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Hegde M, Navai S, DeRenzo C, Joseph SK, Sanber K, Wu M, Gad AZ, Janeway KA, Campbell M, Mullikin D, Nawas Z, Robertson C, Mathew PR, Zhang H, Mehta B, Bhat RR, Major A, Shree A, Gerken C, Kalra M, Chakraborty R, Thakkar SG, Dakhova O, Salsman VS, Grilley B, Lapteva N, Gee A, Dotti G, Bao R, Salem AH, Wang T, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Wels WS, Hicks MJ, Gottschalk S, Ahmed N. Autologous HER2-specific CAR T cells after lymphodepletion for advanced sarcoma: a phase 1 trial. Nat Cancer 2024:10.1038/s43018-024-00749-6. [PMID: 38658775 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In this prospective, interventional phase 1 study for individuals with advanced sarcoma, we infused autologous HER2-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells (HER2 CAR T cells) after lymphodepletion with fludarabine (Flu) ± cyclophosphamide (Cy): 1 × 108 T cells per m2 after Flu (cohort A) or Flu/Cy (cohort B) and 1 × 108 CAR+ T cells per m2 after Flu/Cy (cohort C). The primary outcome was assessment of safety of one dose of HER2 CAR T cells after lymphodepletion. Determination of antitumor responses was the secondary outcome. Thirteen individuals were treated in 14 enrollments, and seven received multiple infusions. HER2 CAR T cells expanded after 19 of 21 infusions. Nine of 12 individuals in cohorts A and B developed grade 1-2 cytokine release syndrome. Two individuals in cohort C experienced dose-limiting toxicity with grade 3-4 cytokine release syndrome. Antitumor activity was observed with clinical benefit in 50% of individuals treated. The tumor samples analyzed showed spatial heterogeneity of immune cells and clustering by sarcoma type and by treatment response. Our results affirm HER2 as a CAR T cell target and demonstrate the safety of this therapeutic approach in sarcoma. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT00902044 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Hegde
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Shoba Navai
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sujith K Joseph
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khaled Sanber
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mengfen Wu
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Z Gad
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dolores Mullikin
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeid Nawas
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Robertson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pretty R Mathew
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Birju Mehta
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raksha R Bhat
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ankita Shree
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Gerken
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mamta Kalra
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rikhia Chakraborty
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sachin G Thakkar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vita S Salsman
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bambi Grilley
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Lapteva
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adrian Gee
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M John Hicks
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nabil Ahmed
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Hegde M, Joseph SK, Pashankar F, DeRenzo C, Sanber K, Navai S, Byrd TT, Hicks J, Xu ML, Gerken C, Kalra M, Robertson C, Zhang H, Shree A, Mehta B, Dakhova O, Salsman VS, Grilley B, Gee A, Dotti G, Heslop HE, Brenner MK, Wels WS, Gottschalk S, Ahmed N. Tumor response and endogenous immune reactivity after administration of HER2 CAR T cells in a child with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3549. [PMID: 32669548 PMCID: PMC7363864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma is largely incurable. Here we analyze the response of a child with refractory bone marrow metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma to autologous HER2 CAR T cells. Three cycles of HER2 CAR T cells given after lymphodepleting chemotherapy induces remission which is consolidated with four more CAR T-cell infusions without lymphodepletion. Longitudinal immune-monitoring reveals remodeling of the T-cell receptor repertoire with immunodominant clones and serum autoantibodies reactive to oncogenic signaling pathway proteins. The disease relapses in the bone marrow at six months off-therapy. A second remission is achieved after one cycle of lymphodepletion and HER2 CAR T cells. Response consolidation with additional CAR T-cell infusions includes pembrolizumab to improve their efficacy. The patient described here is a participant in an ongoing phase I trial (NCT00902044; active, not recruiting), and is 20 months off T-cell infusions with no detectable disease at the time of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Hegde
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sujith K Joseph
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farzana Pashankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khaled Sanber
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shoba Navai
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiara T Byrd
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mina L Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Claudia Gerken
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mamta Kalra
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Robertson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ankita Shree
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Birju Mehta
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vita S Salsman
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bambi Grilley
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adrian Gee
