1
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Gilioli S, Giovanardi R, Gemelli A, Severini A, Roncaglia F, Carella A, Rossella F, Vanossi D, Marchetti A, Carmieli R, Fontanesi C, Pasquali L, Montecchi M, Ferrari C. Charge-transfer complexes: halogen-doped anthracene as a case of study. Chemistry 2024:e202400519. [PMID: 38651246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) crystals exhibit unique electronic and magnetic properties with interesting applications. We present a rational and easy guide which allows to foresee the effective charge transfer co-crystal production and that is based on the comparison of the frontier molecular orbital (MO) energies of a donor and acceptor couple. For the sake of comparison, theoretical calculations have been carried out by using the cheap and fast PM6 semiempirical Hamiltonian and pure HF/cc-pVTZ level of the theory. The results are then compared with experimental results obtained both by chemical (bromine and iodine were used as the acceptor) and electrochemical doping (exploiting an original experimental set-up by this laboratory: the electrochemical transistor). Infra-red vibrational experimental results and theoretically calculated spectra are compared to assess both the effective donor-acceptor (D/A) charge-transfer and transport mechanism (giant IRAV polaron signature). XPS spectra have been collected (carbon (1s) and iodine (3d5/2)) signals, yielding further evidence of the effective formation of the CT anthracene:iodine complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gilioli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Engineering Enzo Ferrari, DIEF, ITALY
| | - Roberto Giovanardi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Engineering Enzo Ferrari, DIEF, ITALY
| | - Andrea Gemelli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, DSCG, ITALY
| | - Andrea Severini
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, DSCG, ITALY
| | - Fabrizio Roncaglia
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, DSCG, ITALY
| | - Alberta Carella
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Physical Information and Mathematical Sciences, FIM, ITALY
| | - Francesco Rossella
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Faculty of Mathematical Physical and Natural Sciences, FIM, ITALY
| | - Davide Vanossi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Chemical Sciences and Geology, DSCG, ITALY
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Chemical Sciences and Geology, DSCG, ITALY
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Chemical Research Support, ISRAEL
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia: Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, of Engineering, Via Vignolese 10, 41125, MODENA, ITALY
| | | | | | - Camilla Ferrari
- Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, DIEF, ITALY
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2
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Girimonte A, Stefani A, Mucci C, Giovanardi R, Marchetti A, Innocenti M, Fontanesi C. Electrochemical Performance of Metal-Free Carbon-Based Catalysts from Different Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatments for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:173. [PMID: 38251138 PMCID: PMC10820196 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This research investigates the difference between products obtained through two hydrothermal carbonization treatments. Our aim is to synthesize metal-free, carbon-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to serve as efficient and cost-effective alternatives to platinum-based catalysts. Catalysts synthesized using the traditional hydrothermal approach exhibit a higher electrocatalytic activity for ORR in alkaline media, despite their more energy-intensive production process. The superior performance is attributed to differences in the particle morphology and the chemical composition of the particle surfaces. The presence of functional groups on the surfaces of catalysts obtained via a traditional approach significantly enhances ORR activity by facilitating deprotonation reactions in an alkaline environment. Our research aims to provide a reference for future investigations, shifting the focus to the fine-tuning of surface chemical compositions and morphologies of metal-free catalysts to enhance ORR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Girimonte
- Department of Engineering, DIEF, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.G.); (C.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Andrea Stefani
- Department of Physics, FIM, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Engineering, DIEF, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.G.); (C.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Roberto Giovanardi
- Department of Engineering, DIEF, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.G.); (C.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, DSCG, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry, “Ugo Schiff”, University of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering, DIEF, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.G.); (C.M.); (R.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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3
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Stefani A, Bogdan A, Pop F, Tassinari F, Pasquali L, Fontanesi C, Avarvari N. Spin-dependent electrochemistry and electrochemical enantioselective recognition with chiral methylated bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalenes. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204706. [PMID: 38014785 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantio-discrimination and spin-dependent electrochemistry (SDE), as a manifestation of the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, are important phenomena that can be probed by "chiral" electrochemistry. Here, we prepared chiralized surfaces of gold and nickel, to serve as working electrodes, through effective chemisorption of enantiopure dimethyl-bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (DM-BEDT-TTF) 1, tetramethyl-bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (TM-BEDT-TTF) 2, and their capped silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) aggregate by simple incubation of the metallic substrates. The effective chemisorption was checked by means of ultrahigh vacuum x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by electro-desorption experiments, i.e., cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans showing a first electro-desorption peak at about -1.0 V. The Au|1 and Au|2 chiral electrodes were successfully used in CV experiments exploiting chiral redox probes. Finally, the hybrid interfaces Ni|enantiopure 1 or 2|AgNPs served as working electrodes in SDE experiments. In particular, the hybrid chiral interfaces Ni|(R)-2|AgNPs and Ni|(S)-2|AgNPs exhibited a significant spin-filtering ability, as a manifestation of the CISS effect, with average spin polarization values of 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stefani
- Department of Physics, (FIM), University of Modena, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alexandra Bogdan
- University of Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, SOOMCC, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania and SOOMCC, Romania
| | - Flavia Pop
- University of Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Earth Science, (DSCG), University of Modena, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari," (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14, Km. 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari," (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- University of Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
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4
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Gupta A, Kumar A, Bhowmick DK, Fontanesi C, Paltiel Y, Fransson J, Naaman R. Does Coherence Affect the Multielectron Oxygen Reduction Reaction? J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9377-9384. [PMID: 37824289 PMCID: PMC10614294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the key for oxygen-based respiration and the operation of fuel cells. It involves the transmission of two pairs of electrons. We probed what type of interaction between the electrons is required to enable their efficient transfer into the oxygen. We show experimentally that the transfer of the electrons is controlled by the "hidden property" and present a theoretical model suggesting that it is related to coherent phase relations between the two electrons. Using spin polarization electrochemical measurements, with electrodes coated with different thicknesses of chiral coating, we confirm the special relation between the electrons. This relation is destroyed by multiple scattering events that result in the formation of hydrogen peroxide, which indicates a reduction in the ORR efficiency. Another indication for the possible role of coherence is the fluctuations in the reaction efficiency as a function of thickness of the chiral coated electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Gupta
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Deb Kumar Bhowmick
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department
di Ingegneria, DIEF, MO26, University of
Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Jonas Fransson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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5
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Stefani A, Innocenti M, Giurlani W, Calisi N, Pedio M, Felici R, Favaretto L, Melucci M, Zanardi C, Jones AC, Mishra S, Zema N, Fontanesi C. Spin-dependent charge transmission through chiral 2T3N self-assembled monolayer on Au. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:104701. [PMID: 37681700 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A gold surface is functionalized by chemisorption of the enantiopure N,N'-bis-[2,2';5',2″]tert-thiophene-5-yl methylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (2T3N), a chiral oligothiophene derivative, via overnight incubation in a 2T3N ethanol solution. The Au|2T3N interface is characterized by x-ray photoelectron circular dichroism and comparing x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and electro-desorption results. Charge transmission at the Au|2T3N| solution interface is characterized by recording the cyclic voltammetry of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) reversible redox couple, finding a charge transfer rate constant, k°, variation from 1 × 10-1 to 3.3 × 10-2 cm s-1, when comparing the bare Au and the Au|2T3N interfaces, respectively. The "anomalous" high value of k° found for the chiral Au|2T3N interface can be rationalized on the basis of the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect, as further proved by magnetic-conductive atomic force microscopy measurements at room temperature. A spin polarization of about 30% is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stefani
