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Hornsteiner F, Vierthaler J, Strandt H, Resag A, Fu Z, Ausserhofer M, Tripp CH, Dieckmann S, Kanduth M, Farrand K, Bregar S, Nemati N, Hermann-Kleiter N, Seretis A, Morla S, Mullins D, Finotello F, Trajanoski Z, Wollmann G, Ronchese F, Schmitz M, Hermans IF, Stoitzner P. Tumor-targeted therapy with BRAF-inhibitor recruits activated dendritic cells to promote tumor immunity in melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008606. [PMID: 38631706 PMCID: PMC11029477 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-targeted therapy causes impressive tumor regression, but the emergence of resistance limits long-term survival benefits in patients. Little information is available on the role of the myeloid cell network, especially dendritic cells (DC) during tumor-targeted therapy. METHODS Here, we investigated therapy-mediated immunological alterations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-draining lymph nodes (LN) in the D4M.3A preclinical melanoma mouse model (harboring the V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF)V600E mutation) by using high-dimensional multicolor flow cytometry in combination with multiplex immunohistochemistry. This was complemented with RNA sequencing and cytokine quantification to characterize the immune status of the tumors. The importance of T cells during tumor-targeted therapy was investigated by depleting CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing mice. Tumor antigen-specific T-cell responses were characterized by performing in vivo T-cell proliferation assays and the contribution of conventional type 1 DC (cDC1) to T-cell immunity during tumor-targeted therapy was assessed using Batf3-/- mice lacking cDC1. RESULTS Our findings reveal that BRAF-inhibitor therapy increased tumor immunogenicity, reflected by an upregulation of genes associated with immune activation. The T cell-inflamed TME contained higher numbers of activated cDC1 and cDC2 but also inflammatory CCR2-expressing monocytes. At the same time, tumor-targeted therapy enhanced the frequency of migratory, activated DC subsets in tumor-draining LN. Even more, we identified a cDC2 population expressing the Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI)/CD64 in tumors and LN that displayed high levels of CD40 and CCR7 indicating involvement in T cell-mediated tumor immunity. The importance of cDC2 is underlined by just a partial loss of therapy response in a cDC1-deficient mouse model. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were essential for therapy response as their respective depletion impaired therapy success. On resistance development, the tumors reverted to an immunologically inert state with a loss of DC and inflammatory monocytes together with the accumulation of regulatory T cells. Moreover, tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were compromised in proliferation and interferon-γ-production. CONCLUSION Our results give novel insights into the remodeling of the myeloid landscape by tumor-targeted therapy. We demonstrate that the transient immunogenic tumor milieu contains more activated DC. This knowledge has important implications for the development of future combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hornsteiner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Vierthaler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helen Strandt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonia Resag
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhe Fu
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Markus Ausserhofer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Digital Science Center (DiSC), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophie Dieckmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Kanduth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathryn Farrand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Bregar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Niloofar Nemati
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Department for Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Athanasios Seretis
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sudhir Morla
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Francesca Finotello
- Department of Molecular Biology, Digital Science Center (DiSC), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Schoberleitner I, Faserl K, Tripp CH, Pechriggl EJ, Sigl S, Brunner A, Zelger B, Hermann-Kleiter N, Baier L, Steinkellner T, Sarg B, Egle D, Brunner C, Wolfram D. Silicone implant surface microtopography modulates inflammation and tissue repair in capsular fibrosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342895. [PMID: 38566997 PMCID: PMC10985323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive fibrous capsule formation around silicone mammary implants (SMI) involves immune reactions to silicone. Capsular fibrosis, a common SMI complication linked to host responses, worsens with specific implant topographies. Our study with 10 patients investigated intra- and inter-individually, reduced surface roughness effects on disease progression, wound responses, chronic inflammation, and capsular composition. The results illuminate the significant impact of surface roughness on acute inflammatory responses, fibrinogen accumulation, and the subsequent fibrotic cascade. The reduction of surface roughness to an average roughness of 4 μm emerges as a promising approach for mitigating detrimental immune reactions, promoting healthy wound healing, and curbing excessive fibrosis. The identified proteins adhering to rougher surfaces shed light on potential mediators of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic processes, further emphasizing the need for meticulous consideration of surface design. The composition of the implant capsule and the discovery of intracapsular HSP60 expression highlight the intricate web of stress responses and immune activation that can impact long-term tissue outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schoberleitner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Faserl
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Judith Pechriggl
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Sigl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Brunner
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- INNPATH GmbH, Tirol Kliniken, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Zelger
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Department for Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leoni Baier
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresia Steinkellner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Egle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christine Brunner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dolores Wolfram
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Probst HC, Stoitzner P, Amon L, Backer RA, Brand A, Chen J, Clausen BE, Dieckmann S, Dudziak D, Heger L, Hodapp K, Hornsteiner F, Hovav AH, Jacobi L, Ji X, Kamenjarin N, Lahl K, Lahmar I, Lakus J, Lehmann CHK, Ortner D, Picard M, Roberti MP, Rossnagel L, Saba Y, Schalla C, Schlitzer A, Schraml BU, Schütze K, Seichter A, Seré K, Seretis A, Sopper S, Strandt H, Sykora MM, Theobald H, Tripp CH, Zitvogel L. Guidelines for DC preparation and flow cytometry analysis of mouse nonlymphoid tissues. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249819. [PMID: 36512638 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of the Dendritic Cell Guidelines article series, which provides a collection of state-of-the-art protocols for the preparation, phenotype analysis by flow cytometry, generation, fluorescence microscopy and functional characterization of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) from lymphoid organs and various nonlymphoid tissues. DC are sentinels of the immune system present in almost every mammalian organ. Since they represent a rare cell population, DC need to be extracted from organs with protocols that are specifically developed for each tissue. This article provides detailed protocols for the preparation of single-cell suspensions from various mouse nonlymphoid tissues, including skin, intestine, lung, kidney, mammary glands, oral mucosa and transplantable tumors. Furthermore, our guidelines include comprehensive protocols for multiplex flow cytometry analysis of DC subsets and feature top tricks for their proper discrimination from other myeloid cells. With this collection, we provide guidelines for in-depth analysis of DC subsets that will advance our understanding of their respective roles in healthy and diseased tissues. While all protocols were written by experienced scientists who routinely use them in their work, this article was also peer-reviewed by leading experts and approved by all coauthors, making it an essential resource for basic and clinical DC immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald A Backer
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Brand
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jianzhou Chen
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophie Dieckmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Hodapp
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Hornsteiner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lukas Jacobi
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xingqi Ji
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nadine Kamenjarin
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
| | - Imran Lahmar
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jelena Lakus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marion Picard
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Paula Roberti
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Rossnagel
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yasmin Saba
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristian Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Seichter
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristin Seré
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Athanasios Seretis
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helen Strandt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina M Sykora
- Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannah Theobald
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
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4
