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Fame RM, Cortés-Campos C, Sive HL. Brain Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Development and Function: Light at the End of the Tube: A Primer with Latest Insights. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900186. [PMID: 32078177 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system is a series of connected cavities, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that forms within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). The hollow neural tube is a hallmark of the chordate CNS, and a closed neural tube is essential for normal development. Development and function of the ventricular system is examined, emphasizing three interdigitating components that form a functional system: ventricle walls, CSF fluid properties, and activity of CSF constituent factors. The cellular lining of the ventricle both can produce and is responsive to CSF. Fluid properties and conserved CSF components contribute to normal CNS development. Anomalies of the CSF/ventricular system serve as diagnostics and may cause CNS disorders, further highlighting their importance. This review focuses on the evolution and development of the brain ventricular system, associated function, and connected pathologies. It is geared as an introduction for scholars with little background in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Hazel L Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Carter BS, Cortés-Campos C, Chen X, McCammon JM, Sive HL. Validation of Protein Knockout in Mutant Zebrafish Lines Using In Vitro Translation Assays. Zebrafish 2016; 14:73-76. [PMID: 27548568 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genome-editing technology have made creation of zebrafish mutant lines accessible to the community. Experimental validation of protein knockout is a critical step in verifying null mutants, but this can be a difficult task. Absence of protein can be confirmed by Western blotting; however, this approach requires target-specific antibodies that are generally not available for zebrafish proteins. We address this issue using in vitro translation assays, a fast and standard procedure that can be easily implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Carter
- 1 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xiao Chen
- 2 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jasmine M McCammon
- 1 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hazel L Sive
- 1 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hypothalamic decapeptide essential for fertility in vertebrates. Human male patients lacking GnRH and treated with hormone therapy can remain fertile after cessation of treatment suggesting that new GnRH neurons can be generated during adult life. We used zebrafish to investigate the neurogenic potential of the adult hypothalamus. Previously we have characterized the development of GnRH cells in the zebrafish linking genetic pathways to the differentiation of neuromodulatory and endocrine GnRH cells in specific regions of the brain. Here, we developed a new method to obtain neural progenitors from the adult hypothalamus in vitro. Using this system, we show that neurospheres derived from the adult hypothalamus can be maintained in culture and subsequently differentiate glia and neurons. Importantly, the adult derived progenitors differentiate into neurons containing GnRH and the number of cells is increased through exposure to either testosterone or GnRH, hormones used in therapeutic treatment in humans. Finally, we show in vivo that a neurogenic niche in the hypothalamus contains GnRH positive neurons. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that neurospheres can be derived from the hypothalamus of the adult zebrafish and that these neural progenitors are capable of producing GnRH containing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cortés-Campos
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (WIBR), 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joaquín Letelier
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utera km 1, Sevilla 41013, España
| | - Ricardo Ceriani
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Kathleen E Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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Balmaceda-Aguilera C, Cortés-Campos C, Cifuentes M, Peruzzo B, Mack L, Tapia JC, Oyarce K, García MA, Nualart F. Glucose transporter 1 and monocarboxylate transporters 1, 2, and 4 localization within the glial cells of shark blood-brain-barriers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32409. [PMID: 22389700 PMCID: PMC3289654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies showed that glucose is used to support the metabolic activity of the cartilaginous fish brain, the distribution and expression levels of glucose transporter (GLUT) isoforms remained undetermined. Optic/ultrastructural immunohistochemistry approaches were used to determine the expression of GLUT1 in the glial blood-brain barrier (gBBB). GLUT1 was observed solely in glial cells; it was primarily located in end-feet processes of the gBBB. Western blot analysis showed a protein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa, and partial sequencing confirmed GLUT1 identity. Similar approaches were used to demonstrate increased GLUT1 polarization to both apical and basolateral membranes in choroid plexus epithelial cells. To explore monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) involvement in shark brain metabolism, the expression of MCTs was analyzed. MCT1, 2 and 4 were expressed in endothelial cells; however, only MCT1 and MCT4 were present in glial cells. In neurons, MCT2 was localized at the cell membrane whereas