- Department of Physics (FIM), University of Modena, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff," University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff," University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Nicola Calisi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze (FI), Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIEF), University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence (FI), Italy
| | - Maddalena Pedio
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Via Pascoli s.n.c, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Roberto Felici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-SPIN, Via del Politecnico, 1, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Laura Favaretto
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Department of Physics (FIM), University of Modena, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Nicola Zema
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Physics (FIM), University of Modena, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze (FI), Italy
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6
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Privitera A, Faccio D, Giuri D, Latawiec EI, Genovese D, Tassinari F, Mummolo L, Chiesa M, Fontanesi C, Salvadori E, Cornia A, Wasielewski MR, Tomasini C, Sessoli R. Challenges in the Direct Detection of Chirality-induced Spin Selectivity: Investigation of Foldamer-based Donor-acceptor Dyads. Chemistry 2023:e202301005. [PMID: 37677125 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect was reported in several experiments disclosing a unique connection between chirality and electron spin. Recent theoretical works highlighted time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (trEPR) as a powerful tool to directly detect the spin polarization resulting from CISS. Here, we report a first attempt to detect CISS at the molecular level by linking the pyrene electron donor to the fullerene acceptor with chiral peptide bridges of different length and electric dipole moment. The dyads are investigated by an array of techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, steady-state and transient optical spectroscopies, and trEPR. Despite the promising energy alignment of the electronic levels, our multi-technique analysis reveals no evidence of electron transfer (ET), highlighting the challenges of spectroscopic detection of CISS. However, the analysis allows the formulation of guidelines for the design of chiral organic model systems suitable to directly probe CISS-polarized ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Privitera
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Faccio
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Demetra Giuri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabeth I Latawiec
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Damiano Genovese
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences and, INSTM Research Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Liviana Mummolo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "E. Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Cornia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences and, INSTM Research Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Claudia Tomasini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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7
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Giurlani W, Biffoli F, Fei L, Pizzetti F, Bonechi M, Fontanesi C, Innocenti M. Analytic procedure for the evaluation of copper intermetallic diffusion in electroplated gold coatings with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1269:341428. [PMID: 37290861 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of the intermetallic diffusion coefficient in the Cu-Au system is described based on energy dispersive X-ray techniques. XRF and EDS analysis were used to measure the thickness of the electroplated gold coating and the copper diffused through it, respectively. This information was used to obtain the diffusion coefficient through an equation based on Fick's law. Colour measurements and metallographic section analysis of the samples were also performed to evaluate alternative methods for a qualitative determination of diffusion rate. The thickness of the gold layer was chosen in agreement with what is used in decorative and functional applications (<1 μm). The measurements were performed on samples heated in a range of temperatures between 100 °C and 200 °C from 12 to 96 h. The results obtained follow a linear trend between the logarithm of the diffusion coefficient and the inverse of the temperature and are in line with the values found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, (FI), Italy.
| | - Fabio Biffoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fei
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Federico Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Marco Bonechi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, (FI), Italy; Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, (FI), Italy; National Research Council-Organometallic Compounds Chemistry Institute (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto F.no, (FI), Italy; Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto F.no, (FI), Italy.
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8
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Kawondera R, Bonechi M, Maccioni I, Giurlani W, Salzillo T, Venuti E, Mishra D, Fontanesi C, Innocenti M, Mehlana G, Mtangi W. Chiral "doped" MOFs: an electrochemical and theoretical integrated study. Front Chem 2023; 11:1215619. [PMID: 37614707 PMCID: PMC10442718 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1215619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports on the electrochemical behaviour of Fe and Zn based metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds, which are "doped" with chiral molecules, namely: cysteine and camphor sulfonic acid. Their electrochemical behaviour was thoroughly investigated via "solid-state" electrochemical measurements, exploiting an "ad hoc" tailored experimental set-up: a paste obtained by carefully mixing the MOF with graphite powder is deposited on a glassy carbon (GC) surface. The latter serves as the working electrode (WE) in cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Infrared (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and absorbance (UV-Vis) techniques are exploited for a further characterization of the MOFs' structural and electronic properties. The experimental results are then compared with DFT based quantum mechanical calculations. The electronic and structural properties of the MOFs synthesized in this study depend mainly on the type of metal center, and to a minor extent on the chemical nature of the dopant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufaro Kawondera
- Institute of Materials Science, Processing and Engineering Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Marco Bonechi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Irene Maccioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Debabrata Mishra
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Firenze, Italy
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF), University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Firenze, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Florence, Italy
| | - Gift Mehlana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Wilbert Mtangi
- Institute of Materials Science, Processing and Engineering Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
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9
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Stummo A, Montecchi M, Parenti F, Vanossi D, Fontanesi C, Capelli R, Pasquali L. Growth Dynamics of Ultrathin Films of Benzo[1,2- b:4,5- b']dithiophene Derivatives on Au(111): A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation. Langmuir 2023; 39:5602-5609. [PMID: 37027516 PMCID: PMC10116645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin films of a stereoisomeric mixture of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene derivatives were grown by thermal evaporation in vacuum on Au(111), and they were studied in situ by photoelectron spectroscopy. X-ray photons from a non-monochromatic Mg Kα conventional X-ray source and UV photons from a He I discharge lamp equipped with a linear polarizer were used. He I photoemission results were compared with density functional theory (DFT) calculations: density of states (DOS) and 3D molecular orbital density distribution. Au 4f, C 1s, O 1s, and S 2p core-level components suggest a surface rearrangement as a function of film nominal thickness, with the variation of the molecular orientation, from flat-laying at the initial deposition to tilted toward the surface normal at coverages exceeding 2 nm. Eventually, the DFT results were exploited in assigning of the valence band experimental structures. Moreover, polarization-dependent photoemission confirmed the tilted arrangement of the molecules, starting at 2 nm. A variation of the work function of 1.4 eV with respect to the clean substrate was measured, together with a valence band offset of 1.3 eV between the organic layer and gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Stummo
- Department
of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Montecchi
- Department
of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Parenti
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Vanossi
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department
of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Capelli
- Department
of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14, Km. 163.5 in
AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Department
of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14, Km. 163.5 in
AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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10
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Gupta A, Sang Y, Fontanesi C, Turin L, Naaman R. Effect of Anesthesia Gases on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1756-1761. [PMID: 36779610 PMCID: PMC9940288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of high importance, among others, because of its role in cellular respiration and in the operation of fuel cells. Recently, a possible relation between respiration and general anesthesia has been found. This work aims to explore whether anesthesia related gases affect the ORR. In ORR, oxygen which is in its triplet ground state is reduced to form products that are all in the singlet state. While this process is "in principle" forbidden because of spin conservation, it is known that if the electrons transferred in the ORR are spin-polarized, the reaction occurs efficiently. Here we show, in electrochemical experiments, that the efficiency of the oxygen reduction is reduced by the presence of general anesthetics in solution. We suggest that a spin-orbit coupling to the anesthetics depolarizes the spins. This causes both a reduction in reaction efficiency and a change in the reaction products. The findings may point to a possible relation between ORR efficiency and anesthetic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Gupta
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yutao Sang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Dip.