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Cancer Center at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nabil Ahmed
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Ramos C, Torrano V, Bilgi M, Gerken C, Dakhova O, Mei Z, Wu M, Grilley B, Gee A, Rooney C, Dotti G, Savoldo B, Heslop H, Brenner M. CD30-CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR (CAR) T CELLS FOR THERAPY OF HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (HL). Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.125_2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - V. Torrano
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - M. Bilgi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - C. Gerken
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - O. Dakhova
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - Z. Mei
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - M. Wu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - B. Grilley
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - A.P. Gee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - C.M. Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - G. Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - B. Savoldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - H.E. Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
| | - M.K. Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital & Houston Methodist Hospital; Houston United States
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4
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Ahmed N, Brawley V, Hegde M, Bielamowicz K, Kalra M, Landi D, Robertson C, Gray TL, Diouf O, Wakefield A, Ghazi A, Gerken C, Yi Z, Ashoori A, Wu MF, Liu H, Rooney C, Dotti G, Gee A, Su J, Kew Y, Baskin D, Zhang YJ, New P, Grilley B, Stojakovic M, Hicks J, Powell SZ, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Grossman R, Wels WS, Gottschalk S. HER2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Glioblastoma: A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3:1094-1101. [PMID: 28426845 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Glioblastoma is an incurable tumor, and the therapeutic options for patients are limited. Objective To determine whether the systemic administration of HER2-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified virus-specific T cells (VSTs) is safe and whether these cells have antiglioblastoma activity. Design, Setting, and Participants In this open-label phase 1 dose-escalation study conducted at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Texas Children's Hospital, patients with progressive HER2-positive glioblastoma were enrolled between July 25, 2011, and April 21, 2014. The duration of follow-up was 10 weeks to 29 months (median, 8 months). Interventions Monotherapy with autologous VSTs specific for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or adenovirus and genetically modified to express HER2-CARs with a CD28.ζ-signaling endodomain (HER2-CAR VSTs). Main Outcomes and Measures Primary end points were feasibility and safety. The key secondary end points were T-cell persistence and their antiglioblastoma activity. Results A total of 17 patients (8 females and 9 males; 10 patients ≥18 years [median age, 60 years; range, 30-69 years] and 7 patients <18 years [median age, 14 years; range, 10-17 years]) with progressive HER2-positive glioblastoma received 1 or more infusions of autologous HER2-CAR VSTs (1 × 106/m2 to 1 × 108/m2) without prior lymphodepletion. Infusions were well tolerated, with no dose-limiting toxic effects. HER2-CAR VSTs were detected in the peripheral blood for up to 12 months after the infusion by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of 16 evaluable patients (9 adults and 7 children), 1 had a partial response for more than 9 months, 7 had stable disease for 8 weeks to 29 months, and 8 progressed after T-cell infusion. Three patients with stable disease are alive without any evidence of progression during 24 to 29 months of follow-up. For the entire study cohort, median overall survival was 11.1 months (95% CI, 4.1-27.2 months) from the first T-cell infusion and 24.5 months (95% CI, 17.2-34.6 months) from diagnosis. Conclusions and Relevance Infusion of autologous HER2-CAR VSTs is safe and can be associated with clinical benefit for patients with progressive glioblastoma. Further evaluation of HER2-CAR VSTs in a phase 2b study is warranted as a single agent or in combination with other immunomodulatory approaches for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Ahmed
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vita Brawley
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meenakshi Hegde
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin Bielamowicz
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,now with Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Mamta Kalra
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,now with Immatics, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Landi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Catherine Robertson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Tara L Gray
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Oumar Diouf
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,now with Cell Medica, Houston, Texas
| | - Amanda Wakefield
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexia Ghazi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,now with Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Claudia Gerken
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhongzhen Yi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aidin Ashoori
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,now with Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Meng-Fen Wu
- Biostatistics Shared Resource Dan L Duncan Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hao Liu
