DNA fragmentation and DNA repair synthesis induced in rat and human thyroid cells by chemicals carcinogenic to the rat thyroid

Five chemicals that are known to induce in rats thyroid follicular-cell adenomas and carcinomas were assayed for their ability to induce DNA damage and DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of human thyroid cells. Significant dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, as measured by the same Comet assay, were obtained after a 20-h exposure to the following subtoxic concentrations of the five test compounds: methimazole from 2.5 to 10mM; nitrobenzene, potassium bromate, N,N'-diethylthiourea and ethylenethiourea from 1.25 to 5mM. Under the same experimental conditions, DNA repair synthesis, as evaluated by quantitative autoradiography, was present in potassium bromate-exposed thyroid cells from all the three donors and in those from two of three donors with either nitrobenzene or ethylenethiourea, but did not match the criteria for a positive response in thyroid cells from any of the donors with methimazole and N,N'-diethylthiourea. Consistently with their ability to induce thyroid tumors, all the five test compounds, administered p.o. in rats in a single dose corresponding to 1/2 LD50, induced a statistically significant degree of DNA fragmentation in the thyroid. These findings suggest that the five test compounds might be carcinogenic to thyroid in humans.

Interindividual variability in the absorption of ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone from continent ileal reservoir for urine

OBJECTIVE

The neobladder created with a detubularized segment of ileum as standard treatment for the transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder may permit absorption of drugs. As a consequence, on the one hand the elimination of drugs excreted in the urine may be delayed and a change of dosage may be required, and on the other hand the intravesical administration of a drug may produce blood levels capable of inducing unwanted systemic effects. The purpose of the present study was to explore the possibility of drug absorption from a continent ileal reservoir for urine.

METHODS

The possibility of drug re-absorption from a continent ileal reservoir for urine was studied in 12 patients with well functioning reservoirs after a time interval of 3 months from surgery and also, in 7 of them, 6 months later. Saline solutions of ciprofloxacin or hydrocortisone were instilled and maintained in the reservoir for 2 h, and drug concentrations in plasma were measured 1 and 2 h after instillation.

RESULTS

Both ciprofloxacin and to a lower extent hydrocortisone were adsorbed from the reservoir, but with large interindividual variability. A comparison of the plasma concentrations produced by the two drugs 3 and 9 months after creation of the new bladder revealed that after 9 months the absorption was decreased in 3 patients, substantially unchanged in 2, and increased in 2.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study show that both ciprofloxacin, chosen for its use as possible radiosensitizing agent in bladder cancer patients, and hydrocortisone, chosen as an example of lypofilic endogenous compound, can be absorbed through the intestinal mucosa of a continent ileal reservoir, but to a different extent and with high interindividual variability.

Intravesical gemcitabine in superficial bladder cancer: a phase II safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic study

BACKGROUND

We investigated the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of the intravesical administration of 2000 mg gemcitabine once a week in the four weeks before transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer (TUR), and in the four successive weeks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine patients with superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma were studied. Two thousand mg of gemcitabine dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water were administered intravesically. The dwell time was 60 min. The pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its metabolite, 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU), were studied in plasma and urine before and after TUR. Cystoscopy was repeated 30 days after completion of the TUR treatment and subsequently at time intervals of one or two months.

RESULTS

No systemic toxicity was noted, and only three patients displayed modest signs of local toxicity. One patient had recurrence 1 month after TUR, three between 3 and 6 months, and another three after 8, 11 and 18 months, respectively; two were recurrence-free after 21 and 22 months, respectively. The peak plasma concentrations of gemcitabine never exceeded 1000 ng/ml before TUR and 350 ng/ml after TUR, and declined rapidly. The plasma levels of dFdU were higher than those of gemcitabine, increased until 60 min and then declined little. Between 52% and 100% of the gemcitabine dose was present in voided urine.

CONCLUSION

Intravesical gemcitabine, at the dose of 2000 mg, is well tolerated, is associated with minimal systemic absorption and has a moderate efficacy in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer.

DNA fragmentation and DNA repair synthesis induced in rat and human thyroid cells by four rat thyroid carcinogens

Four chemicals that are known to induce in rats thyroid follicular-cell adenomas and carcinomas were assayed for their ability to induce DNA damage and DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of human thyroid cells. Significant dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, as measures by the Comet assay, were obtained after a 20-h exposure to the following subtoxic concentrations of the four test compounds: 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAA) from 0.10 to 1.0 mM, 4,4'-methylene-bis(N,N-dimethyl)benzenamine (MDB) from 0.32 to 1.8 mM, propylthiouracil (PTU) from 1.8 to 5.6 mM, and 4,4'-thiodianiline (THA) from 0.032 to 0.18 mM. Under the same experimental conditions, DNA repair synthesis, as evaluated by quantitative autoradiography, was present in thyreocytes exposed to DAA but absent after treatment with MDB, PTU, and THA. Consistent with their thyroid-specific carcinogenic activity, all the four chemicals, administered p.o. in rats in a single dose corresponding to 1/2 LD50, induced a statistically significant degree of DNA fragmentation in the thyroid, whereas any substantial evidence of DNA lesions was absent in liver, kidney, and lung, which, with the exception of liver tumors caused by THA, are not targets of the carcinogenic activity of the four test compounds. These findings indicate that the DNA damage observed in thyroid cells was consistent with the carcinogenicity of the four test compounds, and suggest that DAA, MDB, PTU, and THA might be carcinogenic to thyroid in humans.

DNA fragmentation, DNA repair and apoptosis induced in primary rat hepatocytes by dienogest, dydrogesterone and 1,4,6-androstatriene-17β-ol-3-one acetate

Four steroids that share the 17-hydroxy-3-oxopregna-4,6-diene structure - cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate, and potassium canrenoate - have been shown previously to behave with different potency as liver-specific genotoxic agents, the response being markedly higher in female than in male rats, but similar in humans of both genders. In this study, performed to better define the relationship between chemical structure and genotoxicity, dydrogesterone (DGT) with double bonds C4=C5 and C6=C7, dienogest (DNG) with double bonds C4=C5 and C9=C10, and 1,4,6-androstatriene-17beta-ol-3-one acetate (ADT) with double bonds C1=C2, C4=C5 and C6=C7, were compared with cyproterone acetate (CPA) for their ability to induce DNA fragmentation and DNA repair synthesis in primary cultures of hepatocytes from three rats of each sex. At subtoxic concentrations, ranging from 10 to 90 microM, all four steroids consistently induced a dose-dependent increase of DNA fragmentation, which in all cases was higher in females than in males; their DNA damaging potency decreased in the order CPA > DNG > ADT > DGT. Under the same experimental conditions, the responses provided by the DNA repair-synthesis assay were positive or inconclusive in hepatocytes from female rats and consistently negative in hepatocytes from male rats. In the induction of apoptotic cells, examined in primary hepatocytes from female rats, CPA was more active than ADT and DGT, and DNG was inactive. Considered as a whole these findings suggest that a liver-specific genotoxic effect more marked in female than in male rats might be a common property of steroids with two or three double bonds.