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Leineweber C, Lücht M, Gohl C, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti). J Avian Med Surg 2024; 38:1-6. [PMID: 38686882 DOI: 10.1029/avianms-d-23-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting inflammation, including inflammation associated with infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis in penguins). To our knowledge, reference intervals are not available for plasma proteins via electrophoresis in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Therefore, preliminary reference intervals for blood plasma proteins measured by capillary zone electrophoresis were calculated for Humboldt penguins from a single zoological collection, and possible differences between the sexes and the ages of the birds were evaluated. Lithium heparinized plasma samples from 39 Humboldt penguins were analyzed. The following sex- and age-independent reference intervals were calculated: total protein 33.8-70.4 g/L, prealbumin 1.9-4.9 g/L, albumin 12.9-31.1 g/L, albumin: globulin ratio 0.7-1.7, α-globulins 4.5-11.6 g/L, β-globulins 5.6-20.6 g/L, and γ-globulins 2.6-8.4 g/L. Male penguins had a significantly (P = 0.047) higher albumin: globulin ratio and lower percentage of β-globulins (P = 0.015) in comparison with female penguins. Prealbumin (g/L) significantly (P = 0.021) decreased with increased age of the penguins. These results showed some differences between the sexes and ages of the penguins, which should be considered when interpreting the results. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in other age groups or seasons exist, and also to evaluate which infectious diseases affect plasma proteins and how the reference values calculated here may deviate in ill penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maike Lücht
- Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, 81543 Munich, Germany
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Leineweber C, Lücht M, Gohl C, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Clinical Chemistry and Haematology Values of a Captive Population of Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3570. [PMID: 38003187 PMCID: PMC10668768 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reference intervals for clinical chemistry and haematology analytes are essential for the interpretation of blood results, but limited data are available for Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) in zoological collections as well as in the wild. The aim of the present study was therefore to establish reference intervals for a series of clinical chemistry and haematology analytes in a single zoological population of Humboldt penguins. Furthermore, possible variations of the analytes influenced by the age and sex of the individuals were investigated. Lithium heparinized plasma and whole blood samples from 39 animals were analysed and statistically evaluated. The following clinical chemistry analytes were significantly higher in females: glutamate dehydrogenase (p = 0.0003), alanine transaminase (p = 0.0005), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.0245), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.0043), creatine kinase (p = 0.0016), lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.0001), inorganic phosphorus (p = 0.0223), and sodium (p = 0.0415). No significant differences between males and females were found for any haematology analyte. Cholesterol (p = 0.0233; -0.39), white blood cell count (p = 0.0208; -0.40), and absolute heterophiles (p = 0.0148; -0.42) had significant negative correlations with the age of the penguins. The results indicate that the factors of sex and age should be considered when interpreting the results of haematological and clinical biochemistry assays, and further studies are needed to determine whether there are more differences in other age groups or seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maike Lücht
- Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Gohl
- Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
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Leineweber C, Marschang RE. Detection of nidoviruses in samples collected from captive snakes in Europe between 2016 and 2021. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2588. [PMID: 36719283 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nidoviruses are increasingly detected in various snake species worldwide, but much remains to be learned about their distribution and the factors influencing their epidemiology. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated the results of routine nidovirus testing, by PCR, of 5210 swab samples from pet snakes from various European countries that were submitted to a commercial veterinary laboratory in Germany between 2016 and 2021. RESULTS The overall detection rate was 19.96%. However, the detection rate varied significantly depending on the snake species (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in Indian pythons (Python molurus) (42.24%). Rates also varied depending on the season of sample collection (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in winter (24.46%), and the country of sample origin (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in Austria (36.69%). The detection rate also decreased significantly (p = 0.0003) over the 6-year observation period, from 26.43% to 17.64%. LIMITATION No information on clinical signs was available for most of the sampled snakes. CONCLUSION The present study supplies new information on the distribution of python nidoviruses (subgenus Roypretovirus) in pet snakes in Europe and indicates a dynamic situation with possible changes in prevalence over time.