MCT1 was detected within mitochondria. Previous studies demonstrated that hypoxia modified GLUT and MCT expression in mammalian brain cells, which was mediated by the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1. Similarly, we observed that hypoxia modified MCT1 cellular distribution and MCT4 expression in shark telencephalic area and brain stem, confirming the role of these transporters in hypoxia adaptation. Finally, using three-dimensional ultrastructural microscopy, the interaction between glial end-feet and leaky blood vessels of shark brain was assessed in the present study. These data suggested that the brains of shark may take up glucose from blood using a different mechanism than that used by mammalian brains, which may induce astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttling and metabolic coupling as observed in mammalian brain. Our data suggested that the structural conditions and expression patterns of GLUT1, MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 in shark brain may establish the molecular foundation of metabolic coupling between glia and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Balmaceda-Aguilera
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Christian Cortés-Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Málaga, Spain
| | - Bruno Peruzzo
- Anatomy, Histology and Pathology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lauren Mack
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Tapia
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Angeles García
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Orellana JA, Sáez PJ, Cortés-Campos C, Elizondo RJ, Shoji KF, Contreras-Duarte S, Figueroa V, Velarde V, Jiang JX, Nualart F, Sáez JC, García MA. Glucose increases intracellular free Ca(2+) in tanycytes via ATP released through connexin 43 hemichannels. Glia 2011; 60:53-68. [PMID: 21987367 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in regulating feeding and satiety behavior, and its neurons interact with specialized ependymal-glial cells, termed tanycytes. The latter express glucose-sensing proteins, including glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, and ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP) ) channels, suggesting their involvement in hypothalamic glucosensing. Here, the transduction mechanism involved in the glucose-induced rise of intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ](i) ) in cultured β-tanycytes was examined. Fura-2AM time-lapse fluorescence images revealed that glucose increases the intracellular Ca(2+) signal in a concentration-dependent manner. Glucose transportation, primarily via glucose transporters, and metabolism via anaerobic glycolysis increased connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannel activity, evaluated by ethidium uptake and whole cell patch clamp recordings, through a K(ATP) channel-dependent pathway. Consequently, ATP export to the extracellular milieu was enhanced, resulting in activation of purinergic P2Y(1) receptors followed by inositol trisphosphate receptor activation and Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. The present study identifies the mechanism by which glucose increases [Ca(2+) ](i) in tanycytes. It also establishes that Cx43 hemichannels can be rapidly activated under physiological conditions by the sequential activation of glucosensing proteins in normal tanycytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Cortés-Campos C, Elizondo R, Llanos P, Uranga RM, Nualart F, García MA. MCT expression and lactate influx/efflux in tanycytes involved in glia-neuron metabolic interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16411. [PMID: 21297988 PMCID: PMC3030577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic interaction via lactate between glial cells and neurons has been proposed as one of the mechanisms involved in hypothalamic glucosensing. We have postulated that hypothalamic glial cells, also known as tanycytes, produce lactate by glycolytic metabolism of glucose. Transfer of lactate to neighboring neurons stimulates ATP synthesis and thus contributes to their activation. Because destruction of third ventricle (III-V) tanycytes is sufficient to alter blood glucose levels and food intake in rats, it is hypothesized that tanycytes are involved in the hypothalamic glucose sensing mechanism. Here, we demonstrate the presence and function of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in tanycytes. Specifically, MCT1 and MCT4 expression as well as their distribution were analyzed in Sprague Dawley rat brain, and we demonstrate that both transporters are expressed in tanycytes. Using primary tanycyte cultures, kinetic analyses and sensitivity to inhibitors were undertaken to confirm that MCT1 and MCT4 were functional for lactate influx. Additionally, physiological concentrations of glucose induced lactate efflux in cultured tanycytes, which was inhibited by classical MCT inhibitors. Because the expression of both MCT1 and MCT4 has been linked to lactate efflux, we propose that tanycytes participate in glucose sensing based on a metabolic interaction with neurons of the arcuate nucleus, which are stimulated by lactate released from MCT1 and MCT4-expressing tanycytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cortés-Campos
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Elizondo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paula Llanos
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Romina María Uranga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Células Madre, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Angeles García
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail:
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