di Ingegneria, DIEF, MO26, University of
Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Turin
- Health
Sciences, The University of Buckingham Medical
School, Buckingham MK18 1EG, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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11
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Solano F, Inaudi P, Abollino O, Giacomino A, Chiesa M, Salvadori E, Kociok-Kohn G, da Como E, Salzillo T, Fontanesi C. Charge transfer modulation in charge transfer co-crystals driven by crystal structure morphology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18816-18823. [PMID: 35904064 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01408d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic properties of a charge-transfer (donor-acceptor) semiconducting organic co-crystal, Perylene:F4-TCNQ (PE:F4) (the donor, D, is PE and the acceptor, A, is 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8 tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4)) in its 3 : 2 stoichiometry, are experimentally and theoretically studied. This is performed by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid state electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements on single crystals. In particular, solid state electrochemistry proves to be an effective tool to probe, on a macroscopic scale, the electronic characteristics of the co-crystal. However, EPR highlights the presence of spin ½ radicals localized on F4 molecules, possibly linked to defects. The experimental findings are discussed on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) based calculations, carried out using both the projector augmented wave (PAW), with "periodic boundary conditions" (pbc), method and the localized orbitals, molecular cluster, approach. In particular, a satisfying agreement is found between the experimental, 0.336 eV (electrochemical), and theoretical, 0.303 eV (PAW), band gaps. Differences with the reported optical bandgap are discussed considering excitonic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Solano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Inaudi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | - Agnese Giacomino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Giuria 9, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Kohn
- Material and Chemical Characterization Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, DIEF, via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, FI, Italy
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12
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Bonechi M, Giurlani W, Innocenti M, Pasini D, Mishra S, Giovanardi R, Fontanesi C. On the Dynamics of the Carbon-Bromine Bond Dissociation in the 1-Bromo-2-Methylnaphthalene Radical Anion. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144539. [PMID: 35889412 PMCID: PMC9319363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper studies the mechanism of electrochemically induced carbon-bromine dissociation in 1-Br-2-methylnaphalene in the reduction regime. In particular, the bond dissociation of the relevant radical anion is disassembled at a molecular level, exploiting quantum mechanical calculations including steady-state, equilibrium and dissociation dynamics via dynamic reaction coordinate (DRC) calculations. DRC is a molecular-dynamic-based calculation relying on an ab initio potential surface. This is to achieve a detailed picture of the dissociation process in an elementary molecular detail. From a thermodynamic point of view, all the reaction paths examined are energetically feasible. The obtained results suggest that the carbon halogen bond dissociates following the first electron uptake follow a stepwise mechanism. Indeed, the formation of the bromide anion and an organic radical occurs. The latter reacts to form a binaphthalene intrinsically chiral dimer. This paper is respectfully dedicated to Professors Anny Jutand and Christian Amatore for their outstanding contribution in the field of electrochemical catalysis and electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonechi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.B.); (W.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (C.F.)
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
| | - Roberto Giovanardi
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (C.F.)
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13
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Bonechi M, Giurlani W, Stefani A, Marchetti A, Innocenti M, Fontanesi C. Resorcinol Electropolymerization process obtained via Electrochemical Oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Campeggio J, Volkov V, Innocenti M, Giurlani W, Fontanesi C, Zerbetto M, Pagliai M, Lavacchi A, Chelli R. Ethanol electro-oxidation reaction on the Pd(111) surface in alkaline media: insights from quantum and molecular mechanics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12569-12579. [PMID: 35579265 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00909a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ethanol electro-oxidation catalyzed by Pd in an alkaline environment involves several intermediate reaction steps promoted by the hydroxyl radical, OH. In this work, we report on the dynamical paths of the first step of this oxidation reaction, namely the hydrogen atom abstraction CH3CH2OH + OH → CH3CHOH + H2O, occurring at the Pd(111) surface and address the thermodynamic stability of the adsorbed reactants by means of quantum and molecular mechanics calculations, with special focus on the effect of the solvent. We have found that the impact of the solvent is significant for both ethanol and OH, contributing to a decrease in their adsorption free energies by a few dozen kcal mol-1 with respect to the adsorption energy under vacuum. Furthermore, we observe that hydrogen atom abstraction is enhanced for those simulation paths featuring large surface-reactant distances, namely, when the reactants weakly interact with the catalyst. The picture emerging from our study is therefore that of a catalyst whose coverage in an aqueous environment is largely dominated by OH with respect to ethanol. Nevertheless, only a small amount of them, specifically those weakly bound to the catalyst, is really active in the ethanol electro-oxidation reaction. These results open the idea of a rational design of co-catalysts based on the tuning of surface chemical properties to eventually enhance exchange current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Campeggio
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
| | - Victor Volkov
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, Modena, 41121, Italy
| | - Mirco Zerbetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
| | | | - Riccardo Chelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
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15
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Vizza M, Marcantelli P, Giovani C, Giurlani W, Giusti P, Fontanesi C, Innocenti M. Low-Cost Potentiometric Sensor for Chloride Measurement in Continuous Industrial Process Control. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103087. [PMID: 35630562 PMCID: PMC9144062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the new updates in legislation about drinking water control and human health have increased the demand for novel electrochemical low-cost sensors, such as potentiometric ones. Nowadays, the determination of chloride ion in aqueous solutions has attracted great attention in several fields, from industrial processes to drinking water control. Indeed, chloride plays a crucial role in corrosion, also influencing the final taste of beverages, especially coffee. The main goal is to obtain devices suitable for continuous and real-time analysis. For these reasons, we investigated the possibility to develop an easy, low-cost potentiometric chloride sensor, able to perform analysis in aqueous mediums for long immersion time and reducing the need of periodic calibration. We realized a chloride ion selective electrode made of Ag/AgCl sintered pellet and we tested its response in model solutions compatible with drinking water. The sensor was able to produce a stable, reproducible, and accurate quantification of chloride in 900 s, without the need for a preliminary calibration test. This opens the route to potential applications of this sensor in continuous, in situ, and real time measurement of chloride ions in industrial processes, with a reduced need for periodic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vizza
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; (P.M.); (C.G.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (M.I.)