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Leineweber C, Gohl C, Lücht M, Marcordes S, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Comparison of Plasma Trace Elements Between 2 Captive Humboldt Penguin ( Spheniscus humboldti) Populations. J Avian Med Surg 2023; 36:362-371. [PMID: 36935207 DOI: 10.1647/21-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants and their effect on wildlife health play an important role in the conservation of endangered species and can be clinically relevant in captive animals too. Data on relevant concentrations of trace elements in captive birds with no known exposures are rare. For this study, silver, arsenic, gold, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, thallium, selenium, and zinc were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in lithium heparinized plasma samples from 18 Humboldt penguins at 2 zoological collections in Germany. The results showed that the plasma concentrations of silver, arsenic, gold, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, and selenium differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between the 2 penguin collections. The results indicate that the location of the birds has a strong influence on the plasma trace element concentrations. Well water used in the enclosures was suspected to be associated with these significant differences. Trace elemental concentrations in feed (eg, marine fish) and contamination from enclosure construction materials may also play a role. This study could provide a basis for further comparative, biomonitoring, toxicity, and reference interval studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Gohl
- Tier-park Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Lücht
- Tier-park Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstrasse 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Marcordes
- AG Zoologischer Garten Köln, Riehler Strasse 173, 50735 Cologne, Germany
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Leineweber C, Marschang RE. Antibodies against Two Testudinid Herpesviruses in Pet Tortoises in Europe. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172298. [PMID: 36078018 PMCID: PMC9454543 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens of tortoises, and several serologically and genetically distinct virus types have been described in these animals. Virus neutralization testing is commonly used in Europe to determine previous infection with the two types most often found in pet European tortoises, testudinid herpesvirus (TeHV) 1 and 3. In this retrospective study, the results of serological testing for antibodies against each of these viruses in serum or plasma samples from 1728 tortoises were evaluated, and antibody detection rates were compared based on virus type, host species, year, season, and country of origin. Antibodies (titer 2 or higher) against at least one of the two viruses used were detected in a total of 122 (7.06%; 95% CI 5.95−8.37%) of the animals tested. The antibody detection rates differed significantly depending on the tortoise species (p < 0.0001) and the year of sampling (TeHV1 p = 0.0402; TeHV3 p = 0.0482) for both virus types. For TeHV1, antibody detection rates differed significantly (p = 0.0384) by season. The highest detection rate was in summer (5.59%; 95% CI 4.10−7.58%), and the lowest was in fall (1.25%; CI 0.53−2.87%). TeHV1 antibody detection rates did not differ significantly (p = 0.7805) by country, whereas TeHV3 antibody detection rates did (p = 0.0090). The highest detection rate, 12.94% (95% CI 7.38−21.70%), was found in samples from Italy. These results support previous hypotheses on the species’ susceptibility to TeHV1 and 3 and the use of serology as a diagnostic test for the detection of herpesvirus-infected tortoises.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens in tortoises and turtles, yet little is known about the epidemiology of these viruses. We analyzed herpesviruses detected by PCR in samples from captive chelonians in Europe according to virus strain, host species, year and season in which the animal was tested, and country in which the animal was kept. A total of 4,797 samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Europe between January 2016 and December 2020 were evaluated. Of these, 312 (6.50%) were positive for herpesviruses. The types most commonly found were testudinid herpesvirus (TeHV)1 (143 positive, 45.83%) and TeHV3 (153 positive, 49.04%), but also included TeHV2 (1 positive, 0.32%), TeHV4 (3 positive, 0.96%), Terrapene herpesvirus 1 (7 positive, 2.24%), Trachemys herpesvirus 1 (2 positive, 0.64%), and three previously undescribed herpesviruses (0.96%). Herpesviruses were detected in chelonians in the families Testudinidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae, and in the suborder Pleurodira. Among the species for which 100 samples or more were available, the highest proportions of positive samples (positivity rates) were found in samples from Horsfield's tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii) (14.96%), and radiated tortoises (Astrochelys radiata) (14.05%). Among tortoises (Testudinidae), viruses were most often detected in the spring, while in emydid turtles (Emydidae) they were most often detected in the summer. A comparison of the positivity rates according to country showed significant differences, with the highest rate in samples from Italy (16.01%). This study indicated possible differences in herpesvirus positivity rates depending on host species, virus strain, year of sampling, season, and country of origin. It provides useful information in further understanding fluctuations in infection rates as well as in helping to guide decision making for herpesvirus diagnostics in chelonian patients. It also provides evidence for the international dispersal of herpesviruses with their hosts through international trade.