- Biostatistics Shared Resource Dan L Duncan Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cliona Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,now with Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Adrian Gee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jack Su
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yvonne Kew
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - David Baskin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Jonathan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Pamela New
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Bambi Grilley
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Milica Stojakovic
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Suzanne Z Powell
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Grossman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Mata M, Gerken C, Nguyen P, Krenciute G, Spencer DM, Gottschalk S. Inducible Activation of MyD88 and CD40 in CAR T Cells Results in Controllable and Potent Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Solid Tumor Models. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1306-1319. [PMID: 28801306 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has had limited success for solid tumors in early-phase clinical studies. We reasoned that introducing into CAR T cells an inducible costimulatory (iCO) molecule consisting of a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID)-binding domain and the MyD88 and CD40 signaling domains would improve and control CAR T-cell activation. In the presence of CID, T cells expressing HER2-CARζ and a MyD88/CD40-based iCO molecule (HER2ζ.iCO T cells) had superior T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and ability to sequentially kill targets in vitro relative to HER2ζ.iCO T cells without CID and T cells expressing HER2-CAR.CD28ζ. HER2ζ.iCO T cells with CID also significantly improved survival in vivo in two xenograft models. Repeat injections of CID were able to further increase the antitumor activity of HER2ζ.iCO T cells in vivo Thus, expressing MyD88/CD40-based iCO molecules in CAR T cells has the potential to improve the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy approaches for solid tumors.Significance: Inducible activation of MyD88 and CD40 in CAR T cells with a small-molecule drug not only enhances their effector function, resulting in potent antitumor activity in preclinical solid tumors, but also enables their remote control post infusion. Cancer Discov; 7(11); 1306-19. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Mata
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Claudia Gerken
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Giedre Krenciute
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David M Spencer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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6
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Hegde M, DeRenzo CC, Zhang H, Mata M, Gerken C, Shree A, Yi Z, Brawley V, Dakhova O, Wu MF, Liu H, Hicks J, Grilley B, Gee AP, Rooney CM, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Wels W, Gottschalk S, Ahmed NM. Expansion of HER2-CAR T cells after lymphodepletion and clinical responses in patients with advanced sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.10508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
10508 Background: Outcome for patients with advanced sarcoma is extremely poor and treatment options are limited. Encouragingly, in our phase 1 dose-escalation trial (Ahmed et al, JCO 2015), systemic administration of up to 1x108/m2 autologous HER2-CAR T cells in patient with HER2+ sarcoma was safe. While T cells did not expand, 4/19 evaluable patients are alive 37-61 months post infusion without evidence of disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate if lympohodepleting chemotherapy can safely induce the expansion of HER2-CAR T cells. Methods: In a phase 1 clinical study, NCT00902044, we administered 1x108/m2 autologous HER2-CAR (with a CD28.zeta signaling domain) T cells to patients with refractory/metastatic HER2+ sarcoma after lymphodepletion. Results: Six patients with refractory/metastatic HER2+ sarcoma (4 osteosarcoma, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, 1 synovial sarcoma) with a median age of 16 (range: 4 to 55) received up to 3 infusions of 1x108 cells/m2 CAR T cells after lymphodepletion with either fludarabine (Flu; n = 3) or Flu and cyclophosphamide (Flu/Cy; n = 3). Flu and Flu/Cy induced lymphopenia with an absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) of < 100/ml at the day of the T-cell infusion. Only Flu/Cy induced neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] < 500/ml) for up to 14 days. 4/6 patients developed grade 1-2 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) within 24 hours of CAR T-cell infusion that resolved completely with supportive care within 3 days of onset. T cells expanded in 5/6 patients (median 89-fold (range: 41 to 2,893) with a median peak expansion on day 7 (range: 5 to 28). CAR T cells could be detected by qPCR in 6/6 patients at 6 weeks post infusion. One patient with rhabdomyosarcoma metastatic to the bone marrow had a complete responses (CR), 2 had stable disease (SD), and 3 had progressive disease (PD). Two patients are alive with a median overall survival of 14.2 months. Conclusions: Infusion of autologous HER2-CAR T cells after lymphodepletion is safe, and can be associated with objective clinical benefit in patients with advanced HER2+ sarcoma. These findings warrant further evaluation in a phase 2b study as a single agent or in combination with other approaches. Clinical trial information: NCT00902044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Hegde
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Melinda Mata
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Ankita Shree