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Rauchenwald T, Handle F, Connolly CE, Degen A, Seifarth C, Hermann M, Tripp CH, Wilflingseder D, Lobenwein S, Savic D, Pölzl L, Morandi EM, Wolfram D, Skvortsova II, Stoitzner P, Haybaeck J, Konschake M, Pierer G, Ploner C. Preadipocytes in human granulation tissue: role in wound healing and response to macrophage polarization. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:53. [PMID: 37904253 PMCID: PMC10617061 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic non-healing wounds pose a global health challenge. Under optimized conditions, skin wounds heal by the formation of scar tissue. However, deregulated cell activation leads to persistent inflammation and the formation of granulation tissue, a type of premature scar tissue without epithelialization. Regenerative cells from the wound periphery contribute to the healing process, but little is known about their cellular fate in an inflammatory, macrophage-dominated wound microenvironment. METHODS We examined CD45-/CD31-/CD34+ preadipocytes and CD68+ macrophages in human granulation tissue from pressure ulcers (n=6) using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. In vitro, we studied macrophage-preadipocyte interactions using primary human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) exposed to conditioned medium harvested from IFNG/LPS (M1)- or IL4/IL13 (M2)-activated macrophages. Macrophages were derived from THP1 cells or CD14+ monocytes. In addition to confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, ASCs were analyzed for metabolic (OXPHOS, glycolysis), morphological (cytoskeleton), and mitochondrial (ATP production, membrane potential) changes. Angiogenic properties of ASCs were determined by HUVEC-based angiogenesis assay. Protein and mRNA levels were assessed by immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS CD45-/CD31-/CD34+ preadipocytes were observed with a prevalence of up to 1.5% of total viable cells in human granulation tissue. Immunofluorescence staining suggested a spatial proximity of these cells to CD68+ macrophages in vivo. In vitro, ASCs exposed to M1, but not to M2 macrophage secretome showed a pro-fibrotic response characterized by stress fiber formation, elevated alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA), and increased expression of integrins ITGA5 and ITGAV. Macrophage-secreted IL1B and TGFB1 mediated this response via the PI3K/AKT and p38-MAPK pathways. In addition, ASCs exposed to M1-inflammatory stress demonstrated reduced migration, switched to a glycolysis-dominated metabolism with reduced ATP production, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL1B, IL8, and MCP1. Notably, M1 but not M2 macrophages enhanced the angiogenic potential of ASCs. CONCLUSION Preadipocyte fate in wound tissue is influenced by macrophage polarization. Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce a pro-fibrotic response in ASCs through IL1B and TGFB1 signaling, while anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages have limited effects. These findings shed light on cellular interactions in chronic wounds and provide important information for the potential therapeutic use of ASCs in human wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Rauchenwald
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Handle
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catherine E Connolly
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonia Degen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christof Seifarth
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Lobenwein
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dragana Savic
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leo Pölzl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Evi M Morandi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dolores Wolfram
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira-Ida Skvortsova
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marko Konschake
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Pierer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Hornsteiner F, Sykora MM, Tripp CH, Sopper S, Stoitzner P. Mouse dendritic cells and other myeloid subtypes in healthy lymph nodes and skin: 26-Color flow cytometry panel for immune phenotyping. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:2006-2009. [PMID: 35944142 PMCID: PMC10087122 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This novel 26-color flow cytometry panel allows the detailed immune phenotyping of the complex network of myeloid cells in murine lymph nodes and skin. With the optimized panel the different murine DC-subsets and other myeloid cell types can be identified and further characterized for co-stimulatory and inhibitory surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hornsteiner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina M Sykora
- Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Bellmann L, Strandt H, Zelle‐Rieser C, Ortner D, Tripp CH, Schmid S, Rühl J, Cappellano G, Schaffenrath S, Prokopi A, Spoeck S, Seretis A, Del Frari B, Sigl S, Krapf J, Heufler C, Keler T, Münz C, Romani N, Stoitzner P. Targeted delivery of a vaccine protein to Langerhans cells in the human skin via the C-type lectin receptor Langerin. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1829-1841. [PMID: 34932821 PMCID: PMC9788233 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is a preferred vaccination site as it harbors multiple dendritic cell (DC) subsets, which display distinct C-type lectin receptors (CLR) that recognize pathogens. Antigens can be delivered to CLR by antibodies or ligands to boost antigen-specific immune responses. This concept has been established in mouse models but detailed insights into the functional consequences of antigen delivery to human skin DC in situ are sparse. In this study, we cloned and produced an anti-human Langerin antibody conjugated to the EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1). We confirmed specific binding of anti-Langerin-EBNA1 to Langerhans cells (LC). This novel LC-based vaccine was then compared to an existing anti-DEC-205-EBNA1 fusion protein by loading LC in epidermal cell suspensions before coculturing them with autologous T cells. After restimulation with EBNA1-peptides, we detected elevated levels of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-positive CD4+ T cells with both vaccines. When we injected the fusion proteins intradermally into human skin explants, emigrated skin DC targeted via DEC-205-induced cytokine production by T cells, whereas the Langerin-based vaccine failed to do so. In summary, we demonstrate that antibody-targeting approaches via the skin are promising vaccination strategies, however, further optimizations of vaccines are required to induce potent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bellmann
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Helen Strandt
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Claudia Zelle‐Rieser
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sandra Schmid
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Julia Rühl
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Department of Health SciencesInterdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune DiseasesCenter for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease‐CAADUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Sandra Schaffenrath
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anastasia Prokopi
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sarah Spoeck
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Athanasios Seretis
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria,Research Institute for Biomedical Aging ResearchUniversity of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of PlasticReconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Stephan Sigl
- Department of PlasticReconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Johanna Krapf
- Department of PlasticReconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christine Heufler
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Tripp CH, Voit H, An A, Seidl-Philipp M, Krapf J, Sigl S, Romani N, Del Frari B, Stoitzner P. Laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization to target human skin dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1279-1289. [PMID: 33797121 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are promising targets for immunotherapy of cancer. Clinically, immunization against cancer antigens by means of the most potent antigen-presenting cells, that is DC, remains an important treatment option in combination with the modern immune checkpoint approaches. Instead of adoptively transferring in vitro monocyte-derived DC, they can also be loaded in situ by antibody-mediated targeting of antigen. Conventionally, these vaccines are delivered by classical intradermal injections. Here, we tested an alternative approach, namely laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization. With an infrared laser ("Precise Laser Epidermal System"/P.L.E.A.S.E.® Laser System), we created micropores in human skin and applied monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against C-type lectins, for example DEC-205/CD205 and Langerin/CD207. Optimal parameters for formation of pores in epidermis and dermis were determined. We could induce pores of defined depths without enhanced apoptosis around them. Antibodies applied epicutaneously to the laser-porated skin could be detected both in Langerhans cells (LC) in situ in the epidermis and in migratory skin DC subsets from short term human skin explant culture, demonstrating uptake and transport of Langerin and DEC-205 mAbs. Efficacy of targeting was similar between the different laser treatments and pore depths. Thus, laser-assisted epicutaneous immunization may be a valuable alternative to intradermal injection, yet the loading efficacy of DC needs to be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Voit
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angela An
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magdalena Seidl-Philipp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna Krapf