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Schüler L, Picquet P, Leineweber C, Dietz J, Müller E, Marschang RE. A testudinid herpesvirus 1 (TeHV1)-associated disease outbreak in a group of Horsfield's tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii). Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2021; 49:462-467. [PMID: 34861723 DOI: 10.1055/a-1666-8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2020, a severe disease outbreak with high morbidity and mortality was observed in a collection of 15 Horsfield's tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii). Affected tortoises showed upper respiratory- and gastrointestinal tract signs, including rhinitis and stomatitis. Testudinid herpesvirus 1 (TeHV1) and Mycoplasma spp. were detected by PCR in oral swabs of affected animals. Histological examination of one deceased animal showed intranuclear inclusion bodies typical for herpesvirus infections in liver, spleen and oesophagus. The virus was likely introduced into the collection 2 years earlier by a clinically healthy Horsfield's tortoise that was tested positive for TeHV1 by PCR.
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Leineweber C, Gohl C, Lücht M, Marschang RE. Comparison of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Greater Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus roseus) and American Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:180-186. [PMID: 34256548 DOI: 10.1647/19-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoresis can be used to aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis) in avian species. Reference intervals for blood plasma proteins of 2 different flamingo species (Phoenicopterus roseus and Phoenicopterus ruber) and their hybrids were calculated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and differences between these species, sexes, and age groups were evaluated. Lithium-heparinized plasma samples from 111 animals from a zoological collection were analyzed by CZE and statistically evaluated. Differences were only found between greater and American flamingos (P = .003) and between greater flamingos and hybrids (P = .001) in the γ-globulin fraction. Male greater flamingos showed significantly higher α-globulins (P = .022) and females higher total albumin by CZE (P = .037). In American flamingos, the percent total albumin (P = .017), total albumin (P = .025), prealbumin (P = .005), and albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio (P = .008) were higher in females, and α- (P = .023) and β-globulins (P = .021) were higher in males of the same species. The following parameters differed significantly between the age groups: γ-globulins (P = .048) in greater and α- (P = .021) and β-globulins (P = .001) in American flamingos increased with increased age and percent total albumin (P = .002), total albumin (P = .024), and A/G ratio (P = .002) decreased with age in American flamingos. The results showed only small differences between the species, but greater differences between the sexes and ages, especially in American flamingos, which must be considered when interpreting laboratory results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maike Lücht
- Tier-park Hellabrunn AG, 81543 Munich, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Background Shift work may impact women more negatively than men due to the increased burden of coping with demanding work schedules while also undertaking more of the domestic chores, including childcare. Aims To examine whether the combination of shift working and caring for children affects the sleep, fatigue and work–family conflict experienced by women more than it affects men. Methods Using data from a survey of the Swedish working population, mixed linear regression models examined work schedule (daywork, shift work with nights, shift work without nights), gender and presence of children <13 years at home as predictors of sleep insufficiency, sleep disturbance, fatigue and work–family conflict, over up to three successive measurement occasions. Adjustments were made for age, education, full/part-time working and baseline year. Results In fully adjusted models (N = 8938), shift work was associated with insufficient sleep (P < 0.01), disturbed sleep (P < 0.01), fatigue (P < 0.05) and work–family conflict (P < 0.001). Interactions in the analyses of sleep disturbance (P < 0.001) and work–family interference (P < 0.05) indicated that among participants with no children, females reported more disturbed sleep and more work–family conflict than their male counterparts, irrespective of schedule; while among participants with children, female dayworkers reported more disturbed sleep than their male counterparts, and females working shifts without nights reported more work–family interference. Conclusions Having young children did not exacerbate negative effects of shift work, in either men or women. This may reflect high levels of gender equality and childcare provision in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tucker
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Psychology Department, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - C Leineweber