| | - Patrick Marcantelli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; (P.M.); (C.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Claudia Giovani
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; (P.M.); (C.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; (P.M.); (C.G.); (W.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - Paolo Giusti
- CDR S.R.L., Via degli Artigiani 6, 50055 Ginestra Fiorentina, FI, Italy;
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, MO, Italy;
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; (P.M.); (C.G.); (W.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, FI, Italy
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (M.I.)
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16
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Stefani A, Giurlani W, Bonechi M, Marchetti A, Preda G, Pasini D, Innocenti M, Fontanesi C. On the Savéant's Concerted/Stepwise Model. The Electroreduction of Halogenated Naphthalene Derivatives as a Case Study. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stefani
- Department of Physics, (FIM) Univ. of Modena Via Campi 213/A 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry, “Ugo Schiff” Univ. of Firenze via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Marco Bonechi
- Department of Chemistry, “Ugo Schiff” Univ. of Firenze via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, DSCG Univ. of Modena Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Giovanni Preda
- Department of Chemistry Univ. of Pavia via Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry Univ. of Pavia via Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry, “Ugo Schiff” Univ. of Firenze via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Material Science and Technology (INSTM) Via G. Giusti 9 50121 Firenze (FI) Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI) Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto F.no (FI) Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIEF) University of Florence Via di S. Marta, 3 50139 Firenze Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, (DIEF) Univ. of Modena Via Vivarelli 10 41125 Modena Italy
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17
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Bruno C, Ussano E, Barucca G, Vanossi D, Valenti G, Jackson EA, Goldoni A, Litti L, Fermani S, Pasquali L, Meneghetti M, Fontanesi C, Scott LT, Paolucci F, Marcaccio M. Wavy graphene sheets from electrochemical sewing of corannulene. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8048-8057. [PMID: 34194694 PMCID: PMC8208314 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of non-hexagonal rings in the honeycomb carbon arrangement of graphene produces rippled graphene layers with valuable chemical and physical properties. In principle, a bottom-up approach to introducing distortion from planarity of a graphene sheet can be achieved by careful insertion of curved polyaromatic hydrocarbons during the growth of the lattice. Corannulene, the archetype of such non-planar polyaromatic hydrocarbons, can act as an ideal wrinkling motif in 2D carbon nanostructures. Herein we report an electrochemical bottom-up method to obtain egg-box shaped nanographene structures through a polycondensation of corannulene that produces a new conducting layered material. Characterization of this new polymeric material by electrochemistry, spectroscopy, electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), scanning probe microscopy, and laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry provides strong evidence that the anodic polymerization of corannulene, combined with electrochemically induced oxidative cyclodehydrogenations (Scholl reactions), leads to polycorannulene with a wavy graphene-like structure. A bottom-up synthesis of wavy graphene structures obtained through an anodic polymerization process, combined with an electrochemically triggered oxidative cyclodehydrogenation, of the bowl-shaped polyaromatic hydrocarbon corannulene.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bruno
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Eleonora Ussano
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Gianni Barucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche via Brecce Bianche 12 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Davide Vanossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia via Campi 183 41100 Modena Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Edward A Jackson
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467-3860 USA
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park 34012 Trieste Italy
| | - Lucio Litti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Luca Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria 'E. Ferrari', Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Via Vivarelli 10 41125 Modena Italy .,Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park 34012 Trieste Italy
| | - Moreno Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria 'E. Ferrari', Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Via Vivarelli 10 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Lawrence T Scott
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467-3860 USA .,Chemistry Department, University of Nevada Reno NV 89511 USA
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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18
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Bonechi M, Innocenti M, Vanossi D, Fontanesi C. The Fundamental and Underrated Role of the Base Electrolyte in the Polymerization Mechanism. The Resorcinol Case Study. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:34-42. [PMID: 33351623 PMCID: PMC8016188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Kane-Maguire polymerization mechanism is disassembled at a molecular level by using DFT-based quantum mechanical calculations. Resorcinol electropolymerization is selected as a case study. Stationary points (transition states and intermediate species) leading to the formation of the dimer are found on the potential energy surface (PES), and elementary reactions involved in the dimer formation are characterized. The latter allow to further propagate the polymerization chain reaction, when applied recursively. In this paper, the fundamental role of the sulfate anion (a typical base electrolyte) is addressed. Investigation of the PES in terms of both stationary-state properties and of ab initio molecular dynamics results (dynamic reaction coordinate) allows the appreciation in detail of the critical role of the base electrolyte anion in making the proton dissociation from the initial radical ion, a feasible (downhill in energy) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonechi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Davide Vanossi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
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19
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Bloom BP, Lu Y, Metzger T, Yochelis S, Paltiel Y, Fontanesi C, Mishra S, Tassinari F, Naaman R, Waldeck DH. Asymmetric reactions induced by electron spin polarization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21570-21582. [PMID: 32697241 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Essential aspects of the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect and their implications for spin-controlled chemistry and asymmetric electrochemical reactions are described. The generation of oxygen through electrolysis is discussed as an example in which chirality-based spin-filtering and spin selection rules can be used to improve the reaction's efficiency and selectivity. Next the discussion shifts to illustrate how the spin selectivity of chiral molecules (CISS properties) allows one to use the electron spin as a chiral bias for inducing asymmetric reactions and promoting enantiospecific processes. Two enantioselective electrochemical reactions that have used polarized electron spins as a chiral reagent are described; enantioselective electroreduction to resolve an enantiomer from a racemic mixture and an oxidative electropolymerization to generate a chiral polymer from achiral monomers. A complementary approach that has used spin-polarized, but otherwise achiral, molecular films to enantiospecifically associate with one enantiomer from a racemic mixture is also discussed. Each of these reaction types use magnetized films to generate the spin polarized electrons and the enantiospecificity can be selected by choice of the magnetization direction, North pole versus South pole. Possible paths for future research in this area and its compatibility with existing methods based on chiral electrodes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Bloom