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Sigl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Prokopi A, Tripp CH, Tummers B, Hornsteiner F, Spoeck S, Crawford JC, Clements DR, Efremova M, Hutter K, Bellmann L, Cappellano G, Cadilha BL, Kobold S, Boon L, Ortner D, Trajanoski Z, Chen S, de Gruijl TD, Idoyaga J, Green DR, Stoitzner P. Skin dendritic cells in melanoma are key for successful checkpoint blockade therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-000832. [PMID: 33408092 PMCID: PMC7789456 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has shown impressive results in patients with melanoma, but still many do not benefit from this line of treatment. A lack of tumor-infiltrating T cells is a common reason for therapy failure but also a loss of intratumoral dendritic cells (DCs) has been described. METHODS We used the transgenic tg(Grm1)EPv melanoma mouse strain that develops spontaneous, slow-growing tumors to perform immunological analysis during tumor progression. With flow cytometry, the frequencies of DCs and T cells at different tumor stages and the expression of the inhibitory molecules programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) on T cells were analyzed. This was complemented with RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis to investigate the immune status of the tumors. To boost DC numbers and function, we administered Fms-related tyrosine 3 ligand (Flt3L) plus an adjuvant mix of polyI:C and anti-CD40. To enhance T cell function, we tested several checkpoint blockade antibodies. Immunological alterations were characterized in tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs) by flow cytometry, CyTOF, microarray and RT-qPCR to understand how immune cells can control tumor growth. The specific role of migratory skin DCs was investigated by coculture of sorted DC subsets with melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Our study revealed that tumor progression is characterized by upregulation of checkpoint molecules and a gradual loss of the dermal conventional DC (cDC) 2 subset. Monotherapy with checkpoint blockade could not restore antitumor immunity, whereas boosting DC numbers and activation increased tumor immunogenicity. This was reflected by higher numbers of activated cDC1 and cDC2 as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in treated tumors. At the same time, the DC boost approach reinforced migratory dermal DC subsets to prime gp100-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining LNs that expressed PD-1/TIM-3 and produced interferon γ (IFNγ)/tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). As a consequence, the combination of the DC boost with antibodies against PD-1 and TIM-3 released the brake from T cells, leading to improved function within the tumors and delayed tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Our results set forth the importance of skin DC in cancer immunotherapy, and demonstrates that restoring DC function is key to enhancing tumor immunogenicity and subsequently responsiveness to checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Prokopi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Florian Hornsteiner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah Spoeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Derek R Clements
- Department of Micobiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mirjana Efremova
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Hutter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia Bellmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Suzie Chen
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy and Rutgers Cancer Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Micobiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Bellmann L, Zelle-Rieser C, Milne P, Resteu A, Tripp CH, Hermann-Kleiter N, Zaderer V, Wilflingseder D, Hörtnagl P, Theochari M, Schulze J, Rentzsch M, Del Frari B, Collin M, Rademacher C, Romani N, Stoitzner P. Notch-Mediated Generation of Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cells: Phenotype and Function. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:84-94.e6. [PMID: 32522485 PMCID: PMC7758629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) in the skin are a first line of defense against pathogens but also play an essential role in skin homeostasis. Their exclusive expression of the C-type lectin receptor Langerin makes them prominent candidates for immunotherapy. For vaccine testing, an easily accessible cell platform would be desirable as an alternative to the time-consuming purification of LCs from human skin. Here, we present such a model and demonstrate that monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF, TGF-β1, and the Notch ligand DLL4 differentiate within 3 days into CD1a+Langerin+cells containing Birbeck granules. RNA sequencing of these monocyte-derived LCs (moLCs) confirmed gene expression of LC-related molecules, pattern recognition receptors, and enhanced expression of genes involved in the antigen-presenting machinery. On the protein level, moLCs showed low expression of costimulatory molecules but prominent expression of C-type lectin receptors. MoLCs can be matured, secrete IL-12p70 and TNF-α, and stimulate proliferation and cytokine production in allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In regard to vaccine testing, a recently characterized glycomimetic Langerin ligand conjugated to liposomes demonstrated specific and fast internalization into moLCs. Hence, these short-term in vitro‒generated moLCs represent an interesting tool to screen LC-based vaccines in the future.
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Key Words
- a647, alexafluor-647
- dc, dendritic cell
- lc, langerhans cell
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mlr, mixed leukocyte reaction
- molc, monocyte-derived lc
- polyi:c, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
- rna-seq, rna sequencing
- th, t helper
- tlr, toll-like receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bellmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Zelle-Rieser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Milne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Resteu
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Department for Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktoria Zaderer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Hörtnagl
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Theochari
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jessica Schulze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mareike Rentzsch
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Barbara Del Frari
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthew Collin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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10
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Eisendle K, Weinlich G, Ebner S, Forstner M, Reider D, Zelle‐Rieser C, Tripp CH, Fritsch P, Stoitzner P, Romani N, Nguyen VA. Combining chemotherapy and autologous peptide-pulsed dendritic cells provides survival benefit in stage IV melanoma patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1270-1277. [PMID: 33197129 PMCID: PMC7756560 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We examined retrospectively whether the combination of standard dacarbazine (DTIC) and/or fotemustine chemotherapy and autologous peptide-loaded dendritic cell (DC) vaccination may improve survival of stage IV melanoma patients. Furthermore, a small cohort of long-term survivors was studied in more detail. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1998 and 2008, 41 patients were vaccinated at least three times with DCs while receiving chemotherapy and compared to all other 168 patients in our database who only received chemotherapy (1993-2008). RESULTS Median life expectancy of patients receiving additional DC-vaccination was 18 months, compared to eleven months for patients under standard chemotherapy alone. In contrast to patients with other haplotypes, the HLA-A1/A1 subset of DC-treated patients showed significantly lower median survival (12 vs. 25 months). Autoantibodies were frequently detected in serum of both vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients, and there was no correlation between titers, loss or appearance of autoantibodies and survival. Additionally, phenotyping of DCs and PBMCs also did not reveal any conspicuous correlation with survival. CONCLUSIONS Combining standard chemotherapy and DC vaccination appears superior to chemotherapy alone. The impact of HLA haplotypes on survival emphasizes the importance of a careful selection of patients with specific, well-defined HLA haplotypes for future vaccination trials using peptide-pulsed DCs, possibly combined with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eisendle
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of Dermatology and VenerologyCentral Hospital of BolzanoItaly
| | - Georg Weinlich
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of VisceralTransplant and Thoracic SurgeryMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Markus Forstner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Daniela Reider
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Claudia Zelle‐Rieser
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Peter Fritsch
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Van Anh Nguyen
- Department of DermatologyVenereology and AllergologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Eisendle K, Weinlich G, Ebner S, Forstner M, Reider D, Zelle‐Rieser C, Tripp CH, Fritsch P, Stoitzner P, Romani N, Nguyen VA. Kombination von Chemotherapie und autologen, Peptid‐beladenen dendritischen Zellen bringt Überlebensvorteil bei Melanompatienten im Stadium IV. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1270-1279. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14334_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eisendle
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
- Abteilung Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Zentrales Lehrkrankenhaus Bolzano/Bozen Südtiroler Sanitätsbetriebe Bolzano/Bozen Italia
| | - Georg Weinlich
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
- Universitätsklinik Klinik für Visceral‐ Transplantations‐ und Thoraxchirurgie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Markus Forstner
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Daniela Reider
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Claudia Zelle‐Rieser
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Peter Fritsch
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Van Anh Nguyen
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie Venerologie und Allergologie Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck Österreich
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12
