Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solution catalysed by an atomically precise catalyst based on a Pd(II) complex supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Electrochemical and structural considerations

A new atomically precise, single-ion catalyst (MWCNT-LPd) for ORR (oxygen reduction reaction), consisting of a Pd(II) complex of a tetraazacycloalkane anchored on multiwalled carbon nanotubes, has been prepared through a supramolecular approach ensuring a uniform distribution of catalytic centres on the support surface. A tetraazacycloalkane was chosen to saturate the four coordination sites of the typical square planar coordination geometry of Pd(II) with the aim of ascertaining whether the metal ion must have free coordination sites to function effectively in the ORR or whether, as predicted by quantum mechanical calculations, the catalytic effect can be originated from an interaction of O2 in the fifth coordinative position. The results clearly demonstrated that tetracoordination of Pd(II) does not influence its catalytic capacity in the ORR. Electrodes based on this catalyst show ORR performance very close to that of commercial Pt electrodes, despite the low Pd(II) content (1.72% by weight) in the catalyst. The onset potential (Eon) value and the half-wave potential (E1/2) of the catalyst are, respectively, only 53 mV and 24 mV less positive than those observed for the Pt electrode and direct conversion of O2 to H2O reaches 85.0%, compared to 89% of the Pt electrode. Furthermore, a preliminary galvanostatic test (simulating a working fuel cell at a fixed potential) showed that the catalyst maintains its efficiency continuing to produce water throughout the process (the average number of electrons exchanged over time per O2 molecule remains close to 4).

Electrochemical Performance of Metal-Free Carbon-Based Catalysts from Different Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatments for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

This research investigates the difference between products obtained through two hydrothermal carbonization treatments. Our aim is to synthesize metal-free, carbon-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to serve as efficient and cost-effective alternatives to platinum-based catalysts. Catalysts synthesized using the traditional hydrothermal approach exhibit a higher electrocatalytic activity for ORR in alkaline media, despite their more energy-intensive production process. The superior performance is attributed to differences in the particle morphology and the chemical composition of the particle surfaces. The presence of functional groups on the surfaces of catalysts obtained via a traditional approach significantly enhances ORR activity by facilitating deprotonation reactions in an alkaline environment. Our research aims to provide a reference for future investigations, shifting the focus to the fine-tuning of surface chemical compositions and morphologies of metal-free catalysts to enhance ORR activity.

Spin-dependent charge transmission through chiral 2T3N self-assembled monolayer on Au

A gold surface is functionalized by chemisorption of the enantiopure N,N'-bis-[2,2';5',2″]tert-thiophene-5-yl methylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (2T3N), a chiral oligothiophene derivative, via overnight incubation in a 2T3N ethanol solution. The Au|2T3N interface is characterized by x-ray photoelectron circular dichroism and comparing x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and electro-desorption results. Charge transmission at the Au|2T3N| solution interface is characterized by recording the cyclic voltammetry of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) reversible redox couple, finding a charge transfer rate constant, k°, variation from 1 × 10-1 to 3.3 × 10-2 cm s-1, when comparing the bare Au and the Au|2T3N interfaces, respectively. The "anomalous" high value of k° found for the chiral Au|2T3N interface can be rationalized on the basis of the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect, as further proved by magnetic-conductive atomic force microscopy measurements at room temperature. A spin polarization of about 30% is found.

Analytic procedure for the evaluation of copper intermetallic diffusion in electroplated gold coatings with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis

A method for the determination of the intermetallic diffusion coefficient in the Cu-Au system is described based on energy dispersive X-ray techniques. XRF and EDS analysis were used to measure the thickness of the electroplated gold coating and the copper diffused through it, respectively. This information was used to obtain the diffusion coefficient through an equation based on Fick's law. Colour measurements and metallographic section analysis of the samples were also performed to evaluate alternative methods for a qualitative determination of diffusion rate. The thickness of the gold layer was chosen in agreement with what is used in decorative and functional applications (<1 μm). The measurements were performed on samples heated in a range of temperatures between 100 °C and 200 °C from 12 to 96 h. The results obtained follow a linear trend between the logarithm of the diffusion coefficient and the inverse of the temperature and are in line with the values found in the literature.