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Y Lu
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Tzuriel Metzger
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", DIEF, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ron Naaman
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - D H Waldeck
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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20
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Metzger TS, Mishra S, Bloom BP, Goren N, Neubauer A, Shmul G, Wei J, Yochelis S, Tassinari F, Fontanesi C, Waldeck DH, Paltiel Y, Naaman R. The Electron Spin as a Chiral Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzuriel S. Metzger
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Brian P. Bloom
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Naama Goren
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Avner Neubauer
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Guy Shmul
- Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Jimeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, DIEF University of Modena and Reggio Emilia 41125 Modena Italy
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
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21
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Giurlani W, Cavallini M, Picca RA, Cioffi N, Passaponti M, Fontanesi C, Lavacchi A, Innocenti M. Underpotential‐Assisted Electrodeposition of Highly Crystalline and Smooth Thin Film of Bismuth. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di Firenze via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Department of ChemistryUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” via Edoardo Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Department of ChemistryUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” via Edoardo Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Maurizio Passaponti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di Firenze via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Via Pietro Vivarelli 10 41125 Modena Italy
| | | | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di Firenze via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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22
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Innocenti M, Passaponti M, Giurlani W, Giacomino A, Pasquali L, Giovanardi R, Fontanesi C. Spin dependent electrochemistry: Focus on chiral vs achiral charge transmission through 2D SAMs adsorbed on gold. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Metzger TS, Mishra S, Bloom BP, Goren N, Neubauer A, Shmul G, Wei J, Yochelis S, Tassinari F, Fontanesi C, Waldeck DH, Paltiel Y, Naaman R. The Electron Spin as a Chiral Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1653-1658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzuriel S. Metzger
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Brian P. Bloom
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Naama Goren
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Avner Neubauer
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Guy Shmul
- Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Jimeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, DIEF University of Modena and Reggio Emilia 41125 Modena Italy
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
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24
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Tassinari F, Steidel J, Paltiel S, Fontanesi C, Lahav M, Paltiel Y, Naaman R. Enantioseparation by crystallization using magnetic substrates. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5246-5250. [PMID: 31191879 PMCID: PMC6540959 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantiospecific crystallization of the three amino acids asparagine (Asn), glutamic acid hydrochloride (Glu·HCl) and threonine (Thr), induced by ferromagnetic (FM) substrates, is reported.
Enantiospecific crystallization of the three amino acids asparagine (Asn), glutamic acid hydrochloride (Glu·HCl) and threonine (Thr), induced by ferromagnetic (FM) substrates, is reported. The FM substrates were prepared by evaporating nickel capped with a thin gold layer on standard silicon wafers. Magnets were positioned underneath the substrate with either their North (N) or South (S) poles pointing up. Asymmetric induction, controlled by the magnetic substrates, was demonstrated for the crystallization of the pure enantiomers and was then extended for the racemic mixtures of Asn and Glu·HCl. In the case of the solution of the pure enantiomers, the l enantiomer was crystallized preferentially at one pole of the magnet and the d enantiomer at the other. Consequently, the racemates of Asn and Glu·HCl undergo separation under the influence of the magnetic substrate. With Thr, however, despite the enantiospecific interactions of the pure enantiomers with the FM, no separation of the emerging crystals could be achieved with the racemates, although they crystallize as conglomerates, implying differences taking place in the crystallization step. The results reported here are not directly related to the magnetic field, but rather to the aligned spins within the ferromagnets. The findings provide a novel method for resolving enantiomers by crystallization and offer a new perspective for a possible role played by magnetic substrates regarding the origin of chirality in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , 234 Herzl Street , Rehovot 76100 , Israel .
| | - Jakob Steidel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , 234 Herzl Street , Rehovot 76100 , Israel .
| | - Shahar Paltiel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , 234 Herzl Street , Rehovot 76100 , Israel .
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari" , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Pietro Vivarelli 10 , Modena 41125 , Italy
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , 234 Herzl Street , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Department of Applied Physics , Center for Nano Science and Nanotechnology , Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Balfour Street , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , 234 Herzl Street , Rehovot 76100 , Israel .
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25
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Benincori T, Arnaboldi S, Magni M, Grecchi S, Cirilli R, Fontanesi C, Mussini PR. Highlighting spin selectivity properties of chiral electrode surfaces from redox potential modulation of an achiral probe under an applied magnetic field. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2750-2757. [PMID: 30996993 PMCID: PMC6419932 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impressive spin-related effects are observed in cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments performed under an applied magnetic field on a non-ferromagnetic electrode modified with a thin electroactive oligothiophene film, either "inherently chiral" or featuring chiral pendants with stereogenic centres. When flipping the magnet's north/south orientation, the CV peaks of two achiral, chemically reversible Fe(iii)/Fe(ii) redox couples in aqueous or organic solution undergo impressive potential shifts (up to nearly 0.5 V depending on protocol conditions), specularly by changing the film's (R)- or (S)-configuration. The magnitude of the potential shift decreases upon increasing both the polymer film thickness and the distance between the permanent magnet and the electrode surface. Such unprecedented spin-related redox potential modulation, obtained in the absence of a magnetic electrode acting as a spin injector, provides striking evidence (as well as an attractive evaluation criterion) of the spin selectivity properties of chiral thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 , Como , Italy
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Mirko Magni
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 , Roma , Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari" , Università degli Studi di Modena , Via Vivarelli 10 , 41125 , Modena , Italy .