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zhongzhen Yi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Vita Brawley
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Hao Liu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Lundqvist A, van Hoef V, Zhang X, Wennerberg E, Lorent J, Witt K, Sanz LM, Liang S, Murray S, Larsson O, Kiessling R, Mao Y, Sidhom JW, Bessell CA, Havel J, Schneck J, Chan TA, Sachsenmeier E, Woods D, Berglund A, Ramakrishnan R, Sodre A, Weber J, Zappasodi R, Li Y, Qi J, Wong P, Sirard C, Postow M, Newman W, Koon H, Velcheti V, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T, Lum LG, Choi M, Thakur A, Deol A, Dyson G, Shields A, Haymaker C, Uemura M, Murthy R, James M, Wang D, Brevard J, Monaghan C, Swann S, Geib J, Cornfeld M, Chunduru S, Agrawal S, Yee C, Wargo J, Patel SP, Amaria R, Tawbi H, Glitza I, Woodman S, Hwu WJ, Davies MA, Hwu P, Overwijk WW, Bernatchez C, Diab A, Massarelli E, Segal NH, Ribrag V, Melero I, Gangadhar TC, Urba W, Schadendorf D, Ferris RL, Houot R, Morschhauser F, Logan T, Luke JJ, Sharfman W, Barlesi F, Ott PA, Mansi L, Kummar S, Salles G, Carpio C, Meier R, Krishnan S, McDonald D, Maurer M, Gu X, Neely J, Suryawanshi S, Levy R, Khushalani N, Wu J, Zhang J, Basher F, Rubinstein M, Bucsek M, Qiao G, Hembrough T, Spacek J, Vocka M, Zavadova E, Skalova H, Dundr P, Petruzelka L, Francis N, Tilman RT, Hartmann A, MacDonald C, Netikova I, Ballesteros-Merino C, Stump J, Tufman A, Berger F, Neuberger M, Hatz R, Lindner M, Sanborn RE, Handy J, Hylander B, Fox B, Bifulco C, Huber RM, Winter H, Reu S, Sun C, Xiao W, Tian Z, Arora K, Desai N, Repasky E, Kulkarni A, Rajurkar M, Rivera M, Deshpande V, Ting D, Tsai K, Nosrati A, Goldinger S, Hamid O, Algazi A, Chatterjee S, Tumeh P, Hwang J, Liu J, Chen L, Dummer R, Rosenblum M, Daud A, Tsao TS, Ashworth-Sharpe J, Johnson D, Daenthanasanmak A, Bhaumik S, Bieniarz C, Couto J, Farrell M, Ghaffari M, Habensus I, Hubbard A, Jones T, Kelly B, Kosmeder J, Chakraborty P, Lee C, Marner E, Meridew J, Polaske N, Racolta A, Uribe D, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Toth K, Morrison L, Pestic-Dragovich L, Tang L, Tsujikawa T, Borkar RN, Azimi V, Kumar S, Thibault G, Mori M, El Rassi E, Meek M, Clayburgh DR, Kulesz-Martin MF, Flint PW, Coussens LM, Villabona L, Masucci GV, Geiss G, Birditt B, Mei Q, Huang A, Garrett-Mayer E, White AM, Eagan MA, Ignacio E, Elliott N, Dunaway D, Dennis L, Warren S, Beechem J, Dunaway D, Jung J, Nishimura M, Merritt C, Sprague I, Webster P, Liang Y, Warren S, Beechem J, Wenthe J, Enblad G, Karlsson H, Essand M, Paulos C, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Höglund M, Brenner MK, Hagberg H, Loskog A, Bernett MJ, Moore GL, Hedvat M, Bonzon C, Beeson C, Chu S, Rashid R, Avery KN, Muchhal U, Desjarlais J, Hedvat M, Bernett MJ, Moore GL, Bonzon C, Rashid R, Yu X, Chu S, Avery KN, Muchhal U, Desjarlais J, Kraman M, Kmiecik K, Allen N, Faroudi M, Zimarino C, Wydro M, Mehrotra S, Doody J, Srinivasa SP, Govindappa N, Reddy P, Dubey A, Periyasamy S, Adekandi M, Dey C, Joy M, van Loo PF, Zhao F, Veninga H, Shamsili S, Throsby M, Dolstra H, Bakker L, Alva A, Gschwendt J, Loriot Y, Bellmunt J, Feng D, Evans K, Poehlein C, Powles T, Antonarakis ES, Drake CG, Wu H, Poehlein C, De Bono J, Bannerji R, Byrd J, Gregory G, Xiao C, Opat S, Shortt J, Yee AJ, Raje N, Thompson S, Balakumaran A, Kumar S, Rini BI, Choueiri TK, Mariani M, Holtzhausen A, Albiges L, Haanen JB, Atkins MB, Larkin J, Schmidinger M, Magazzù D, di Pietro A, Motzer RJ, Borch TH, Andersen R, Hanks BA, Kongsted P, Pedersen M, Nielsen M, Met Ö, Donia M, Svane IM, Boudadi K, Wang H, Vasselli J, Baughman JE, Scharping N, Wigginton J, Abdallah R, Ross A, Drake CG, Antonarakis ES, Canter RJ, Park J, Wang Z, Grossenbacher S, Luna JI, Menk AV, Withers S, Culp W, Chen M, Monjazeb A, Kent MS, Murphy WJ, Chandran S, Somerville R, Wunderlich J, Danforth D, Moreci R, Yang J, Sherry R, Klebanoff C, Goff S, Paria B, Sabesan A, Srivastava A, Rosenberg SA, Kammula U, Curti B, Whetstone R, Richards J, Faries M, Andtbacka RHI, Grose M, Shafren D, Diaz LA, Le DT, Yoshino T, André T, Bendell J, Dadey R, Koshiji M, Zhang Y, Kang SP, Lam B, Jäger D, Bauer TM, Wang JS, Lee JK, Manji GA, Kudchadkar R, Watkins S, Kauh JS, Tang S, Laing N, Falchook G, Garon EB, Halmos B, Rina H, Leighl N, Lee SS, Walsh W, Ferris R, Dragnev K, Piperdi B, Rodriguez LPA, Shinwari N, Wei Z, Gustafson MP, Maas ML, Deeds M, Armstrong A, Bornschlegl S, Delgoffe GM, Peterson T, Steinmetz S, Gastineau DA, Parney IF, Dietz AB, Herzog T, Backes FJ, Copeland L, Del Pilar Estevez Diz M, Hare TW, Peled J, Huh W, Kim BG, Moore KM, Oaknin A, Small W, Tewari KS, Monk BJ, Kamat AM, Bellmunt J, Choueiri TK, Devlin S, Nam K, De Santis M, Dreicer R, Hahn NM, Perini R, Siefker-Radtke A, Sonpavde G, de Wit R, Witjes JA, Keefe S, Staffas A, Bajorin D, Kline J, Armand P, Kuruvilla J, Moskowitz C, Hamadani M, Ribrag V, Zinzani PL, Chlosta S, Thompson S, Lumish M, Balakumaran A, Bartlett N, Kyi C, Sabado R, Saenger Y, William L, Donovan MJ, Sacris E, Mandeli J, Salazar AM, Rodriguez KP, Friedlander P, Bhardwaj N, Powderly J, Brody J, Nemunaitis J, Emens L, Luke JJ, Patnaik A, McCaffery I, Miller R, Ahr K, Laport G, Coveler AL, Smith DC, Grilley-Olson JE, Gajewski TF, Goel S, Gardai SJ, Law CL, Means G, Manley T, Perales M, Curti B, Marrone KA, Rosner G, Anagnostou V, Riemer J, Wakefield J, Zanhow C, Baylin S, Gitlitz B, Brahmer J, Giralt S, McDermott DF, Signoretti S, Li W, Schloss C, Michot JM, Armand P, Ding W, Ribrag V, Christian B, Balakumaran A, Taur Y, Marinello P, Chlosta S, Zhang Y, Shipp M, Zinzani PL, Najjar YG, Lin, Butterfield LH, Tarhini AA, Davar D, Pamer E, Zarour H, Rush E, Sander C, Kirkwood JM, Fu S, Bauer T, Molineaux C, Bennett MK, Orford KW, Papadopoulos KP, van den Brink MRM, Padda SK, Shah SA, Colevas AD, Narayanan S, Fisher GA, Supan D, Wakelee HA, Aoki R, Pegram MD, Villalobos VM, Jenq R, Liu J, Takimoto