Chiral "doped" MOFs: an electrochemical and theoretical integrated study

This work reports on the electrochemical behaviour of Fe and Zn based metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds, which are "doped" with chiral molecules, namely: cysteine and camphor sulfonic acid. Their electrochemical behaviour was thoroughly investigated via "solid-state" electrochemical measurements, exploiting an "ad hoc" tailored experimental set-up: a paste obtained by carefully mixing the MOF with graphite powder is deposited on a glassy carbon (GC) surface. The latter serves as the working electrode (WE) in cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Infrared (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and absorbance (UV-Vis) techniques are exploited for a further characterization of the MOFs' structural and electronic properties. The experimental results are then compared with DFT based quantum mechanical calculations. The electronic and structural properties of the MOFs synthesized in this study depend mainly on the type of metal center, and to a minor extent on the chemical nature of the dopant.

PVD for Decorative Applications: A Review

Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is a widely utilized process in various industrial applications, serving as a protective and hard coating. However, its presence in fields like fashion has only recently emerged, as electroplating processes had previously dominated this reality. The future looks toward the replacement of the most hazardous and toxic electrochemical processes, especially those involving Cr(VI) and cyanide galvanic baths, which have been restricted by the European Union. Unfortunately, a complete substitution with PVD coatings is not feasible. Currently, the combination of both techniques is employed to achieve new aesthetic features, including a broader color range and diverse textures, rendering de facto PVD of primary interest for the decorative field and the fashion industry. This review aims to outline the guidelines for decorative industries regarding PVD processes and emphasize the recent advancements, quality control procedures, and limitations.

Coronal alignment in total knee arthroplasty: a review

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) alignment has recently become a hot topic in the orthopedics arthroplasty literature. Coronal plane alignment especially has gained increasing attention since it is considered a cornerstone for improved clinical outcomes. Various alignment techniques have been described, but none proved to be optimal and there is a lack of general consensus on which alignment provides best results. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the different types of coronal alignments in TKA, correctly defining the main principles and terms.

SPECIFIC ION EFFECTS ON COPPER ELECTROPLATING

The main goal of this work is to open new perspectives in the field of electrodeposition and provide green alternatives to the electroplating industry. The effect of different anions (SO₄^2-, ClO₃^-, NO₃^-, ClO₄^-, BF₄^-, PF₆^-) in solution on the electrodeposition of copper was investigated. The solutions, containing only the copper precursor and the background electrolyte, were tailored to minimize the environmental impact and reduce the use of organic additives and surfactants. The study is based on electrochemical measurements carried out to verify that no metal complexation takes place. We assessed the nucleation and growth mechanism, we performed a morphological characterization through scanning electron microscopy and deposition efficiency by measuring the film thickness through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Significant differences in the growth mechanism and in the morphology of the electrodeposited films, were observed as a function of the background electrolyte.

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided microwave ablation for treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas in dogs: four cases (2019-2020)

OBJECTIVES

To describe ultrasound-guided microwave ablation as a minimally invasive treatment option for primary or metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas.

METHODS

Four client-owned dogs underwent percutaneous ultrasound-guided microwave ablation of three primary and one metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, diagnosed on cytology/histopathology. In each case, multiple ultrasound-guided thermal lesions were created in a 10 to 40 minutes ablation at 30 to 35 W. Real-time monitoring was performed using 10 MHz diagnostic ultrasound transducers. The procedures were performed without complication and CT scans or abdominal ultrasounds were repeated immediately after. Patients were discharged on oral analgesia on the same day or 24 hours later.

RESULTS

Hepatocellular carcinomas were successfully ablated, which in some cases resulted in an improvement in clinical signs and laboratory values. The patients were followed up for a time ranging between 39 and 649 days and no evidence of disease progression was found. Three out of four patients are still alive at the time of writing.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

In these four patients, minimally invasive ultrasound-guided microwave ablation was feasible and resulted in no immediate complications. Regular imaging follow-up is recommended after the procedure and further studies on microwave ablation are warranted to establish its effectiveness in dogs with hepatocellular carcinomas.