| | - Patrizia Romana Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
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26
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Capelli R, Da Como E, Kociok-Köhn G, Fontanesi C, Verna A, Pasquali L. Quantitative resonant soft x-ray reflectivity from an organic semiconductor single crystal. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:094707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5080800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Capelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari,” Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- IOM-CNR Institute, Area Science Park, SS 14 Km, 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E. Da Como
- Department of Physics, Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials (CPPM), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - G. Kociok-Köhn
- Material and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - C. Fontanesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari,” Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - A. Verna
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - L. Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari,” Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- IOM-CNR Institute, Area Science Park, SS 14 Km, 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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27
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Mishra S, Poonia VS, Fontanesi C, Naaman R, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ. Effect of Oxidative Damage on Charge and Spin Transport in DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:123-126. [PMID: 30541275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A Hall device was used for measuring spin polarization on electrons that are either reorganized within the molecules or transmitted through the self-assembled monolayers of DNA adsorbed on the device surface. We were able to observe spin-dependent charge polarization and charge transport through double-stranded DNA of various lengths and through double-stranded DNA containing oxidative damage. We found enhancement in the spin-dependent transport through oxidatively damaged DNA. This phenomenon can be rationalized either by assuming that the damaged DNA is characterized by a higher barrier for conduction or by charge transfer through the DNA being conducted through at least two channels, one involves the bases and is highly conductive but less spin selective, while the other pathway is mainly through the ribophosphate backbone and it is the minor one in terms of charge transmission efficiency, but it is highly spin selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Vishvendra S Poonia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Dip. di Ingegneria , DIEF, MO26 , Via P. Vivarelli 10 , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Aaron M Fleming
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 S. 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
| | - Cynthia J Burrows
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 S. 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
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28
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Gazzotti M, Arnaboldi S, Grecchi S, Giovanardi R, Cannio M, Pasquali L, Giacomino A, Abollino O, Fontanesi C. Spin-dependent electrochemistry: Enantio-selectivity driven by chiral-induced spin selectivity effect. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Fontanesi C, Capua E, Paltiel Y, Waldeck DH, Naaman R. Spin-Dependent Processes Measured without a Permanent Magnet. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1707390. [PMID: 29736985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel Hall circuit design that can be incorporated into a working electrode, which is used to probe spin-selective charge transfer and charge displacement processes, is reviewed herein. The general design of a Hall circuit based on a semiconductor heterostructure, which forms a shallow 2D electron gas and is used as an electrode, is described. Three different types of spin-selective processes have been studied with this device in the past: i) photoinduced charge exchange between quantum dots and the working electrode through chiral molecules is associated with spin polarization that creates a local magnetization and generates a Hall voltage; ii) charge polarization of chiral molecules by an applied voltage is accompanied by a spin polarization that generates a Hall voltage; and iii) cyclic voltammetry (current-voltage) measurements of electrochemical redox reactions that can be spin-analyzed by the Hall circuit to provide a third dimension (spin) in addition to the well-known current and voltage dimensions. The three studies reviewed open new doors into understanding both the spin current and the charge current in electronic materials and electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyal Capua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Department of Applied Physics and Center for Nano Science and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - David H Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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30
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Kumar A, Capua E, Fontanesi C, Carmieli R, Naaman R. Injection of Spin-Polarized Electrons into a AlGaN/GaN Device from an Electrochemical Cell: Evidence for an Extremely Long Spin Lifetime. ACS Nano 2018; 12:3892-3897. [PMID: 29617105 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Spin-polarized electrons are injected from an electrochemical cell through a chiral self-assembled organic monolayer into a AlGaN/GaN device in which a shallow two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layer is formed. The injection is monitored by a microwave signal that indicates a coherent spin lifetime that exceeds 10 ms at room temperature. The signal was found to be magnetic field independent; however, it depends on the current of the injected electrons, on the length of the chiral molecules, and on the existence of 2DEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Eyal Capua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari" , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Vivarelli 10 , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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31
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Mondal PC, Fontanesi C. Electrochemistry of Metalloproteins Attached through Functional Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold and Ferromagnetic Electrodes. Chemphyschem 2017; 19:60-66. [PMID: 29124840 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the experimental results of a study of the electron-transfer processes of redox-active metalloproteins bound to mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on magnetic (nickel or ultrathin gold-coated nickel) or nonmagnetic (gold) electrodes. Metalloproteins, such as hemoglobin (Hb), Cytochrome C (Cyt C), and Cyt C oxidase, are attached through electrostatic interactions to the free carboxylate or imidazole groups present in the mixed SAMs. The formation of both mixed SAMs and SAM/metalloprotein heterostructures were confirmed by using advanced surface analysis techniques, such as polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and aqueous contact angle measurements. Electrochemical measurements indicated a stronger electronic coupling between Hb and Cyt C oxidase and the mixed-SAM-coated gold or gold-coated-nickel electrodes, whereas a weaker coupling was found between the protein and the pure nickel electrode. Surface coverage and the electron-transfer rate constant were estimated from the cyclic voltammetry data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,National Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2M9, AB (Canada
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,DIEF, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy
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32
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Kumar A, Capua E, Vankayala K, Fontanesi C, Naaman R. Magnetless Device for Conducting Three-Dimensional Spin-Specific Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Eyal Capua
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Kiran Vankayala
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | | | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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33
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Kumar A, Capua E, Vankayala K, Fontanesi C, Naaman R. Magnetless Device for Conducting Three-Dimensional Spin-Specific Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14587-14590. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Eyal Capua
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Kiran Vankayala
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | | | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical Physics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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34
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Sassi M, Salamone MM, Beverina L, Longoni G, Fontanesi C, Vanossi D, Cigarini L, Ruffo R. An Integrated Theoretical/Experimental Study of Quinolinic-Isoquinolinic Derivatives Acting as Reversible Electrochromes. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10070802. [PMID: 28773162 PMCID: PMC5551845 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of compounds, featuring an ethenylic bridge and quinoline and isoquinoline end capping units possessing systematically varied substitution patterns, were prepared as molecular materials for electrochromic applications. The different structures were optimized in order to maximize the electrochromic contrast in the visible region, mostly by achieving a completely UV-absorbing oxidized state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are exploited in order to rationalize the correlation between the molecular structure, the functional groups' electronic properties, and the electrochemical behavior. It is shown that the molecular planarity (i.e. ring/ring π conjugation) plays a major role in defining the mechanism of the electrochemical charge transfer reaction, while the substituent's nature has an influence on the LUMO energy. Among the compounds here studied, the (E)-10-methyl-9-(2-(2-methylisoquinolinium-1-yl)-vinyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacri-dinium trifluoromethanesulfonate derivative shows the most interesting properties as an electrochromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Sassi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Matteo M Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luca Beverina
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Longoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Davide Vanossi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Luigi Cigarini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Ruffo
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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35
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Benedetti L, Borsari M, Fontanesi C, Battistuzzi Gavioli G. Kinetics of compact layer formation and growth of 1,10-phenanthroline at the electrode surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/jcp/1990871597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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36
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Mtangi W, Tassinari F, Vankayala K, Vargas Jentzsch A, Adelizzi B, Palmans ARA, Fontanesi C, Meijer EW, Naaman R. Control of Electrons' Spin Eliminates Hydrogen Peroxide Formation During Water Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2794-2798. [PMID: 28132505 PMCID: PMC5330654 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
production of hydrogen through water splitting in a photoelectrochemical
cell suffers from an overpotential that limits the efficiencies. In
addition, hydrogen-peroxide formation is identified as a competing
process affecting the oxidative stability of photoelectrodes. We impose
spin-selectivity by coating the anode with chiral organic semiconductors
from helically aggregated dyes as sensitizers; Zn-porphyrins and triarylamines.