CH, Chao M, Volkmer JP, Majeti R, Weissman IL, Sikic BI, Page D, Yu W, Conlin A, Annels N, Ruzich J, Lewis S, Acheson A, Kemmer K, Perlewitz K, Moxon NM, Mellinger S, Bifulco C, Martel M, Koguchi Y, Pandha H, Fox B, Urba W, McArthur H, Pedersen M, Westergaard MCW, Borch TH, Nielsen M, Kongsted P, Juhler-Nøttrup T, Donia M, Simpson G, Svane IM, Desai J, Markman B, Sandhu S, Gan H, Friedlander ML, Tran B, Meniawy T, Lundy J, Colyer D, Mostafid H, Ameratunga M, Norris C, Yang J, Li K, Wang L, Luo L, Qin Z, Mu S, Tan X, Song J, Harrington K, Millward M, Katz MHG, Bauer TW, Varadhachary GR, Acquavella N, Merchant N, Petroni G, Slingluff CL, Rahma OE, Rini BI, Melcher A, Powles T, Chen M, Song Y, Puhlmann M, Atkins MB, Sathyanaryanan S, Hirsch HA, Shu J, Deshpande A, Khattri A, Grose M, Reeves J, Zi T, Brisson R, Harvey C, Michaelson J, Law D, Seiwert T, Shah J, Mateos MV, Matsumoto M, Davies B, Blacklock H, Rocafiguera AO, Goldschmidt H, Iida S, Yehuda DB, Ocio E, Rodríguez-Otero P, Jagannath S, Lonial S, Kher U, Au G, Marinello P, San-Miguel J, Shah J, Lonial S, de Oliveira MR, Yimer H, Mateos MV, Rifkin R, Schjesvold F, Ocio E, Karpathy R, Rodríguez-Otero P, San-Miguel J, Ghori R, Marinello P, Jagannath S, Spreafico A, Lee V, Ngan RKC, To KF, Ahn MJ, Shafren D, Ng QS, Hong RL, Lin JC, Swaby RF, Gause C, Saraf S, Chan ATC, Lam E, Tannir NM, Meric-Bernstam F, Ricca J, Vaishampayan U, Orford KW, Molineaux C, Gross M, MacKinnon A, Whiting S, Voss M, Yu EY, Wu H, Schloss C, Merghoub T, Albertini MR, Ranheim EA, Hank JA, Zuleger C, McFarland T, Collins J, Clements E, Weber S, Weigel T, Neuman H, Wolchok JD, Hartig G, Mahvi D, Henry M, Gan J, Yang R, Carmichael L, Kim K, Gillies SD, Sondel PM, Subbiah V, Zamarin D, Murthy R, Noffsinger L, Hendricks K, Bosch M, Lee JM, Lee MH, Garon EB, Goldman JW, Baratelli FE, Schaue D, Batista L, Wang G, Rosen F, Yanagawa J, Walser TC, Lin YQ, Adams S, Marincola FM, Tumeh PC, Abtin F, Suh R, Marliot F, Reckamp K, Wallace WD, Zeng G, Elashoff DA, Sharma S, Dubinett SM, Bhardwaj N, Friedlander P, Pavlick AC, Ernstoff MS, Vasaturo A, Gastman B, Hanks B, Albertini MR, Luke JJ, Keler T, Davis T, Vitale LA, Sharon E, Danaher P, Morishima C, Carpentier S, Cheever M, Fling S, Heery CR, Kim JW, Lamping E, Marte J, McMahon S, Cordes L, Fakhrejahani F, Madan R, Poggionovo C, Tsang K, Jochems C, Salazar R, Zhang M, Helwig C, Schlom J, Gulley JL, Li R, Amrhein J, Cohen Z, Frayssinet V, Champagne M, Kamat A, Aznar MA, Labiano S, Diaz-Lagares A, Esteller M, Sandoval J, Melero I, Barbee SD, Bellovin DI, Fieschi J, Timmer JC, Wondyfraw N, Johnson S, Park J, Chen A, Mkrtichyan M, Razai AS, Jones KS, Hata CY, Gonzalez D, Van den Eynde M, Deveraux Q, Eckelman BP, Borges L, Bhardwaj R, Puri RK, Suzuki A, Leland P, Joshi BH, Bartkowiak T, Jaiswal A, Pagès F, Ager C, Ai M, Budhani P, Chin R, Hong D, Curran M, Hastings WD, Pinzon-Ortiz M, Murakami M, Dobson JR, Galon J, Quinn D, Wagner JP, Rong X, Shaw P, Dammassa E, Guan W, Dranoff G, Cao A, Fulton RB, Leonardo S, Hermitte F, Fraser K, Kangas TO, Ottoson N, Bose N, Huhn RD, Graff J, Lowe J, Gorden K, Uhlik M, Vitale LA, Smith SG, O’Neill T, Widger J, Crocker A, He LZ, Weidlick J, Sundarapandiyan K, Ramakrishna V, Storey J, Thomas LJ, Goldstein J, Nguyen K, Marsh HC, Keler T, Grailer J, Gilden J, Stecha P, Garvin D, Hartnett J, Fan F, Cong M, Cheng ZJJ, Ravindranathan S, Hinner MJ, Aiba RSB, Schlosser C, Jaquin T, Allersdorfer A, Berger S, Wiedenmann A, Matschiner G, Schüler J, Moebius U, Koppolu B, Rothe C, Shane OA, Horton B, Spranger S, Gajewski TF, Moreira D, Adamus T, Zhao X, Swiderski P, Pal S, Zaharoff D, Kortylewski M, Kosmides A, Necochea K, Schneck J, Mahoney KM, Shukla SA, Patsoukis N, Chaudhri A, Pham H, Hua P, Schvartsman G, Bu X, Zhu B, Hacohen N, Wu CJ, Fritsch E, Boussiotis VA, Freeman GJ, Moran AE, Polesso F, Lukaesko L, Bassett R, Weinberg A, Rådestad E, Egevad L, Mattsson J, Sundberg B, Henningsohn L, Levitsky V, Uhlin M, Rafelson W, Reagan JL, McQuade JL, Fast L, Sasikumar P, Sudarshan N, Ramachandra R, Gowda N, Samiulla D, Chandrasekhar T, Adurthi S, Mani J, Nair R, Haydu LE, Dhudashia A, Gowda N, Ramachandra M, Sankin A, Gartrell B, Cumberbatch K, Huang H, Stern J, Schoenberg M, Zang X, Davies MA, Swanson R, Kornacker M, Evans L, Rickel E, Wolfson M, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Shekarian T, Simard F, Nailo R, Dutour A, Tawbi H, Jallas AC, Caux C, Marabelle A, Glitza I, Kline D, Chen X, Fosco D, Kline J, Overacre A, Chikina M, Brunazzi E, Shayan G, Horne W, Kolls J, Ferris RL, Delgoffe GM, Bruno TC, Workman C, Vignali D, Adusumilli PS, Ansa-Addo EA, Li Z, Gerry A, Sanderson JP, Howe K, Docta R, Gao Q, Bagg EAL, Tribble N, Maroto M, Betts G, Bath N, Melchiori L, Lowther DE, Ramachandran I, Kari G, Basu S, Binder-Scholl G, Chagin K, Pandite L, Holdich T, Amado R, Zhang H, Glod J, Bernstein D, Jakobsen B, Mackall C, Wong R, Silk JD, Adams K, Hamilton G, Bennett AD, Brett S, Jing J, Quattrini A, Saini M, Wiedermann G, Gerry A, Jakobsen B, Binder-Scholl G, Brewer J, Duong M, Lu A, Chang P, Mahendravada A, Shinners N, Slawin K, Spencer DM, Foster AE, Bayle JH, Bergamaschi C, Ng SSM, Nagy B, Jensen S, Hu X, Alicea C, Fox B, Felber B, Pavlakis G, Chacon J, Yamamoto T, Garrabrant T, Cortina L, Powell DJ, Donia M, Kjeldsen JW, Andersen R, 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S, Gangxiong H, Kleinerman ES, Klichinsky M, Ruella M, Shestova O, Kenderian S, Kim M, Scholler J, June CH, Gill S, Moogk D, Zhong S, Yu Z, Liadi I, Rittase W, Fang V, Dougherty J, Perez-Garcia A, Osman I, Zhu C, Varadarajan N, Restifo NP, Frey A, Krogsgaard M, Landi D, Fousek K, Mukherjee M, Shree A, Joseph S, Bielamowicz K, Byrd T, Ahmed N, Hegde M, Lee S, Byrd D, Thompson J, Bhatia S, Tykodi S, Delismon J, Chu L, Abdul-Alim S, Ohanian A, DeVito AM, Riddell S, Margolin K, Magalhaes I, Mattsson J, Uhlin M, Nemoto S, Villarroel PP, Nakagawa R, Mule JJ, Mailloux AW, Mata M, Nguyen