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Leineweber C, Öfner S, Stöhr AC, Marschang RE, Mathes K. A comparison of thyroid hormone levels and plasma capillary zone electrophoresis in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and map turtles (Graptemys spp.) depending on season and sex. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:78-90. [PMID: 32237094 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones and capillary zone electrophoresis are rarely studied in reptile medicine. OBJECTIVES The goal of this prospective study was to establish RIs for plasma proteins and thyroid hormones, total tetraiodothyronine (tT4), free T4 (fT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3), and free T3 (fT3), as well as iodine blood levels in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and map turtles (Graptemys spp.). METHODS Variables were measured over 1 ½ years to determine variations depending on sex and season, as well as any correlations between the parameters. A total of 131 blood samples from red-eared sliders and 51 blood samples from map turtles were collected from May 2016 to November 2017. The levels of tT4, fT4, and fT3 were measured using standardized autoanalyzer test systems; tT3 was measured by ELISA and iodine inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Total protein was quantitated using the biuret method, and plasma protein fractions were measured using capillary zone electrophoresis. RESULTS The results showed significant variations in thyroid hormone levels and plasma protein fractions depending on sex and season. Total T4 and fT4 concentrations were significantly (P < .05) correlated in both turtle species and sexes in all seasons. Thyroid hormone levels correlated with blood proteins in a few seasons, including a positive correlation between tT4 and fT4 in female red-eared sliders in fall and female map turtles in summer and fall. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of considering species, season, and sex variations when interpreting thyroid hormone and plasma protein levels. It also shows that thyroid hormone levels are not always influenced by total protein and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Leineweber
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany.,Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Öfner
- Reptile Rescue Center Munich e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Anke C Stöhr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Karina Mathes
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Simard J, Marschang RE, Leineweber C, Hellebuyck T. Prevalence of inclusion body disease and associated comorbidity in captive collections of boid and pythonid snakes in Belgium. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229667. [PMID: 32119716 PMCID: PMC7051093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body disease (IBD) is caused by reptarenaviruses and constitutes one of the most notorious viral diseases in snakes. Although central nervous system disease and various other clinical signs have been attributed to IBD in boid and pythonid snakes, studies that unambiguously reveal the clinical course of natural IBD and reptarenavirus infection are scarce. In the present study, the prevalence of IBD and reptarenaviruses in captive snake collections and the correlation of IBD and reptarenavirus infection with the clinical status of the sampled snakes were investigated. In three IBD positive collections, long-term follow-up during a three- to seven-year period was performed. A total of 292 snakes (178 boas and 114 pythons) from 40 collections in Belgium were sampled. In each snake, blood and buffy coat smears were evaluated for the presence of IBD inclusion bodies (IB) and whole blood was tested for reptarenavirus RNA by RT-PCR. Of all tested snakes, 16.5% (48/292) were positive for IBD of which all were boa constrictors (34.0%; 48/141) and 17.1% (50/292) were reptarenavirus RT-PCR positive. The presence of IB could not be demonstrated in any of the tested pythons, while 5.3% (6/114) were reptarenavirus positive. In contrast to pythons, the presence of IB in peripheral blood cells in boa constrictors is strongly correlated with reptarenavirus detection by RT-PCR (P<0.0001). Although boa constrictors often show persistent subclinical infection, long-term follow-up indicated that a considerable number (22.2%; 6/27) of IBD/reptarenavirus positive boas eventually develop IBD associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Simard
- Division of Poultry, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Exotic Companion Animals, Wildlife and Experimental Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tom Hellebuyck
- Division of Poultry, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Exotic Companion Animals, Wildlife and Experimental Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Leineweber C, Müller E, Marschang RE. Blood reference intervals for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from routine diagnostic samples. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2019; 46:393-398. [PMID: 30658366 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1677403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to establish reference intervals for blood parameters in rabbits based on data from routine diagnostic samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data sets from 1679-2039 values for clinical chemistry and 937-1559 values for hematological parameters were evaluated using the statistical program Reference Limit Estimator 20151017. RESULTS The following reference intervals were calculated for hematology: erythrocytes 4.37-7.43 × 1012 cells/l; hematocrit 0.28-0.48 l/l; hemoglobin 89.63-153.82 g/l; leucocytes 2.71-12.23 × 109 cells/l; neutrophils 0.87-7.82 × 109 cells/l; lymphocytes 0.36-6.58 × 109 cells/l; monocytes 0.08-1.71 × 109 cells/l; eosi nophils 0.07-0.19 × 109 cells/l; basophils 0.06-1.1 × 109 cells/l; thrombocytes 225.45-905.3 × 109 cells/l. Calculated intervals for clinical chemistries were: alkaline phosphatase 9.05-94.68 U/l; aspartataminotransferase 3.75-32.44 U/l; creatine kinase 1.63-559.53 U/l; γ-glutamyltransferase 2.5-14.46 U/l; glutamatdehydrogenase 0.68-14.78 U/l; fructosamin 248.08-501.43 µmol/l; bile acid 0.76-19.63 μmol/l; total protein 48.66-73.64 g/l; urea 2.63-10.28 mmol/l; creatinine 51.38-154.35 µmol/l; calcium 3.02-4.3 mmol/l; magnesium 0.66-1.51 mmol/l; phosphorus 0.54-2.18 mmol/l; sodium 132.61- 154.0 mmol/l and potassium 3.52-6.04 mmol/l. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The calculation of intervals based on a large number of routine diagnostic samples allows the establishment of labora tory specific reference intervals without the use of experimental animals.