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Bellmann L, Cappellano G, Schachtl-Riess JF, Prokopi A, Seretis A, Ortner D, Tripp CH, Brinckerhoff CE, Mullins DW, Stoitzner P. A TLR7 agonist strengthens T and NK cell function during BRAF-targeted therapy in a preclinical melanoma model. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1409-1420. [PMID: 31702822 PMCID: PMC7003881 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic success of targeted therapy with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) for melanoma is limited by resistance development. Observations from preclinical mouse models and recent insights into the immunological effects caused by BRAFi give promise for future development of combination therapy for human melanoma. In our study, we used the transplantable D4M melanoma mouse model with the BRAFV600E mutation and concomitant PTEN loss in order to characterize alterations in tumor‐infiltrating effector immune cells when tumors become resistant to BRAFi. We found that BRAFi‐sensitive tumors displayed a pronounced inflammatory milieu characterized by high levels of cytokines and chemokines accompanied by an infiltration of T and NK cells. The tumor‐infiltrating effector cells were activated and produced high levels of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and granzyme B. When tumors became resistant and progressively grew, they reverted to a low immunogenic state similar to untreated tumors as reflected by low mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and fewer tumor‐infiltrating T and NK cells. Moreover, these T and NK cells were functionally impaired in comparison to their counterparts in BRAFi‐sensitive tumors. Their effector cell function could be restored by additional peritumoral treatment with the TLR7 agonist imiquimod, a clinically approved agent for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Indeed, resistance to BRAFi therapy was delayed and accompanied by high numbers of activated T and NK cells in tumors. Thus, combining BRAFi with an immune stimulating agent such as a TLR ligand could be a promising alternative approach for the treatment of melanoma. What's new? While inhibitors targeting mutant BRAF proteins can induce melanoma regression, many tumors become resistant to these agents, possibly owing to immunological effects of BRAF inhibitor therapy. Here, using a preclinical mouse model, the authors show that during the early treatment phase with BRAF inhibitors, melanomas are highly immunogenic, with infiltrating T cells and natural killer cells. When resistance develops, however, tumors regress toward low immunogenicity, similar to untreated tumors. Experiments show that in the BRAF‐sensitive phase, peritumoral injection of the TLR7 ligand imiquimod preserves immunogenicity and delays resistance, thus representing a potentially effective novel therapeutic strategy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bellmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna F Schachtl-Riess
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anastasia Prokopi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Athanasios Seretis
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Constance E Brinckerhoff
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - David W Mullins
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Koske I, Rössler A, Pipperger L, Petersson M, Barnstorf I, Kimpel J, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Bánki Z, von Laer D. Oncolytic virotherapy enhances the efficacy of a cancer vaccine by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1958-1969. [PMID: 30972741 PMCID: PMC6767478 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of cancer vaccines has been limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which can be alleviated by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Here, we tested if oncolytic viruses (OVs), similar to ICI, can also synergize with cancer vaccines by modulating the tumor microenvironment. VSV‐GP, a chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with the glycoprotein (GP) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, is a promising new OV candidate. Here, we show that in mouse B16‐OVA melanoma, combination treatment of VSV‐GP with an ovalbumin (OVA) peptide‐loaded dendritic cell (DC) vaccine (DCVacc) significantly enhanced survival over the single agent therapies, although both DCVacc and DCVacc/VSV‐GP treatments induced comparable levels of OVA‐specific CD8 T cell responses. Virus replication was minimal so that direct viral oncolysis in B16‐OVA did not contribute to this synergism. The strong therapeutic effect of the DCVacc/VSV‐GP combination treatment was associated with high numbers of tumor‐infiltrating, highly activated T cells and the relative reduction of regulatory T cells in treated and contra‐lateral nontreated tumors. Accordingly, depletion of CD8 T cells but not natural killer cells abrogated the therapeutic effect of DCVacc/VSV‐GP supporting the crucial role of CD8 T cells. In addition, a drastic increase in several proinflammatory cytokines was observed in VSV‐GP‐treated tumors. Taken together, OVs, similar to ICI, have the potential to markedly increase the efficacy of cancer vaccines by alleviating local immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. What's new? Cancer vaccine efficacy has been limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. By inducing cancer cell death with the release of tumor‐related antigens, oncolytic viruses may have an adjuvant effect. Here, the authors show that a combination of the oncolytic rhabdovirus VSV‐GP and a dendritic cell vaccine is highly effective in the treatment of mouse melanoma, most likely because VSV‐GP reprograms the tumor microenvironment to enhance the effectivity of the vaccine‐induced immune response. Oncolytic viruses have the potential to dramatically increase the efficacy of cancer vaccines by alleviating local immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koske
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Pipperger
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Petersson
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Prokopi A, Tripp CH, Tummers B, Komenda K, Hutter K, Cappellano G, Bellmann L, Efremova M, Trajanoski Z, Chen S, Clausen BE, Green DR, Stoitzner P. Abstract A102: Rescue of lost skin dendritic cells in melanoma is key for the resuscitation of antitumor T-cell responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-a102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One major characteristic of skin-related cancers is the loss of skin-resident dendritic cell populations. In the tg(Grm1)EPv mouse model, ectopic expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 in melanocytes leads to a highly proliferative and antiapoptotic phenotype, resulting in melanoma formation within the dermis. The slow progression of these tumors allows for the in depth analysis of the immune infiltrate in growing tumors. We here show that total DCs (CD11c+ cells) are gradually lost as the tumor progresses. Mainly the dermal CD11b+ DCs are affected, whereas epidermal Langerhans cells remain unchanged. We hypothesized that extrinsic cell death of the DCs may be induced within the growing tumor. Indeed, the tumor tissue upregulated the expression of Fas ligand (FasL) that can induce extrinsic apoptosis in immature DCs that express Fas (CD95). Fas-mediated apoptosis depends on the activation of caspase-8 and mice in which the autoproteolytic cleavage site D387 is mutated to alanine (casp8D387A/casp8D387A) show strong resistance to Fas-mediated death. We compared the apoptosis induction in the different DC subsets in casp8WT/casp8WT and in casp8D387A/casp8D387A upon intradermal administration of an agonistic anti-CD95 antibody and we found that, indeed, CD11b+ DCs in WT mice are susceptible to apoptosis via CD95. In order to retrieve the intratumoral DCs, we treated tg(Grm1)EPv mice carrying tumor lesions with Flt3L and the percentages of the CD11b+ subset could be restored back to the levels of tumor-free mice. At the same time, T-cells from both the tumor and the tumor-draining lymph node were able to produce more cytotoxic cytokines. Our data thus indicate that the loss of DCs in melanoma depends on induction of apoptosis within the tumor; rescue of skin DCs may be a promising strategy in order to enhance the efficacy of existing immunotherapeutic strategies against skin-related cancers.
Citation Format: Anastasia Prokopi, Christoph H. Tripp, Bart Tummers, Kerstin Komenda, Katharina Hutter, Giuseppe Cappellano, Lydia Bellmann, Mirjana Efremova, Zlatko Trajanoski, Suzie Chen, Bjorn E. Clausen, Douglas R. Green, Patrizia Stoitzner. Rescue of lost skin dendritic cells in melanoma is key for the resuscitation of antitumor T-cell responses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Prokopi
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bart Tummers
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Komenda
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Hutter
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lydia Bellmann
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirjana Efremova
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Suzie Chen
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bjorn E. Clausen
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Ortner D, Tripp CH, Komenda K, Dubrac S, Zelger B, Hermann M, Doppler W, Tymoszuk PZ, Boon L, Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Langerhans cells and NK cells cooperate in the inhibition of chemical skin carcinogenesis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1260215. [PMID: 28344868 PMCID: PMC5353916 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1260215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue immunosurveillance is an important mechanism to prevent cancer. Skin treatment with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), followed by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetra-decanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), is an established murine model for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, the innate immunological events occurring during the initiation of chemical carcinogenesis with DMBA remain elusive. Here, we discovered that natural killer (NK) cells and Langerhans cells (LC) cooperate to impair this oncogenic process in murine skin. The depletion of NK cells or LC caused an accumulation of DNA-damaged, natural killer group 2D-ligand (NKG2D-L) expressing keratinocytes and accelerated tumor growth. Notably, the secretion of TNFα mainly by LC promoted the recruitment of NK cells into the epidermis. Indeed, the TNFα-induced chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 directed NK cells to DMBA-treated epidermis. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism how innate immune cells cooperate in the inhibition of cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Komenda
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Zelger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Doppler