P, Gerken C, DeRenzo C, Spencer DM, Gottschalk S, Mathieu M, Pelletier S, Stagg J, Turcotte S, Minutolo N, Sharma P, Tsourkas A, Powell DJ, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Mauer D, Drechsel K, Barth C, Freese K, Kolrep U, Schult S, Assenmacher M, Kaiser A, Mullinax J, Hall M, Le J, Kodumudi K, Royster E, Richards A, Gonzalez R, Sarnaik A, Pilon-Thomas S, Nielsen M, Krarup-Hansen A, Hovgaard D, Petersen MM, Loya AC, Junker N, Svane IM, Rivas C, Parihar R, Gottschalk S, Rooney CM, Qin H, Nguyen S, Su P, Burk C, Duncan B, Kim BH, Kohler ME, Fry T, Rao AA, Teyssier N, Pfeil J, Sgourakis N, Salama S, Haussler D, Richman SA, Nunez-Cruz S, Gershenson Z, Mourelatos Z, Barrett D, Grupp S, Milone M, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Robinson MK, Adams GP, Powell DJ, Santos J, Havunen R, Siurala M, Cervera-Carrascón V, Parviainen S, Antilla M, Hemminki A, Sethuraman J, Santiago L, Chen JQ, Dai Z, Wardell S, Bender J, Lotze MT, Sha H, Su S, Ding N, Liu B, Stevanovic S, Pasetto A, Helman SR, Gartner JJ, Prickett TD, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA, Hinrichs CS, Bhatia S, Burgess M, Zhang H, Lee T, Klingemann H, Soon-Shiong P, Nghiem P, Kirkwood JM, Rossi JM, Sherman M, Xue A, Shen YW, Navale L, Rosenberg SA, Kochenderfer JN, Bot A, Veerapathran A, Gokuldass A, Stramer A, Sethuraman J, Blaskovich MA, Wiener D, Frank I, Santiago L, Rabinovich B, Fardis M, Bender J, Lotze MT, Waller EK, Li JM, Petersen C, Blazar BR, Li J, Giver CR, Wang Z, Grossenbacher SK, Sturgill I, Canter RJ, Murphy WJ, Zhang C, Burger MC, Jennewein L, Waldmann A, Mittelbronn M, Tonn T, Steinbach JP, Wels WS, Williams JB, Zha Y, Gajewski TF, Williams LC, Krenciute G, Kalra M, Louis C, Gottschalk S, Xin G, Schauder D, Jiang A, Joshi N, Cui W, Zeng X, Menk AV, Scharping N, Delgoffe GM, Zhao Z, Hamieh M, Eyquem J, Gunset G, Bander N, Sadelain M, Askmyr D, Abolhalaj M, Lundberg K, Greiff L, Lindstedt M, Angell HK, Kim KM, Kim ST, Kim S, Sharpe AD, Ogden J, Davenport A, Hodgson DR, Barrett C, Lee J, Kilgour E, Hanson J, Caspell R, Karulin A, Lehmann P, Ansari T, Schiller A, Sundararaman S, Lehmann P, Hanson J, Roen D, Karulin A, Lehmann P, Ayers M, Levitan D, Arreaza G, Liu F, Mogg R, Bang YJ, O’Neil B, Cristescu R, Friedlander P, Wassman K, Kyi C, Oh W, Bhardwaj N, Bornschlegl S, Gustafson MP, Gastineau DA, Parney IF, Dietz AB, Carvajal-Hausdorf D, Mani N, Velcheti V, Schalper K, Rimm D, Chang S, Levy R, Kurland J, Krishnan S, Ahlers CM, Jure-Kunkel M, Cohen L, Maecker H, Kohrt H, Chen S, Crabill G, Pritchard T, McMiller T, Pardoll D, Pan F, Topalian S, Danaher P, Warren S, Dennis L, White AM, D’Amico L, Geller M, Disis ML, Beechem J, Odunsi K, Fling S, Derakhshandeh R, Webb TJ, Dubois S, Conlon K, Bryant B, Hsu J, Beltran N, Müller J, Waldmann T, Duhen R, Duhen T, Thompson L, Montler R, Weinberg A, Kates M, Early B, Yusko E, Schreiber TH, Bivalacqua TJ, Ayers M, Lunceford J, Nebozhyn M, Murphy E, Loboda A, Kaufman DR, Albright A, Cheng J, Kang SP, Shankaran V, Piha-Paul SA, Yearley J, Seiwert T, Ribas A, McClanahan TK, Cristescu R, Mogg R, Ayers M, Albright A, Murphy E, Yearley J, Sher X, Liu XQ, Nebozhyn M, Lunceford J, Joe A, Cheng J, Plimack E, Ott PA, McClanahan TK, Loboda A, Kaufman DR, Forrest-Hay A, Guyre CA, Narumiya K, Delcommenne M, Hirsch HA, Deshpande A, Reeves J, Shu J, Zi T, Michaelson J, Law D, Trehu E, Sathyanaryanan S, Hodkinson BP, Hutnick NA, Schaffer ME, Gormley M, Hulett T, Jensen S, Ballesteros-Merino C, Dubay C, Afentoulis M, Reddy A, David L, Fox B, Jayant K, Agrawal S, Agrawal R, Jeyakumar G, Kim S, Kim H, Silski C, Suisham S, Heath E, Vaishampayan U, Vandeven N, Viller NN, O’Connor A, Chen H, Bossen B, Sievers E, Uger R, Nghiem P, Johnson L, Kao HF, Hsiao CF, Lai SC, Wang CW, Ko JY, Lou PJ, Lee TJ, Liu TW, Hong RL, Kearney SJ, Black JC, Landis BJ, Koegler S, Hirsch B, Gianani R, Kim J, He MX, Zhang B, Su N, Luo Y, Ma XJ, Park E, Kim DW, Copploa D, Kothari N, doo Chang Y, Kim R, Kim N, Lye M, Wan E, Kim N, Lye M, Wan E, Kim N, Lye M, Wan E, Knaus HA, Berglund S, Hackl H, Karp JE, Gojo I, Luznik L, Hong HS, Koch SD, Scheel B, Gnad-Vogt U, Kallen KJ, Wiegand V, Backert L, Kohlbacher O, Hoerr I, Fotin-Mleczek M, Billingsley JM, Koguchi Y, Conrad V, Miller W, Gonzalez I, Poplonski T, Meeuwsen T, Howells-Ferreira A, Rattray R, Campbell M, Bifulco C, Dubay C, Bahjat K, Curti B, Urba W, Vetsika EK, Kallergi G, Aggouraki D, Lyristi Z, Katsarlinos P, Koinis F, Georgoulias V, Kotsakis A, Martin NT, Aeffner F, Kearney SJ, Black JC, Cerkovnik L, Pratte L, Kim R, Hirsch B, Krueger J, Gianani R, Martínez-Usatorre A, Jandus C, Donda A, Carretero-Iglesia L, Speiser DE, Zehn D, Rufer N, Romero P, Panda A, Mehnert J, Hirshfield KM, Riedlinger G, Damare S, Saunders T, Sokol L, Stein M, Poplin E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Silk A, Chan N, Frankel M, Kane M, Malhotra J, Aisner J, Kaufman HL, Ali S, Ross J, White E, Bhanot G, Ganesan S, Monette A, Bergeron D, Amor AB, Meunier L, Caron C, Morou A, Kaufmann D, Liberman M, Jurisica I, Mes-Masson AM, Hamzaoui K, Lapointe R, Mongan A, Ku YC, Tom W, Sun Y, Pankov A, Looney T, Au-Young J, Hyland F, Conroy J, Morrison C, Glenn S, Burgher B, Ji H, Gardner M, Mongan A, Omilian AR, Conroy J, Bshara W, Angela O, Burgher B, Ji H, Glenn S, Morrison C, Mongan A, Obeid JM, Erdag G, Smolkin ME, Deacon DH, Patterson JW, Chen L, Bullock TN, Slingluff CL, Obeid JM, Erdag G, Deacon DH, Slingluff CL, Bullock TN, Loffredo JT, Vuyyuru R, Beyer S, Spires VM, Fox M, Ehrmann JM, Taylor KA, Korman AJ, Graziano RF, Page D, Sanchez K, Ballesteros-Merino C, Martel M, Bifulco C, Urba W, Fox B, Patel SP, De Macedo MP, Qin Y, Reuben A, Spencer C, Guindani M, Bassett R, Wargo J, Racolta A, Kelly B, Jones T, Polaske N, Theiss N, Robida M, Meridew J, Habensus I, Zhang L, Pestic-Dragovich L, Tang L, Sullivan RJ, Logan T, Khushalani N, Margolin K, Koon H, Olencki T, Hutson T, Curti B, Roder J, Blackmon S, Roder H, Stewart J, Amin A, Ernstoff MS, Clark JI, Atkins MB, Kaufman HL, Sosman J, Weber J, McDermott DF, Weber J, Kluger H, Halaban R, Snzol M, Roder H, Roder J, Asmellash S, Steingrimsson A, Blackmon S, Sullivan RJ, Wang C, Roman K, Clement A, Downing S, Hoyt C, Harder N, Schmidt G, Schoenmeyer R, Brieu N, Yigitsoy M, Madonna G, Botti G, Grimaldi A, Ascierto PA, Huss R, Athelogou M, Hessel H, Harder N, Buchner A, Schmidt G, Stief C, Huss R, Binnig G, Kirchner T, Sellappan S, Thyparambil S, Schwartz S, Cecchi F, Nguyen A, Vaske C. 31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016): part one. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMCID: PMC5123387 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mata M, Gerken C, Spencer DM, Gottschalk S. MyD88/CD40-based inducible co-stimulation to improve CAR T cell therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4645182 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-p118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ahmed N, Brawley V, Hegde M, Bielamowicz K, Wakefield A, Ghazi A, Ashoori A, Diouf O, Gerken C, Landi D, Kalra M, Yi Z, Rooney C, Dotti G, Gee A, Heslop H, Gottschalk S, Powell S, Grossman R, Wels W, Kew Y, Baskin D, Zhang J, New P, Hicks J. Autologous HER2 CMV bispecific CAR T cells are safe and demonstrate clinical benefit for glioblastoma in a Phase I trial. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4645467 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-o11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
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Ahmed N, Brawley VS, Hegde M, Robertson C, Ghazi A, Gerken C, Liu E, Dakhova O, Ashoori A, Corder A, Gray T, Wu MF, Liu H, Hicks J, Rainusso N, Dotti G, Mei Z, Grilley B, Gee A, Rooney CM, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Wels WS, Wang LL, Anderson P, Gottschalk S. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) -Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells for the Immunotherapy of HER2-Positive Sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1688-96. [PMID: 25800760 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.58.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The outcome for patients with metastatic or recurrent sarcoma remains poor. Adoptive therapy with tumor-directed T cells is an attractive therapeutic option but has never been evaluated in sarcoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a phase I/II clinical study in which patients with recurrent/refractory human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -positive sarcoma received escalating doses (1 × 10(4)/m(2) to 1 × 10(8)/m(2)) of T cells expressing an HER2-specific chimeric antigen receptor with a CD28.ζ signaling domain (HER2-CAR T cells). RESULTS We enrolled 19 patients with HER2-positive tumors (16 osteosarcomas, one Ewing sarcoma, one primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and one desmoplastic small round cell tumor). HER2-CAR T-cell infusions were well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicity. At dose level 3 (1 × 10(5)/m(2)) and above, we detected HER2-CAR T cells 3 hours after infusion by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 14 of 16 patients. HER2-CAR T cells persisted for at least 6 weeks in seven of the nine evaluable patients who received greater than 1 × 10(6)/m(2) HER2-CAR T cells (P = .005). HER2-CAR T cells were detected at tumor sites of two of two patients examined. Of 17 evaluable patients, four had stable disease for 12 weeks to 14 months. Three of these patients had their tumor removed, with one showing ≥ 90% necrosis. The median overall survival of all 19 infused patients was 10.3 months (range, 5.1 to 29.1 months). CONCLUSION This first evaluation of the safety and efficacy of HER2-CAR T cells in patients with cancer shows the cells can persist for 6 weeks without evident toxicities, setting the stage for studies that combine HER2-CAR T cells with other immunomodulatory approaches to enhance their expansion and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Ahmed
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vita S Brawley
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meenakshi Hegde
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Catherine Robertson
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexia Ghazi
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudia Gerken
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Enli Liu
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aidin Ashoori
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Amanda Corder
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tara Gray
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meng-Fen Wu
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hao Liu
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Hicks
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nino Rainusso
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zhuyong Mei
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bambi Grilley
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Adrian Gee
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Iwahori K, Kakarla S, Velasquez MP, Yu F, Yi Z, Gerken C, Song XT, Gottschalk S. Engager T cells: a new class of antigen-specific T cells that redirect bystander T cells. Mol Ther 2014; 23:171-8. [PMID: 25142939 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with antigen-specific T cells has shown promise for the treatment of malignancies. However, infused T cells are unable to redirect resident T cells, limiting potential benefit. While the infusion of bispecific T-cell engagers can redirect resident T cells to tumors, these molecules have a short half-life, and do not self amplify. To overcome these limitations, we generated T cells expressing a secretable T-cell engager specific for CD3 and EphA2, an antigen expressed on a broad range of human tumors (EphA2-ENG T cells). EphA2-ENG T cells were activated and recognized tumor cells in an antigen-dependent manner, redirected bystander T cells to tumor cells, and had potent antitumor activity in glioma and lung cancer severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) xenograft models associated with a significant survival benefit. This new class of tumor-specific T cells, with the unique ability to redirect bystander T cells, may be a promising alternative to current immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Iwahori