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Madsen IEH, Nyberg ST, Magnusson Hanson LL, Ferrie JE, Ahola K, Alfredsson L, Batty GD, Bjorner JB, Borritz M, Burr H, Chastang JF, de Graaf R, Dragano N, Hamer M, Jokela M, Knutsson A, Koskenvuo M, Koskinen A, Leineweber C, Niedhammer I, Nielsen ML, Nordin M, Oksanen T, Pejtersen JH, Pentti J, Plaisier I, Salo P, Singh-Manoux A, Suominen S, ten Have M, Theorell T, Toppinen-Tanner S, Vahtera J, Väänänen A, Westerholm PJM, Westerlund H, Fransson EI, Heikkilä K, Virtanen M, Rugulies R, Kivimäki M. Job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression: systematic review and meta-analysis with additional individual participant data. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1342-1356. [PMID: 28122650 PMCID: PMC5471831 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171600355x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse psychosocial working environments characterized by job strain (the combination of high demands and low control at work) are associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms among employees, but evidence on clinically diagnosed depression is scarce. We examined job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression. METHOD We identified published cohort studies from a systematic literature search in PubMed and PsycNET and obtained 14 cohort studies with unpublished individual-level data from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations (IPD-Work) Consortium. Summary estimates of the association were obtained using random-effects models. Individual-level data analyses were based on a pre-published study protocol. RESULTS We included six published studies with a total of 27 461 individuals and 914 incident cases of clinical depression. From unpublished datasets we included 120 221 individuals and 982 first episodes of hospital-treated clinical depression. Job strain was associated with an increased risk of clinical depression in both published [relative risk (RR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-2.13] and unpublished datasets (RR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.55). Further individual participant analyses showed a similar association across sociodemographic subgroups and after excluding individuals with baseline somatic disease. The association was unchanged when excluding individuals with baseline depressive symptoms (RR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.94-1.65), but attenuated on adjustment for a continuous depressive symptoms score (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.32). CONCLUSIONS Job strain may precipitate clinical depression among employees. Future intervention studies should test whether job strain is a modifiable risk factor for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. E. H. Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working
Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø,
Denmark
| | - S. T. Nyberg
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - J. E. Ferrie
- Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University College London, London
WC1E 6BT, UK
- School of Community and Social Medicine,
University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS,
UK
| | - K. Ahola
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine,
Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm,
Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, Stockholm County Council, SE-104
22 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. D. Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University College London, London
WC1E 6BT, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive
Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research
Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - J. B. Bjorner
- National Research Centre for the Working
Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø,
Denmark
| | - M. Borritz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital,
DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H. Burr
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (BAuA), D-10317 Berlin,
Germany
| | - J.-F. Chastang
- INSERM, U1085, Research Institute for
Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Epidemiology in Occupational Health and
Ergonomics (ESTER) Team, F-49000, Angers, France
- University of Angers, Epidemiology in Occupational
Health and Ergonomics (ESTER) Team, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - R. de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and
Addiction, 3521 VS Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - N. Dragano
- Department of Medical Sociology,
University of Düsseldorf, 40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Hamer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University College London, London
WC1E 6BT, UK
- National Centre for Sport & Exercise
Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU,
UK
| | - M. Jokela
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences,
University of Helsinki, FI-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Knutsson
- Department of Health Sciences,
Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70
Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - M. Koskenvuo
- Department of Public Health,
University of Helsinki, FI-00014
Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Koskinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - C. Leineweber
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm
University, SE-106 91 Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - I. Niedhammer
- INSERM, U1085, Research Institute for
Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Epidemiology in Occupational Health and
Ergonomics (ESTER) Team, F-49000, Angers, France
- University of Angers, Epidemiology in Occupational
Health and Ergonomics (ESTER) Team, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - M. L. Nielsen
- Unit of Social Medicine,
Frederiksberg University Hospital, DK-2000
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Nordin
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm
University, SE-106 91 Stockholm,
Sweden
- Department of Psychology,
Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå,
Sweden
| | - T. Oksanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. H. Pejtersen
- The Danish National Centre for Social
Research, DK-1052 Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - J. Pentti
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - I. Plaisier
- The Netherlands Institute for Social
Research, 2515 XP The Hague, The
Netherlands
| | - P. Salo
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychology,
University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku,
Finland
| | - A. Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University College London, London
WC1E 6BT, UK
- Inserm U1018, Centre for
Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, F-94807
Villejuif, France
| | - S. Suominen
- Folkhälsan Research Center,
FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Nordic School of Public Health,SE-402 42Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Public Health,
University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku,
Finland
| | - M. ten Have
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and
Addiction, 3521 VS Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - T. Theorell
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm
University, SE-106 91 Stockholm,
Sweden
| | | | - J. Vahtera
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health,
University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku,
Finland
- Turku University Hospital,
FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - A. Väänänen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P. J. M. Westerholm
- Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85
Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H. Westerlund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm
University, SE-106 91 Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - E. I. Fransson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm
University, SE-106 91 Stockholm,
Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine,
Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm,
Sweden
- School of Health and Welfare,
Jönköping University, SE-551 11
Jönköping, Sweden
| | - K. Heikkilä
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health Services Research and
Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit,
The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London
WC2A 3PE, UK
| | - M. Virtanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Rugulies
- National Research Centre for the Working
Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø,
Denmark
- Department of Public Health and Department of
Psychology, University of Copenhagen,
DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Kivimäki
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University College London, London
WC1E 6BT, UK
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki,Finland
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14
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Mortensen J, Clark AJ, Lange T, Andersen GS, Goldberg M, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Head J, Kivimäki M, Madsen IEH, Leineweber C, Lund R, Rugulies R, Zins M, Westerlund H, Rod NH. Informal caregiving as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in individuals with favourable and unfavourable psychosocial work environments: A longitudinal multi-cohort study. Diabetes Metab 2017; 44:38-44. [PMID: 28527866 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine whether informal caregiving is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and whether job strain and social support at work modify the association. METHODS Individual participant's data were pooled from three cohort studies-the French GAZEL study, the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) and the British Whitehall II study-a total of 21,243 study subjects. Informal caregiving was defined as unpaid care for a closely related person. Job strain was assessed using the demand-control model, and questions on co-worker and supervisor support were combined in a measure of social support at work. Incident T2D was ascertained using registry-based, clinically assessed and self-reported data. RESULTS A total of 1058 participants developed T2D during the up to 10 years of follow-up. Neither informal caregiving (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.92-1.30) nor high job strain (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.86-1.26) were associated with T2D risk, whereas low social support at work was a risk factor for T2D (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02-1.37). Also, informal caregivers who were also exposed to low social support at work were at higher risk of T2D (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08-1.82) compared with those who were not informal caregivers and had high social support at work (multiplicative test for interaction, P=0.04; additive test for interaction, synergy index=10). CONCLUSION Informal caregiving was not independently associated with T2D risk. However, low social support at work was a risk factor, and informal caregivers with low social support at work had even higher risks of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mortensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - A J Clark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Lange