- Section for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Z Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology & Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Tripp CH, Clausen BE, Schmuth M, Dubrac S. Atopic dermatitis induces the expansion of thymus-derived regulatory T cells exhibiting a Th2-like phenotype in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:930-8. [PMID: 26931745 PMCID: PMC4831369 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a widespread inflammatory skin disease with an early onset, characterized by pruritus, eczematous lesions and skin dryness. This chronic relapsing disease is believed to be primarily a result of a defective epidermal barrier function associated with genetic susceptibility, immune hyper-responsiveness of the skin and environmental factors. Although the important role of abnormal immune reactivity in the pathogenesis of AD is widely accepted, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains elusive. We found that the Treg population is expanded in a mouse model of AD, i.e. mice topically treated with vitamin D3 (VitD). Moreover, mice with AD-like symptoms exhibit increased inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS)-, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)- and Glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant receptor (GARP)-expressing Tregs in skin-draining lymph nodes. Importantly, the differentiation of Tregs into thymus-derived Tregs is favoured in our mouse model of AD. Emigrated skin-derived dendritic cells are required for Treg induction and Langerhans cells are responsible for the biased expansion of thymus-derived Tregs . Intriguingly, thymus-derived Tregs isolated from mice with AD-like symptoms exhibit a Th2 cytokine profile. Thus, AD might favour the expansion of pathogenic Tregs able to produce Th2 cytokines and to promote the disease instead of alleviating symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Mairhofer DG, Ortner D, Tripp CH, Schaffenrath S, Fleming V, Heger L, Komenda K, Reider D, Dudziak D, Chen S, Becker JC, Flacher V, Stoitzner P. Impaired gp100-Specific CD8(+) T-Cell Responses in the Presence of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a Spontaneous Mouse Melanoma Model. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2785-2793. [PMID: 26121214 PMCID: PMC4652066 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Murine tumor models that closely reflect human diseases are important tools to investigate carcinogenesis and tumor immunity. The transgenic (tg) mouse strain tg(Grm1)EPv develops spontaneous melanoma due to ectopic overexpression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (Grm1) in melanocytes. In the present study, we characterized the immune status and functional properties of immune cells in tumor-bearing mice. Melanoma development was accompanied by a reduction in the percentages of CD4(+) T cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CD45(+) leukocytes present in tumor tissue and draining lymph nodes (LNs). In contrast, the percentages of CD8(+) T cells were unchanged, and these cells showed an activated phenotype in tumor mice. Endogenous melanoma-associated antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp100)-specific CD8(+) T cells were not deleted during tumor development, as revealed by pentamer staining in the skin and draining LNs. They, however, were unresponsive to ex vivo gp100-peptide stimulation in late-stage tumor mice. Interestingly, immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were recruited to tumor tissue with a preferential accumulation of granulocytic MDSC (grMDSCs) over monocytic MDSC (moMDSCs). Both subsets produced Arginase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and transforming growth factor-β and suppressed T-cell proliferation in vitro. In this work, we describe the immune status of a spontaneous melanoma mouse model that provides an interesting tool to develop future immunotherapeutical strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Random Allocation
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/immunology
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen/immunology
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Mairhofer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Schaffenrath
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktor Fleming
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of DC-Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of DC-Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Komenda
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Reider
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of DC-Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Suzie Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Lab for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department for Translational Dermato-Oncology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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18
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Stoitzner P, Schaffenrath S, Tripp CH, Reider D, Komenda K, Del Frari B, Djedovic G, Ebner S, Romani N. Human skin dendritic cells can be targeted in situ by intradermal injection of antibodies against lectin receptors. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:909-15. [PMID: 25346475 PMCID: PMC4282089 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DC) express C-type lectin receptors for the recognition of pathogens. Langerhans cells (LC) express the receptor Langerin/CD207, whereas DEC-205/CD205 is mainly expressed by dermal DC, but can also be detected at low levels on LC. In this study, we tested an ex vivo approach for targeting DC in situ with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Langerin and DEC-205. The targeting mAb was injected intradermally into human skin biopsies or added to the medium during skin explant culture. Corresponding to the expression patterns of these lectin receptors on skin DC, Langerin mAb was detected merely in LC in the epidermis and DEC-205 mainly in dermal DC in human skin explants, regardless of the application route. Migratory skin DC bound and carried targeting mAb from skin explants according to their lectin receptor expression profiles. In contrast to the very selective transport of Langerin mAb by LC, DEC-205 mAb was more widely distributed on all CD1a+ skin DC subsets but almost absent in CD14+ dermal DC. As effective vaccination requires the addition of adjuvant, we co-administered the toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 ligand poly I:C with the mAb. This adjuvant enhanced binding of DEC-205 mAb to all skin DC subsets, whereas Langerin targeting efficacy remained unchanged. Our findings demonstrate that LC can be preferentially targeted by Langerin mAb. In contrast, DEC-205 mAb can be bound by all CD1a+ skin DC subsets. The efficacy of DEC-205 mAb targeting strategy can be boosted by addition of poly I:C underlining the potential of this combination for immunotherapeutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Haid B, Schlögl DE, Hermann M, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Romani N, Flacher V. Langerhans cells in the sebaceous gland of the murine skin. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:899-901. [PMID: 26174007 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Haid
- Laboratory for Langerhans Cell Research, Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David E Schlögl
- Laboratory for Langerhans Cell Research, Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Laboratory for Langerhans Cell Research, Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Laboratory for Langerhans Cell Research, Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Laboratory for Langerhans Cell Research, Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vincent Flacher
- Laboratory for Langerhans Cell Research, Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Mairhofer DG, Steinman RM, Stoitzner P, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Murine Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells prime CD8+ T cells while Langerhans cells induce cross-tolerance. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1191-204. [PMID: 25085878 PMCID: PMC4197865 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) control the immunogenicity of cutaneously administered vaccines. Antigens targeted to DCs via the C-type lectin Langerin/CD207 are cross-presented to CD8+ T cells in vivo. We investigated the relative roles of Langerhans cells (LCs) and Langerin+ dermal DCs (dDCs) in different vaccination settings. Poly(I:C) and anti-CD40 agonist antibody promoted cytotoxic responses upon intradermal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA)-coupled anti-Langerin antibodies (Langerin/OVA). This correlated with CD70 upregulation in Langerin+ dDCs, but not LCs. In chimeric mice where Langerin targeting was restricted to dDCs, CD8+ T-cell memory was enhanced. Conversely, providing Langerin/OVA exclusively to LCs failed to prime cytotoxicity, despite initial antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. Langerin/OVA combined with imiquimod could not prime CD8+ T cells and resulted in poor cytotoxicity in subsequent responses. This tolerance induction required targeting and maturation of LCs. Altogether, Langerin+ dDCs prime long-lasting cytotoxic responses, while cross-presentation by LCs negatively influences CD8+ T-cell priming. Moreover, this highlights that DCs exposed to TLR agonists can still induce tolerance and supports the existence of qualitatively different DC maturation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David G Mairhofer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralph M Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Sparber F, Tripp CH, Komenda K, Scheffler JM, Clausen BE, Huber LA, Romani N, Stoitzner P. The late endosomal adaptor molecule p14 (LAMTOR2) regulates TGFβ1-mediated homeostasis of Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:119-129. [PMID: 25078666 PMCID: PMC4285575 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs), a sub-population of dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin, participate in the regulation of immunity and peripheral tolerance. The adaptor molecule p14 is part of the late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activator/regulator (LAMTOR) complex, which mediates the activation of lysosome-associated extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) and the mTOR cascade. In previous work, we demonstrated that CD11c-specific deficiency of p14 disrupts LC homeostasis by affecting the LAMTOR-mediated ERK and mTOR signaling. In this study, we extended our analysis on p14 deficiency specifically in LCs. Langerin-specific ablation of p14 caused a complete loss of LCs, accompanied by an increased maturational phenotype of LCs. The absence of LCs in p14-deficient mice reduced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses to the contact sensitizer trinitrochlorobenzene. Analysis using bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) revealed that p14 deficiency in DCs/LCs interfered with the LC-relevant transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) pathway, by lowering TGFβ receptor II expression on BMDCs and LCs, as well as surface binding of TGFβ1 on BMDCs. We conclude that p14 deficiency affects TGFβ1 sensitivity of LCs, which is mandatory for their homeostasis and subsequently for their immunological function during CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sparber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Komenda
