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Wang C, Hu Y, Nakonezny PA, Melo V, Ale C, Athreya AP, Shekunov J, Lynch R, Croarkin PE, Romanowicz M. A Retrospective Examination of the Impact of Pharmacotherapy on Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2021; 31:685-691. [PMID: 34319785 PMCID: PMC8721494 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2021.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based approach for children aged 2-7 years with disruptive behavior problems. This study examined the effectiveness of PCIT with and without concurrent pharmacotherapy. Methods: A convenience sample was collected from a retrospective chart review of preschool-aged children treated with PCIT at the Mayo Clinic Young Child Clinic between 2016 and 2020. Quantitative and qualitative data were abstracted from all patients. The sample was divided into two groups based on psychotropic medications status (medicated and unmedicated) at the initiation of PCIT. Effectiveness of treatment was assessed with the change in Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) score. The change over time in ECBI score was compared between the two PCIT groups with and without concurrent pharmacotherapy using a linear mixed model. Results: Of the 62 youth, 38.71% were females. Mean age was 4.71 ± 1.17 years. The mean baseline ECBI score was 148.74 ± 30.86, indicating clinically significant disruptive behaviors. The mean number of PCIT sessions was 6.59 ± 3.82. There was no statistically significant difference in ECBI scores between the two groups at pre-PCIT (medication group: 149.68, standard error [SE] = 11.61 vs. unmedicated group: 147.92, SE = 10.93, p = 0.8904) and at post-PCIT (medication group: 116.27 [SE = 11.89] vs. unmedicated group: 128.86 [SE = 11.57], p = 0.3464). There was a statistically significant improvement in ECBI scores for both groups after completing therapy (medication group = -33.41 [-22.32%], SE = 6.27, p < 0.0001; d = 1.144; unmedicated group = -19.06 [-12.88%], SE = 5.78, p = 0.0022; d = 1.078). Conclusions: PCIT reduced disruptive behaviors in this sample of young children regardless of concurrent pharmacotherapy. Future prospective studies should consider one particular pharmacological agent and long-term outcomes of treatment. PCIT and certain pharmacological treatments could have complex and important bidirectional priming effects for both treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yuliang Hu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul A. Nakonezny
- Department of Psychiatry and University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Valeria Melo
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chelsea Ale
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arjun P. Athreya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia Shekunov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rachel Lynch
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Magdalena Romanowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Address correspondence to: Magdalena Romanowicz, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ebesutani C, Reise SP, Chorpita BF, Ale C, Regan J, Young J, Higa-McMillan C, Weisz JR. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version: scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor. Psychol Assess 2012; 24:833-45. [PMID: 22329531 DOI: 10.1037/a0027283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using a school-based (N = 1,060) and clinic-referred (N = 303) youth sample, the authors developed a 25-item shortened version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) using Schmid-Leiman exploratory bifactor analysis to reduce client burden and administration time and thus improve the transportability characteristics of this youth anxiety and depression measure. Results revealed that all anxiety items primarily reflected a single "broad anxiety" dimension, which informed the development of a reduced 15-item Anxiety Total scale. Although specific DSM-oriented anxiety subscales were not included in this version, the items comprising the Anxiety Total scale were evenly pulled from the 5 anxiety-related content domains from the original RCADS. The resultant 15-item Anxiety Total scale evidenced significant correspondence with anxiety diagnostic groups based on structured clinical interviews. The scores from the 10-item Depression Total scale (retained from the original version) were also associated with acceptable reliability in the clinic-referred and school-based samples (α = .80 and .79, respectively); this is in contrast to the alternate 5-item shortened RCADS Depression Total scale previously developed by Muris, Meesters, and Schouten (2002), which evidenced depression scores of unacceptable reliability (α = .63). The shortened RCADS developed in the present study thus balances efficiency, breadth, and scale score reliability in a way that is potentially useful for repeated measurement in clinical settings as well as wide-scale screenings that assess anxiety and depressive problems. These future applications are discussed, as are recommendations for continued use of exploratory bifactor modeling in scale development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Ebesutani
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Freeman JB, Garcia AM, Coyne L, Ale C, Przeworski A, Himle M, Compton S, Leonard HL. Early childhood OCD: preliminary findings from a family-based cognitive-behavioral approach. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:593-602. [PMID: 18356758 PMCID: PMC2820297 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31816765f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relative efficacy of family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) versus family-based relaxation treatment (RT) for young children ages 5 to 8 years with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD Forty-two young children with primary OCD were randomized to receive 12 sessions of family-based CBT or family-based RT. Assessments were conducted before and after treatment by independent raters blind to treatment assignment. Primary outcomes included scores on the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement. RESULTS For the intent-to-treat sample, CBT was associated with a moderate treatment effect (d = 0.53), although there was not a significant difference between the groups at conventional levels. For the completer sample, CBT had a large effect (d = 0.85), and there was a significant group difference favoring CBT. In the intent-to-treat sample, 50% of children in the CBT group achieved remission as compared to 20% in the RT group. In the completer sample, 69% of children in the CBT group achieved a clinical remission compared to 20% in the RT group. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that children with early-onset OCD benefit from a treatment approach tailored to their developmental needs and family context. CBT was effective in reducing OCD symptoms and in helping a large number of children achieve a clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Freeman
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC..
| | - Abbe M Garcia
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Lisa Coyne
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Chelsea Ale
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Amy Przeworski
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Michael Himle
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Scott Compton
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Henrietta L Leonard
- Drs. Freeman, Garcia, Coyne, Ale, Przeworski, Himle, and Leonard are with the Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Providence, RI; and Dr. Compton is with Duke University, Durham, NC
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