Hydrogen peroxide formation is dramatically suppressed, while the
overall current through the cell, correlating with the water splitting
process, is enhanced. Evidence for a strong spin-selection in the
chiral semiconductors is presented by magnetic conducting (mc-)AFM
measurements, in which chiral and achiral Zn-porphyrins are compared.
These findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanism
of spin selectivity in multiple electron-transfer reactions and pave
the way toward better chiral dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Mtangi
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kiran Vankayala
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Adelizzi
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
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Molecular spintronics (spin + electronics), which aims to exploit
both the spin degree of freedom and the electron charge in molecular
devices, has recently received massive attention. Our recent experiments
on molecular spintronics employ chiral molecules which have the unexpected
property of acting as spin filters, by way of an effect we call “chiral-induced spin selectivity” (CISS). In this
Account, we discuss new types of spin-dependent electrochemistry measurements
and their use to probe the spin-dependent charge transport properties
of nonmagnetic chiral conductive polymers and biomolecules, such as
oligopeptides, L/D cysteine, cytochrome c, bacteriorhodopsin
(bR), and oligopeptide-CdSe nanoparticles (NPs) hybrid structures.
Spin-dependent electrochemical measurements were carried out by employing
ferromagnetic electrodes modified with chiral molecules used as the
working electrode. Redox probes were used either in solution or when
directly attached to the ferromagnetic electrodes. During the electrochemical
measurements, the ferromagnetic electrode was magnetized either with
its magnetic moment pointing “UP” or “DOWN”
using a permanent magnet (H = 0.5 T), placed underneath
the chemically modified ferromagnetic electrodes. The spin polarization
of the current was found to be in the range of 5–30%, even
in the case of small chiral molecules. Chiral films of the l- and d-cysteine tethered with a redox-active dye, toludin
blue O, show spin polarizarion that depends on the chirality. Because
the nickel electrodes are susceptible to corrosion, we explored the
effect of coating them with a thin gold overlayer. The effect of the
gold layer on the spin polarization of the electrons ejected from
the electrode was investigated. In addition, the role of the structure
of the protein on the spin selective transport was also studied as
a function of bias voltage and the effect of protein denaturation
was revealed. In addition to “dark” measurements, we
also describe photoelectrochemical measurements in which light is
used to affect the spin selective electron transport through the chiral
molecules. We describe how the excitation of a chromophore (such as
CdSe nanoparticles), which is attached to a chiral working electrode,
can flip the preferred spin orientation of the photocurrent, when
measured under the identical conditions. Thus, chirality-induced spin
polarization, when combined with light and magnetic field effects,
opens new avenues for the study of the spin transport properties of
chiral molecules and biomolecules and for creating new types of spintronic
devices in which light and molecular chirality provide new functions
and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department
of Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli
10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Potticary J, Terry LR, Bell C, Papanikolopoulos AN, Christianen PCM, Engelkamp H, Collins AM, Fontanesi C, Kociok-Köhn G, Crampin S, Da Como E, Hall SR. An unforeseen polymorph of coronene by the application of magnetic fields during crystal growth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11555. [PMID: 27161600 PMCID: PMC4866376 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued development of novel drugs, proteins, and advanced materials strongly rely on our ability to self-assemble molecules in solids with the most suitable structure (polymorph) in order to exhibit desired functionalities. The search for new polymorphs remains a scientific challenge, that is at the core of crystal engineering and there has been a lack of effective solutions to this problem. Here we show that by crystallizing the polyaromatic hydrocarbon coronene in the presence of a magnetic field, a polymorph is formed in a β-herringbone structure instead of the ubiquitous γ-herringbone structure, with a decrease of 35° in the herringbone nearest neighbour angle. The β-herringbone polymorph is stable, preserves its structure under ambient conditions and as a result of the altered molecular packing of the crystals, exhibits significant changes to the optical and mechanical properties of the crystal. Polymorphism, the presence of different crystal structures of the same molecular system, provides an opportunity to discover new phenomena and properties. Here, the authors crystallize coronene in the presence of a magnetic field, forming a different polymorph, which remains stable under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Potticary
- Complex Functional Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Lui R Terry
- Complex Functional Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Christopher Bell
- School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | | | - Peter C M Christianen
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Engelkamp
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Collins
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Universita' di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Simon Crampin
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Enrico Da Como
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Simon R Hall
- Complex Functional Materials Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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39
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Parenti F, Ricciardi R, Diana R, Morvillo P, Fontanesi C, Tassinari F, Schenetti L, Minarini C, Mucci A. Polymers for application in organic solar cells: Bithiophene can work better than thienothiophene when coupled to benzodithiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parenti
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; 41125 Modena Italy
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Luisa Schenetti
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Modena 41125 Italy
| | | | - Adele Mucci
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; 41125 Modena Italy
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40
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Mtangi W, Kiran V, Fontanesi C, Naaman R. Role of the Electron Spin Polarization in Water Splitting. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4916-22. [PMID: 26615833 PMCID: PMC4685426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We show that in an electrochemical cell, in which the photoanode is coated with chiral molecules, the overpotential required for hydrogen production drops remarkably, as compared with cells containing achiral molecules. The hydrogen evolution efficiency is studied comparing seven different organic molecules, three chiral and four achiral. We propose that the spin specificity of electrons transferred through chiral molecules is the origin of a more efficient oxidation process in which oxygen is formed in its triplet ground state. The new observations are consistent with recent theoretical works pointing to the importance of spin alignment in the water-splitting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Mtangi
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vankayala Kiran
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department
of Engineering ‘Enzo Ferrari’, Universita’ degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- E-mail:
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41
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Cigarini L, Vanossi D, Bondioli F, Fontanesi C. A novel synthetic strategy for magnetite-type compounds. A combined experimental and DFT-computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015. [PMID: 26198092 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01852h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the early stage reaction between benzyl alcohol and Fe(acetylacetonate)3 is studied by exploiting the Dynamic Reaction Coordinate (DRC) approach, at the PBE0/6-31G* level of theory. Analysis of the DRC trajectory provides a detailed molecular insight into the catalytic effect observed in the acidic reaction environment, compared to the neutral one. The presence of an additional proton in the reaction system, meant to simulate an acidic reaction environment, dramatically affects the reaction path: both by decreasing the activation energy of the complex dissociation and leading to the formation of acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cigarini
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, DSCG, Via G. Campi 41125, Modena, Italy.