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Scheffler JM, Sparber F, Tripp CH, Herrmann C, Humenberger A, Blitz J, Romani N, Stoitzner P, Huber LA. LAMTOR2 regulates dendritic cell homeostasis through FLT3-dependent mTOR signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5138. [PMID: 25336251 PMCID: PMC4220488 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase Flt3 and its ligand are crucial for dendritic cell (DC) homeostasis by activating downstream effectors including mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. LAMTOR2 is a member of the Ragulator/LAMTOR complex known to regulate mTOR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation on the late endosome as well as endosomal biogenesis. Here we show in mice that conditional ablation of LAMTOR2 in DCs results in a severe disturbance of the DC compartment caused by accumulation of Flt3 on the cell surface. This results in an increased downstream activation of the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway and subsequently to a massive expansion of conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs in ageing mice. Finally, we can revert the symptoms in vivo by inhibiting the activation of Flt3 and its downstream target mTOR. LAMTOR2 is involved in mTOR and ERK signalling and plays a role in immunity, but its function in dendritic cells (DCs) is not clear. Here the authors show that deletion of LAMTOR2 in DCs results in increased mTOR signalling, accumulation of Flt3 on the cell surface and excessive DC proliferation in ageing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Scheffler
- Biocenter, Division of Cell Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A6020, Austria
| | - Florian Sparber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A6020, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A6020, Austria
| | - Caroline Herrmann
- Biocenter, Division of Cell Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A6020, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Blitz
- Biocenter, Division of Cell Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A6020, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A6020, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A6020, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- 1] Biocenter, Division of Cell Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck A6020, Austria [2] Austrian Drug Screening Institute (ADSI), Innsbruck A6020, Austria
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23
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Tőke ER, Lőrincz O, Csiszovszki Z, Somogyi E, Felföldi G, Molnár L, Szipőcs R, Kolonics A, Malissen B, Lori F, Trocio J, Bakare N, Horkay F, Romani N, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Lisziewicz J. Exploitation of Langerhans cells for in vivo DNA vaccine delivery into the lymph nodes. Gene Ther 2014; 21:566-74. [PMID: 24694539 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is no clinically available cancer immunotherapy that exploits Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermal precursors of dendritic cells (DCs) that are the natural agent of antigen delivery. We developed a DNA formulation with a polymer and obtained synthetic 'pathogen-like' nanoparticles that preferentially targeted LCs in epidermal cultures. These nanoparticles applied topically under a patch-elicited robust immune responses in human subjects. To demonstrate the mechanism of action of this novel vaccination strategy in live animals, we assembled a high-resolution two-photon laser scanning-microscope. Nanoparticles applied on the native skin poorly penetrated and poorly induced LC motility. The combination of nanoparticle administration and skin treatment was essential both for efficient loading the vaccine into the epidermis and for potent activation of the LCs to migrate into the lymph nodes. LCs in the epidermis picked up nanoparticles and accumulated them in the nuclear region demonstrating an effective nuclear DNA delivery in vivo. Tissue distribution studies revealed that the majority of the DNA was targeted to the lymph nodes. Preclinical toxicity of the LC-targeting DNA vaccine was limited to mild and transient local erythema caused by the skin treatment. This novel, clinically proven LC-targeting DNA vaccine platform technology broadens the options on DC-targeting vaccines to generate therapeutic immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Tőke
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - O Lőrincz
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - E Somogyi
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Felföldi
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Molnár
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Szipőcs
- 1] Wigner RCP of HAS, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary [2] R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Kolonics
- 1] Wigner RCP of HAS, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary [2] R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Lori
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Trocio
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Bakare
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Horkay
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Hannesdóttir L, Tymoszuk P, Parajuli N, Wasmer MH, Philipp S, Daschil N, Datta S, Koller JB, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Müller-Holzner E, Wiegers GJ, Sexl V, Villunger A, Doppler W. Lapatinib and doxorubicin enhance the Stat1-dependent antitumor immune response. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2718-29. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lára Hannesdóttir
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Nirmala Parajuli
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Marie-Helene Wasmer
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sonja Philipp
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Nina Daschil
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sebak Datta
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Johann-Benedikt Koller
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Department of Dermatology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
- Oncotyrol - Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Gerrit Jan Wiegers
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Veterinary University Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Wolfgang Doppler
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
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25
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Abstract
It is unclear how the Langerhans cell (LC) network is maintained in adult epidermis. In this issue of Immunity, Seré et al. (2012) show that LCs are replenished in two waves. Monocyte-derived, short-lived LCs come first. A second wave follows, and these LCs of nonmonocytic origin are long-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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26
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Heib V, Sparber F, Tripp CH, Ortner D, Stoitzner P, Heufler C. Cytip regulates dendritic-cell function in contact hypersensitivity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:589-97. [PMID: 22488362 PMCID: PMC3470920 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytohesin-interacting protein (Cytip) is induced during dendritic cell (DC) maturation and in T cells upon activation. It has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of immune responses. Here, we evaluated the functional consequences of Cytip deficiency in DCs using Cytip knockout (KO) mice. No difference in DC subpopulations in the skin draining lymph nodes (LNs) was found between Cytip KO mice and their wild-type counterparts, excluding a role in DC development. To investigate the function of Cytip in DCs in vivo, we used 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) as a model system. In the sensitization as well as in the elicitation phase, DCs derived from Cytip KO mice induced an increased inflammatory reaction indicated by more pronounced ear swelling. Furthermore, IL-12 production was increased in Cytip KO bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) after CpG stimulation. Additionally, Cytip-deficient DCs loaded with ovalbumin induced stronger proliferation of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Finally, migration of skin DCs was not altered after TNCB application due to Cytip deficiency. Taken together, these data suggest a suppressive function for Cytip in mouse DCs in limiting immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Heib
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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27
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Haid B, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Stoitzner P, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Skin langerin+ dendritic cells transport intradermally injected anti-DEC-205 antibodies but are not essential for subsequent cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. J Immunol 2012; 188:2146-55. [PMID: 22291181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of Ags by dendritic cells (DCs) increases when Ags are targeted to endocytic receptors by mAbs. We have previously demonstrated in the mouse that mAbs against C-type lectins administered intradermally are taken up by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), dermal Langerin(neg) DCs, and dermal Langerin(+) DCs in situ. However, the relative contribution of these skin DC subsets to the induction of immune responses after Ag targeting has not been addressed in vivo. We show in this study that murine epidermal LCs and dermal DCs transport intradermally injected mAbs against the lectin receptor DEC-205/CD205 in vivo. Skin DCs targeted in situ with mAbs migrated through lymphatic vessels in steady state and inflammation. In the skin-draining lymph nodes, targeting mAbs were found in resident CD8α(+) DCs and in migrating skin DCs. More than 70% of targeted DCs expressed Langerin, including dermal Langerin(+) DCs and LCs. Numbers of targeted skin DCs in the nodes increased 2-3-fold when skin was topically inflamed by the TLR7 agonist imiquimod. Complete removal of the site where OVA-coupled anti-DEC-205 had been injected decreased endogenous cytotoxic responses against OVA peptide-loaded target cells by 40-50%. Surprisingly, selective ablation of all Langerin(+) skin DCs in Langerin-DTR knock-in mice did not affect such responses independently of the adjuvant chosen. Thus, in cutaneous immunization strategies where Ag is targeted to DCs, Langerin(+) skin DCs play a major role in transport of anti-DEC-205 mAb, although Langerin(neg) dermal DCs and CD8α(+) DCs are sufficient to subsequent CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Sparber F, Tripp CH, Hermann M, Romani N, Stoitzner P. Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells capture protein antigens in the skin: possible targets for vaccination through the skin. Immunobiology 2010; 215:770-9. [PMID: 20599290 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells capture and process antigen and present it to T lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs. Dendritic cells of the skin, including epidermal Langerhans cells, langerin(+) and langerin(negative) dermal dendritic cells are ideally positioned to take up pathogens that enter the body through the skin or vaccines that are administered into (intradermal) or onto (epicutaneous) the skin. The antigen uptake properties of skin dendritic cells have not thoroughly been studied yet. We therefore investigated the uptake of the fluorochrome-conjugated model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) by skin dendritic cells in the mouse. OVA was readily taken up by immature Langerhans cells both in situ and in cell suspensions. When offered to Langerhans cells in situ either by "bathing" skin explants in OVA-containing culture medium or by intradermal injection they retained the captured OVA for at least 2-3 days when migrating into the culture medium and, importantly, into the draining lymph nodes. Also langerin(+) and - to a larger extent - langerin(negative) skin dendritic cells took up and transported OVA to the lymph nodes. Interestingly, mature Langerhans cells were still capable of ingesting substantial amounts of OVA, indicating that predominantly receptor-mediated endocytosis is operative in these cells. Unlike macropinocytosis, this pathway of endocytosis is not shut down upon dendritic cell maturation. These observations indicate that in intradermal vaccination schemes, Langerhans cells from the epidermis are prominently involved. They were recently shown to possess the capacity to induce functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the potential to markedly enhance antigen uptake and processing by targeting antigen to c-type lectin receptors on Langerhans cells was also recently demonstrated. Our data provide a rationale and an incentive to explore in more detail antigen targeting to Langerhans cells with the aim of harnessing it for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sparber