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunitha Kakarla
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mireya P Velasquez
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Yu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zongzhen Yi
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia Gerken
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiao-Tong Song
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [4] Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [5] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Musial K, Zwolinska D, Vivarelli M, Gerken C, Pelle T, Pedicelli S, Diomedi F, Klaus G, Waldegger S, Emma F, Ronco P, Debiec H, Camilla R, Coppo R, Bellur S, Cattran D, Cook T, Feehally J, Troyanov S, Emma F, Giannakakis C, Amore A, Mazzucco G, Berg U, Soderberg M, Mizerska-Wasiak M. Paediatric nephrology - B. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Salsman VS, Chow KKH, Shaffer DR, Kadikoy H, Li XN, Gerken C, Perlaky L, Metelitsa LS, Gao X, Bhattacharjee M, Hirschi K, Heslop HE, Gottschalk S, Ahmed N. Crosstalk between medulloblastoma cells and endothelium triggers a strong chemotactic signal recruiting T lymphocytes to the tumor microenvironment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20267. [PMID: 21647415 PMCID: PMC3103535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can live and grow if they succeed in creating a favorable niche that often includes elements from the immune system. While T lymphocytes play an important role in the host response to tumor growth, the mechanism of their trafficking to the tumor remains poorly understood. We show here that T lymphocytes consistently infiltrate the primary brain cancer, medulloblastoma. We demonstrate, both in vitro and in vivo, that these T lymphocytes are attracted to tumor deposits only after the tumor cells have interacted with tumor vascular endothelium. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)" is the key chemokine molecule secreted by tumor cells which induces the tumor vascular endothelial cells to secrete the potent T lymphocyte attractant "Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted (RANTES)." This in turn creates a chemotactic gradient for RANTES-receptor bearing T lymphocytes. Manipulation of this pathway could have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita S. Salsman
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin K. H. Chow
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Shaffer
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Huseyin Kadikoy
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudia Gerken
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laszlo Perlaky
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leonid S. Metelitsa
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meena Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karen Hirschi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helen E. Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nabil Ahmed
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Louis C, Straathof K, Gerken C, Cooper-Havlik D, Torrano V, Lopez T, Bollard C, Gresik M, Weiss H, Gee A, Brenner M, Rooney C, Heslop H, Gottschalk S. 244: Treatment of Epstein Barr Virus Positive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Adoptively Transferred Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.12.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Martin GM, Gullickson G, Gerken C. Graduate medical education and certification in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1980; 61:291-7. [PMID: 7396680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation has certified 1608 physiatrists as diplomates, of whom 377 were certified in the years 1977 through 1979. For the 1979-1980 educational year, 516 of 608 residency positions were filled. Demographic analysis indicates 43% women and 52% foreign medical graduates (FMG) with an increasing female-to-male ratio and a decreasing ratio of FMGs to American medical graduates (AMGs). On the basis of proposed indices of productivity and quality and of results in the certifying procedures, the 62 currently accredited training programs show a wide distribution of effectiveness. A majority of programs are of good quality and are productive. A significant number apparently have problems that warrant critical self-analysis of all aspects of the educational endeavor. Increased productivity is needed in view of the shortage in the number of persons working in the specialty. Attention should center on recruitment and appointment of good residents, building of strong and effective faculties, and provision of stimulating, balanced educational experiences. Evaluation of competence is a dual function of the training programs and the specialty boards and is currently undergoing in-depth study under the sponsorship of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS).
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16
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Gerken C. Candidates' attitudes toward physical medicine and rehabilitation oral examination procedures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1975; 56:209-12. [PMID: 1137473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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