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42
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Mondal PC, Fontanesi C, Waldeck DH, Naaman R. Field and chirality effects on electrochemical charge transfer rates: spin dependent electrochemistry. ACS Nano 2015; 9:3377-84. [PMID: 25752750 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work examines whether electrochemical redox reactions are sensitive to the electron spin orientation by examining the effects of magnetic field and molecular chirality on the charge transfer process. The working electrode is either a ferromagnetic nickel film or a nickel film that is coated with an ultrathin (5-30 nm) gold overlayer. The electrode is coated with a self-assembled monolayer that immobilizes a redox couple containing chiral molecular units, either the redox active dye toluidine blue O with a chiral cysteine linking unit or cytochrome c. By varying the direction of magnetization of the nickel, toward or away from the adsorbed layer, we demonstrate that the electrochemical current depends on the orientation of the electrons' spin. In the case of cytochrome c, the spin selectivity of the reduction is extremely high, namely, the reduction occurs mainly with electrons having their spin-aligned antiparallel to their velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- †Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- ‡Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - David H Waldeck
- §Department of Chemistry, Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ron Naaman
- †Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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43
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Fontanesi C, Tassinari F, Parenti F, Cohen H, Mondal PC, Kiran V, Giglia A, Pasquali L, Naaman R. New one-step thiol functionalization procedure for Ni by self-assembled monolayers. Langmuir 2015; 31:3546-3552. [PMID: 25726858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on a facile and fast strategy for the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) functionalization of nickel surfaces, employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycling of a suitable tailored solution containing the species to be adsorbed. Results are presented for ultrathin films formed on Ni by 1-hexadecanethiol (C16), L-cysteine (L-cys), and the poly{methyl (2R)-3-(2,2'-bithiophen-4-ylsulfanyl)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]propanoate} (PCT-L) thiophene-based chiral polymer. The effective formation of high-quality ultrathin organic films on the nickel was verified both electrochemically and by exploiting typical surface characterization techniques such as contact angle, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), polarization modulation-infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fontanesi
- †DSCG, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- †DSCG, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Francesca Parenti
- †DSCG, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Angelo Giglia
- ∥CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, S.S. 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquali
- ∥CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, S.S. 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Trieste, Italy
- ⊥Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari", Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Vignolese 905, Modena 41125, Italy
- #Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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Mondal PC, Kantor-Uriel N, Mathew SP, Tassinari F, Fontanesi C, Naaman R. Chiral conductive polymers as spin filters. Adv Mater 2015; 27:1924-1927. [PMID: 25619708 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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45
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Tassinari F, Mathew SP, Fontanesi C, Schenetti L, Naaman R. Electric-field-driven alignment of chiral conductive polymer thin films. Langmuir 2014; 30:4838-4843. [PMID: 24731141 DOI: 10.1021/la500657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of an electric field on the alignment and structural properties of thin films of a chiral polybithiophene-based conductive polymer, functionalized with a protected l-cysteine amino acid. Thin films were obtained by exploiting both drop-casting and spin-coating procedures. The electric properties, the polarized Raman spectrum, the UV-vis spectrum, and the CD spectra were measured as a function of the electric field intensity applied during film formation. It was found that beyond the enhancement of the conductivity observed when the electric field aligns the polymer, the electric field significantly affects the chiral properties and the effect depends on the method of deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Life Science and ‡Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via G. Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Morvillo P, Diana R, Fontanesi C, Ricciardi R, Lanzi M, Mucci A, Tassinari F, Schenetti L, Minarini C, Parenti F. Low band gap polymers for application in solar cells: synthesis and characterization of thienothiophene–thiophene copolymers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01618h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Tassinari F, Vanossi D, Mucci A, Parenti F, Fontanesi C. Regiochemistry in the electrochemical assisted grafting of glassy carbon. With focus on sterical hindrance of lateral chains in the electroreduction process of multi-functionalized bithiophene. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Vanossi D, Pigani L, Seeber R, Ferrarini P, Baraldi P, Fontanesi C. Electropolymerization of ortho-phenylenediamine. Structural characterisation of the resulting polymer film and its interfacial capacitive behaviour. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Tassinari F, Tancini E, Innocenti M, Schenetti L, Fontanesi C. On the hybrid glassy carbon electrode/OligoThiophene/Ag(NP) interface. Langmuir 2012; 28:15505-15512. [PMID: 23083106 DOI: 10.1021/la3025777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
GC/OligoThiophene/Ag(NP) hybrid interfaces are synthesized and characterized: GC is the glassy carbon surface; OligoThiophene stands for both an ultrathin bithiophene grafted film and a 4-Br-Bithiophene grafted polymer; Ag(NP) stands for silver nanoparticles. The hybrid interface preparation involves different steps: first, the electrode surface is functionalized through a combination of electrochemically assisted grafting (under reduction regime) and polymerization (under oxidation regime); then, silver nanoparticles are chemisorbed by dipping. In particular, an ultrathin film of grafted bithiophene can be obtained by applying one cyclic voltammetry reduction cycle (GC/BT surface), while subsequent cyclic voltammetry cycling under oxidation regime yields an immobilized 4Br-Bithiophene polymer (GC/4BrBT surface). AFM and TEM images were recorded to investigate the morphology and chemical composition of the Ag(NP). Fe(II)/Fe(III) cyclic voltammetry, Zn underpotential deposition (UPD), XPS, LA-ICP-MS, and Raman techniques were exploited to characterize both the GC/OligoThiophene and GC/OligoThiophene/Ag(NP) interfaces. Theoretical calculation, at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of the theory, enabled rationalization of the electroreduction mechanism and the Raman results.
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50
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Vanossi D, Benassi R, Parenti F, Tassinari F, Giovanardi R, Florini N, De Renzi V, Arnaud G, Fontanesi C. Functionalization of glassy carbon surface by means of aliphatic and aromatic amino acids. An experimental and theoretical integrated approach. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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