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are crucial for the induction of immune responses and populate various tissues to fulfil their special role. The skin harbours different DC subsets, the Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis and the dermal DC in the dermis. The investigation of skin DC is cumbersome since these cells are rare in the skin. As a consequence, it is laborious to receive enough cells from the tissue for experiments. Several approaches have been developed to isolate skin DC based on either enzymatic digestion of the tissue or skin explant culture. Immature LC can be obtained by trypsinization of epidermis, cultured in vitro and be highly enriched with gradient centrifugation and magnetic bead sorting. Mature skin DC can be easily received from skin explant culture. For this purpose skin pieces are cultured for several days and migratory DC emigrate from epidermis and dermis. Both techniques are described for human and mouse skin in the following chapter of the book.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Haid B, Ebner S, Del Frari B, Koch F, Park CG, Steinman RM, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Epidermal Langerhans cells rapidly capture and present antigens from C-type lectin-targeting antibodies deposited in the dermis. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:755-62. [PMID: 19890348 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells can capture antigens that are deposited in the skin, including vaccines given subcutaneously. These include different dendritic cells (DCs) such as epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), dermal DCs, and dermal langerin+ DCs. To evaluate access of dermal antigens to skin DCs, we used mAb to two C-type lectin endocytic receptors, DEC-205/CD205 and langerin/CD207. When applied to murine and human skin explant cultures, these mAbs were efficiently taken up by epidermal LCs. In addition, anti-DEC-205 targeted langerin+ CD103+ and langerin- CD103- mouse dermal DCs. Unexpectedly, intradermal injection of either mAb, but not isotype control, resulted in strong and rapid labeling of LCs in situ, implying that large molecules can diffuse through the basement membrane into the epidermis. Epidermal LCs targeted in vivo by ovalbumin-coupled anti-DEC-205 potently presented antigen to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. However, to our surprise, LCs targeted through langerin were unable to trigger T-cell proliferation. Thus, epidermal LCs have a major function in uptake of lectin-binding antibodies under standard vaccination conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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31
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Flacher V, Sparber F, Tripp CH, Romani N, Stoitzner P. Targeting of epidermal Langerhans cells with antigenic proteins: attempts to harness their properties for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1137-47. [PMID: 18677477 PMCID: PMC11030799 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells, a subset of skin dendritic cells in the epidermis, survey peripheral tissue for invading pathogens. In recent functional studies it was proven that Langerhans cells can present exogenous antigen not merely on major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)-class II molecules to CD4+ T cells, but also on MHC-class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. Immune responses against topically applied antigen could be measured in skin-draining lymph nodes. Skin barrier disruption or co-application of adjuvants was required for maximal induction of T cell responses. Cytotoxic T cells induced by topically applied antigen inhibited tumor growth in vivo, thus underlining the potential of Langerhans cells for immunotherapy. Here we review recent work and report novel observations relating to the potential use of Langerhans cells for immunotherapy. We investigated the potential of epicutaneous immunization strategies in which resident skin dendritic cells are loaded with tumor antigen in situ. This contrasts with current clinical approaches, where dendritic cells generated from progenitors in blood are loaded with tumor antigen ex vivo before injection into cancer patients. In the current study, we applied either fluorescently labeled protein antigen or targeting antibodies against DEC-205/CD205 and langerin/CD207 topically onto barrier-disrupted skin and examined antigen capture and transport by Langerhans cells. Protein antigen could be detected in Langerhans cells in situ, and they were the main skin dendritic cell subset transporting antigen during emigration from skin explants. Potent in vivo proliferative responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured after epicutaneous immunization with low amounts of protein antigen. Targeting antibodies were mainly transported by langerin+ migratory dendritic cells of which the majority represented migratory Langerhans cells and a smaller subset the new langerin+ dermal dendritic cell population located in the upper dermis. The preferential capture of topically applied antigen by Langerhans cells and their ability to induce potent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses emphasizes their potential for epicutaneous immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Sparber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol (CEMIT), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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32
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Tripp CH, Sparber F, Hermans IF, Romani N, Stoitzner P. Glycolipids Injected into the Skin Are Presented to NKT Cells in the Draining Lymph Node Independently of Migratory Skin Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2009; 182:7644-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tripp CH, Haid B, Flacher V, Sixt M, Peter H, Farkas J, Gschwentner R, Sorokin L, Romani N, Stoitzner P. The lymph vessel network in mouse skin visualised with antibodies against the hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1. Immunobiology 2008; 213:715-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Gollmann G, Neuwirt H, Tripp CH, Mueller H, Konwalinka G, Heufler C, Romani N, Tiefenthaler M. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type-1 agonism impairs blood dendritic cell chemotaxis and skin dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes under inflammatory conditions. Int Immunol 2008; 20:911-23. [PMID: 18495625 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SEW2871 is a potent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type-1 (S1P(1))-selective agonist that induces peripheral lymphopenia through sequestration of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs, similar to the non-selective sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist FTY720. FTY720 has been reported to interfere with human dendritic cell (DC) effector functions and both FTY720 and SEW2871 have been shown to modulate murine DC trafficking in vivo. Little is known about the possible effects of SEW2871 on human and murine DC functions. Here, we demonstrate that in contrast to FTY720, SEW2871 does not induce down-regulation of S1P(1) in human DCs and thus does not exert a functional antagonism at S1P(1). Notably, the compound was found to impair chemotaxis of immature and mature human DCs in vitro, possibly by interfering with the activation of p44/p42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Comparative FACS analyses show that SEW2871 mediates CD18 down-regulation on mature human DCs. The influence on DC migration could be confirmed with in vivo assays using BALB/c mice in which SEW2871 impairs the migration of CD11c+ DC and CD207+ Langerhans cells (LC) to the draining lymph nodes (LNs) under inflammatory conditions. These results suggest that the S1P-S1P(1) axis might not only control lymphocyte trafficking but also play a pivotal role in DC migration from the skin to LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gollmann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Stoitzner P, Green LK, Jung JY, Price KM, Tripp CH, Malissen B, Kissenpfennig A, Hermans IF, Ronchese F. Tumor immunotherapy by epicutaneous immunization requires langerhans cells. J Immunol 2008; 180:1991-8. [PMID: 18209098 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A role for Langerhans cells (LC) in the induction of immune responses in the skin has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. We used skin immunization with OVA protein to induce immune responses against OVA-expressing melanoma cells. Mice injected with OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells and immunized with OVA onto barrier-disrupted skin had increased numbers of CD8(+) T cells in the blood that produced IFN-gamma and killed target cells. These mice generated accelerated cytotoxic responses after secondary immunization with OVA. Prophylactic or therapeutic immunization with OVA onto barrier-disrupted skin inhibited the growth of B16.OVA tumors. LC played a critical role in the immunization process because depletion of LC at the time of skin immunization dramatically reduced the tumor-protective effect. The topically applied Ag was presented by skin-derived LC in draining lymph nodes to CD8(+) T cells. Thus, targeting of tumor Ags to LC in vivo is an effective strategy for tumor immunotherapy.