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Peking, China
| | - G S Andersen
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - M Goldberg
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; INSERM, Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit-UMS 11, Paris, France
| | - C H Ramlau-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Head
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - I E H Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Leineweber
- Division of Epidemiology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Lund
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Rugulies
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Zins
- INSERM, Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit-UMS 11, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR 1168, VIMA, Villejuif, France
| | - H Westerlund
- Division of Epidemiology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N H Rod
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Leineweber C, Chungkham HS, Westerlund H, Tishelman C, Lindqvist R. Hospital organizational factors influence work-family conflict in registered nurses: Multilevel modeling of a nation-wide cross-sectional survey in Sweden. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 51:744-51. [PMID: 24144276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present shortage of registered nurses (RNs) in many European countries is expected to continue and worsen, which poses a substantial threat to the maintenance of healthcare in this region. Work-family conflict is a known risk factor for turnover and sickness absence. OBJECTIVE This paper empirically examines whether the nurse practice environment is associated with experienced work-family conflict. DESIGN A multilevel model was fit with the individual RN at the 1st, and the hospital department at the 2nd level using cross-sectional RN survey data from the Swedish part of RN4CAST, an EU 7th framework project. The data analyzed here is based on a national sample of 8356 female and 592 male RNs from 369 hospital departments. RESULTS We found that 6% of the variability in work-family conflict experienced by RNs was at the department level. Organizational level factors significantly accounted for most of the variability at this level with two of the work practice environment factors examined, staffing adequacy and nurse involvement in hospital affairs, significantly related to work-family conflict. Due to the design of the study, factors on ward and work group levels could not be analyzed, but are likely to account for additional variance which in the present analysis appears to be on the individual level, with private life factors likely explaining another major part. CONCLUSION These results suggest that higher level organizational factors in health care have a significant impact on the risk of work-family conflict among RNs through their impact on the nurse practice environment. Lower level organizational factors should be investigated in future studies using hierarchical multilevel sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leineweber
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Center, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - H S Chungkham
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Westerlund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Tishelman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Center, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholms Sjukhem Foundation, Research and Development Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Lindqvist
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Center, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Nyberg ST, Heikkilä K, Fransson EI, Alfredsson L, De Bacquer D, Bjorner JB, Bonenfant S, Borritz M, Burr H, Casini A, Clays E, Dragano N, Erbel R, Geuskens GA, Goldberg M, Hooftman WE, Houtman IL, Jöckel KH, Kittel F, Knutsson A, Koskenvuo M, Leineweber C, Lunau T, Madsen IEH, Hanson LLM, Marmot MG, Nielsen ML, Nordin M, Oksanen T, Pentti J, Rugulies R, Siegrist J, Suominen S, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Westerholm P, Westerlund H, Zins M, Ferrie JE, Theorell T, Steptoe A, Hamer M, Singh-Manoux A, Batty GD, Kivimäki M. Job strain in relation to body mass index: pooled analysis of 160 000 adults from 13 cohort studies. J Intern Med 2012; 272:65-73. [PMID: 22077620 PMCID: PMC3437471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of an association between job strain and obesity is inconsistent, mostly limited to small-scale studies, and does not distinguish between categories of underweight or obesity subclasses. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between job strain and body mass index (BMI) in a large adult population. METHODS We performed a pooled cross-sectional analysis based on individual-level data from 13 European studies resulting in a total of 161 746 participants (49% men, mean age, 43.7 years). Longitudinal analysis with a median follow-up of 4 years was possible for four cohort studies (n = 42 222). RESULTS A total of 86 429 participants were of normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg m(-2) ), 2149 were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg m(-2) ), 56 572 overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg m(-2) ) and 13 523 class I (BMI 30-34.9 kg m(-2) ) and 3073 classes II/III (BMI ≥ 35 kg m(-2) ) obese. In addition, 27 010 (17%) participants reported job strain. In cross-sectional analyses, we found increased odds of job strain amongst underweight [odds ratio 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.25], obese class I (odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.12) and obese classes II/III participants (odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.28) as compared with participants of normal weight. In longitudinal analysis, both weight gain and weight loss were related to the onset of job strain during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of European data, we found both weight gain and weight loss to be associated with the onset of job strain, consistent with a 'U'-shaped cross-sectional association between job strain and BMI. These associations were relatively modest; therefore, it is unlikely that intervention to reduce job strain would be effective in combating obesity at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Nyberg
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki,
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17
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Leineweber C, Westerlund H, Theorell T, Kivimäki M, Westerholm P, Alfredsson L. Covert coping with unfair treatment at work and risk of incident myocardial infarction and cardiac death among men: prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 65:420-5. [PMID: 19934168 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.088880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covert coping with unfair treatment at work--occurring when an employee does not show the "aggressor" that he/she feels unfairly treated--has been found to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors. This study examined whether covert coping also predicts incident coronary heart disease. METHODS A prospective cohort study (the WOLF Stockholm study) of workplaces in the Stockholm area, Sweden. The participants were 2755 men with no history of myocardial infarction at baseline screening in 1992-1995. The main outcome measure was hospitalisation due to myocardial infarction or death from ischaemic heart disease until 2003 obtained from national registers (mean follow-up 9.8 ± 0.9 years). RESULTS Forty-seven participants had myocardial infarction or died from ischaemic heart disease during follow-up. After adjustment for age, socioeconomic factors, risk behaviours, job strain and biological risk factors at baseline, there was a dose-response relationship between covert coping and risk of incident myocardial infarction or cardiac death (p for trend=0.10). Men who frequently used covert coping had a 2.29 (95% CI 1.00 to 5.29) times higher risk than those who did not use coping. Restricting the analysis to direct coping behaviours only strengthened this association (p for trend=0.02). CONCLUSIONS In this study, covert coping is strongly related to increased risk of hard-endpoint cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leineweber
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Wang HX, Leineweber C, Kirkeeide R, Svane B, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Theorell T, Orth-Gomér K. Psychosocial stress and atherosclerosis: family and work stress accelerate progression of coronary disease in women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study. J Intern Med 2007; 261:245-54. [PMID: 17305647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of psychosocial stress, experienced in the family and work life, on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in women cardiac patients. DESIGN Longitudinal follow-up study. The mean luminal diameter change over 3 years was averaged over 10 predefined coronary segments, representing the entire coronary tree. Stress in family life was measured by using the Stockholm Marital Stress Scale and that of work life by the demand-control questionnaire. SUBJECTS Amongst patients enrolled in the Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study, 80 women were evaluated for stress exposure and coronary atherosclerosis progression using serial quantitative coronary angiography. RESULTS Multi-variable-controlled mixed models anova analyses revealed that women with high stress from either family or work had significant disease progression over 3 years, whereas those with low stress had only slight progression. In women who were free of stress from either family or work life, i.e. they were satisfied with both of these life domains, the coronary artery changes had regressed. Their mean coronary luminal diameter increased by 0.22 mm (95% CI: 0.10; 0.35 mm) when compared with women who experienced stress from both sources, whose luminal diameter decreased by 0.20 mm (95% CI: -0.14; -0.25). These associations were independent of baseline luminal diameter and standard cardiovascular risk factors, including age smoking, hypertension and HDL at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Stress from family or work life may accelerate coronary disease processes in women, whereas relative protection may be obtained from a satisfactory job and a happy marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-X Wang
- Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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