading candidates is reinforcement learning. This paper applies agent-based modeling to investigate the comparative behavioral consequences of three simple reinforcement learning algorithms in a multi-stage supply chain. For the first time, our findings show that the specific algorithm that is employed can have dramatic effects on the results obtained. Reinforcement learning is found to be valuable in multi-stage supply chains with several learning agents, as independent agents can learn to coordinate their behavior. However, learning in multi-stage supply chains using these postulated approaches from cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence take extremely long time periods to achieve stability which raises questions about their ability to explain behavior in real supply chains. The fact that it takes thousands of periods for agents to learn in this simple multi-agent setting provides new evidence that real world decision makers are unlikely to be using strict reinforcement learning in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Valluri
- Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, 1150 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
MOTIVATION In recent years, single-cell biology has focused on the relationship between the stochastic nature of molecular interactions and variability of cellular behavior. To describe this relationship, it is necessary to develop new computational approaches at the single-cell level. RESULTS We have developed AgentCell, a model using agent-based technology to study the relationship between stochastic intracellular processes and behavior of individual cells. As a test-bed for our approach we use bacterial chemotaxis, one of the best characterized biological systems. In this model, each bacterium is an agent equipped with its own chemotaxis network, motors and flagella. Swimming cells are free to move in a 3D environment. Digital chemotaxis assays reproduce experimental data obtained from both single cells and bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Emonet
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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