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Stoitzner P, Tripp CH, Eberhart A, Price KM, Jung JY, Bursch L, Ronchese F, Romani N. Langerhans cells cross-present antigen derived from skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7783-8. [PMID: 16672373 PMCID: PMC1472522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) efficiently cross-present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. However, little is known about cross-presentation by Langerhans cells (LC), the DCs of the epidermis. Therefore, we investigated this issue in detail. Isolated murine LCs were able to cross-present soluble ovalbumin protein on MHC-class I molecules to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, albeit less potently than the CD8+ DC subsets from spleen. Furthermore, LCs cross-presented cell-associated ovalbumin peptide and protein expressed by neighboring keratinocytes. Use of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP-1)-deficient mice suggested a TAP-dependent pathway. Similar observations were made with migratory LC. Antigen expressed in the epidermis was ingested by LCs during migration from the epidermis and presented to antigen-specific T cells in vitro. Cross-presentation of ovalbumin protein by LCs induced IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Additionally, epicutaneous application of ovalbumin protein induced in vivo proliferation of OT-I T cells in the draining lymph nodes; this was markedly enhanced when antigen was applied to inflamed, barrier-disrupted skin. Thus, LCs cross-present exogenous antigen to CD8+ T cells and induce effector functions, like cytokine production and cytotoxicity, and may thereby critically contribute in epicutaneous vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Stoitzner
- Departments of *Dermatology and
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6005, New Zealand; and
| | | | - Andreas Eberhart
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kylie M. Price
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6005, New Zealand; and
| | - Jae Y. Jung
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6005, New Zealand; and
| | - Laura Bursch
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6005, New Zealand; and
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Departments of *Dermatology and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Douillard P, Stoitzner P, Tripp CH, Clair-Moninot V, Aït-Yahia S, McLellan AD, Eggert A, Romani N, Saeland S. Mouse lymphoid tissue contains distinct subsets of langerin/CD207 dendritic cells, only one of which represents epidermal-derived Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 125:983-94. [PMID: 16297200 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Langerin/CD207 is a C-type lectin associated with formation of Birbeck granules (BG) in Langerhans cells (LC). Here, we describe a monoclonal antibody (mAb 205C1) recognizing the extracellular domain of mouse langerin. Cell-surface langerin was detected in all epidermal LC, which presented a uniform phenotype. Two subpopulations of langerin+ cells were identified in peripheral lymph nodes (LN). One population (subset 1) was CD11c(low/+)/CD8alpha(-/low)/CD11b+/CD40+/CD86+. The other population (subset 2) was CD11c(high)/CD8alpha+/CD11b(low), and lacked CD40 and CD86. Only subset 1 was fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC+) following painting onto epidermis, and the appearance of such FITC+ cells in draining LN was inhibited by pertussis toxin. Mesenteric LN, spleen, and thymus contained only a single population of langerin+ DC, corresponding to peripheral LN subset 2. Unexpectedly, BG were absent from spleen CD8alpha+ DC despite expression of langerin, and these organelles were not induced by mAb 205C1. Collectively, we demonstrate that two langerin+ DC populations (subsets 1 and 2) co-exist in mouse lymphoid tissue. Subset 1 unequivocally identifies epidermal LC-derived DC. The distribution of subset 2 indicates a non-LC origin of these langerin+ cells. These findings should facilitate our understanding of the role played by langerin in lymphoid organ DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Douillard
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
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Abstract
Dendritic cells cells induce immunity or-in the steady state-maintain peripheral tolerance. Little is known in that regard about Langerhans cells. Therefore, we investigated migrating Langerhans cells in the steady-state versus inflammation. Increased numbers of Langerhans cells, as determined by immunostaining for Langerin/CD207, appeared in the lymph nodes in response to a contact allergen. Whereas a large proportion of Langerhans cells expressed CD86 in the steady state, CD40, and CD80 were found on a smaller percentage. During inflammation, more CD40(+), CD80(+), CD274/B7-H1/PD-L1(+), and CD273/B7-DC/PD-L2(+) Langerhans cells were found in the lymph nodes, and they expressed higher levels of these molecules. CD275/inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) ligand was not detected. Langerhans cells in the nodes of contact allergen-treated mice produced more IL-12p40/70. This correlated with more interferon-gamma being produced by activated lymph node T cells. Epicutaneous immunization with ovalbumin under inflammatory conditions led to a more vigorous proliferation of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in vitro and in vivo as compared with immunization in the steady state. The latter modality, however did not induce strong CD4 T cell tolerance in this model. Thus, the overall phenotype of Langerhans cells is not an indicator for their immunogenic or tolerogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kissenpfennig A, Henri S, Dubois B, Laplace-Builhé C, Perrin P, Romani N, Tripp CH, Douillard P, Leserman L, Kaiserlian D, Saeland S, Davoust J, Malissen B. Dynamics and function of Langerhans cells in vivo: dermal dendritic cells colonize lymph node areas distinct from slower migrating Langerhans cells. Immunity 2005; 22:643-54. [PMID: 15894281 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are prominent dendritic cells (DCs) in epithelia, but their role in immunity is poorly defined. To track and discriminate LCs from dermal DCs in vivo, we developed knockin mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the langerin (CD207) gene. By using vital imaging, we showed that most EGFP(+) LCs were sessile under steady-state conditions, whereas skin inflammation induced LC motility and emigration to lymph nodes (LNs). After skin immunization, dermal DCs arrived in LNs first and colonized areas distinct from slower migrating LCs. LCs reaching LNs under steady-state or inflammatory conditions expressed similar levels of costimulatory molecules. Langerin and EGFP were also expressed on thymic DCs and on blood-derived, CD8alpha(+) DCs from all secondary lymphoid organs. By using a similar knockin strategy involving a diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) fused to EGFP, we demonstrated that LCs were dispensable for triggering hapten-specific T cell effectors through skin immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Tripp CH, Chang-Rodriguez S, Stoitzner P, Holzmann S, Stössel H, Douillard P, Saeland S, Koch F, Elbe-Bürger A, Romani N. Ontogeny of Langerin/CD207 expression in the epidermis of mice. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:670-2. [PMID: 15086552 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors help Langerhans cells (LC) to take up and process pathogens. Langerin/CD207 is a mannose-binding C-type lectin that is specifically expressed by LC. It is involved in antigen uptake in an as yet poorly defined way, and it is a major molecular constituent of Birbeck granules. We studied the emergence of Langerin expression in LC in epidermal sheets and cell suspensions during ontogeny. Langerin appears later than MHC II expression. Intracellular Langerin expression becomes apparent 2-3 d after birth. Only 10 days after birth all LC co-express Langerin. The intensity of Langerin expression reaches adult levels by 3 wk after birth. Early Langerin expression appears to correlate at least in part with the physical presence of Birbeck granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Holzmann S, Tripp CH, Schmuth M, Janke K, Koch F, Saeland S, Stoitzner P, Romani N. A Model System Using Tape Stripping for Characterization of Langerhans Cell-Precursors In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1165-74. [PMID: 15140219 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the immigration of bone marrow-derived progenitors of Langerhans cells (LC) into the epidermis. We developed an in vivo system based on the tape stripping method that allowed us to study the immigration of LC into the epidermis after intradermal injection of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC). Tape stripping induced a mechanical disruption of the epidermal barrier that led to skin inflammation and subsequent emigration of LC and dermal DC from the skin. Emigrating LC and dermal DC were observed in lymphatic vessels, and the numbers of LC and dermal DC in the draining lymph node increased. Up to 500 times more injected precursors migrated into tape-stripped epidermis as compared with unstripped epidermis. Newly immigrated cells were slender with one or two dendrites and acquired a more dendritic morphology after 2-4 days. They were both MHC II-positive and negative and they did not express Langerin/CD207, nor macrophage-mannose receptor/CD206 and Fc-epsilon receptor I. In contrast, all cells that had entered the epidermis expressed CD11c and CCR6, suggesting that they were LC. We conclude that this experimental system may serve as a valuable tool for the further characterization of LC-precursors and the conditions necessary for LC-immigration into the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Holzmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are dendritic cells of the epidermis. They are highly specialized leukocytes that serve immunogenic and tolerogenic purposes. Here, we review some aspects of LC biology, emphasizing those areas where LC are or may turn out to be special.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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