USCA service utilization in the city of Florence (Italy) during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background

In order to support primary care during the first pandemic wave (March 2020), the Italian Government instituted multiprofessional health teams called “USCA” (Special Continuity Care Units), which ensured continuity of care for COVID-19 patients who do not need hospitalization. The aim of our study was to compare the volumes of USCA service utilization in Florence (Tuscany, Italy) during the peak of home visits of three pandemic waves.

Methods

This single-center study followed a retrospective cross-sectional design. The USCA of the Heath District of Florence served a population of 366,190 people. The following data were collected: home medical visits, nursing home (NH) visits, visits in health-care hotels. The peak periods of three epidemic waves were considered in the analyses: the second wave (23 October - 20 November 2020), the third wave (25 March - 22 April 2021), and the Omicron period (27 December 2021 - 6 February 2022). The maximum 7-day moving averages of the daily number of visits during the three periods were calculated. Relative percent differences for visits comparing the considered periods were computed.

Results

Home visits during the third pandemic wave increased by 14% compared to the second wave (second wave: N = 1370, third wave: N = 1562), while a decrease was observed during the Omicron period (Omicron vs third wave: -21%; peak value: 41 vs 60). Visits in health-care hotels during the third wave doubled compared to the second wave. After the start of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, NH visits steeply declined (third wave vs second wave: -95%; N = 323 vs 15; peak value= 14 vs 2 visits per day). During the Omicron period, NH visits increased by almost four times compared to the third wave period.

Conclusions

The USCA service utilization was significant in all the analyzed periods. In a pandemic context, it is necessary to strengthen primary care services such as USCA, which have proved to respond to rapidly changing health needs.

Key messages

• The USCA service is an innovative model of integrated home care that has proved to respond to rapidly changing health needs during all phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

• The USCA service utilization was significant during all phases of the pandemic. The USCA service has introduced new ways of working and new relationships between services in primary care.

Electrodeposition of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Nanoparticles on Monocrystalline Silicon

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted great attention for its unique chemical and physical properties. The applications of this transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) range from supercapacitors to dye-sensitized solar cells, Li-ion batteries and catalysis. This work opens new routes toward the use of electrodeposition as an easy, scalable and cost-effective technique to perform the coupling of Si with molybdenum disulfide. MoS2 deposits were obtained on n-Si (100) electrodes by electrochemical deposition protocols working at room temperature and pressure, as opposed to the traditional vacuum-based techniques. The samples were characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS).

On the Dynamics of the Carbon-Bromine Bond Dissociation in the 1-Bromo-2-Methylnaphthalene Radical Anion

This paper studies the mechanism of electrochemically induced carbon-bromine dissociation in 1-Br-2-methylnaphalene in the reduction regime. In particular, the bond dissociation of the relevant radical anion is disassembled at a molecular level, exploiting quantum mechanical calculations including steady-state, equilibrium and dissociation dynamics via dynamic reaction coordinate (DRC) calculations. DRC is a molecular-dynamic-based calculation relying on an ab initio potential surface. This is to achieve a detailed picture of the dissociation process in an elementary molecular detail. From a thermodynamic point of view, all the reaction paths examined are energetically feasible. The obtained results suggest that the carbon halogen bond dissociates following the first electron uptake follow a stepwise mechanism. Indeed, the formation of the bromide anion and an organic radical occurs. The latter reacts to form a binaphthalene intrinsically chiral dimer. This paper is respectfully dedicated to Professors Anny Jutand and Christian Amatore for their outstanding contribution in the field of electrochemical catalysis and electrosynthesis.

The role of Theory of Mind and Empathy levels in Anxiety Disorders Symptomatology

Introduction

Theory of Mind (ToM) is defined as the ability to understand mental states of other people. Recent studies explored its role in various psychopathological disorders, but evidence lacks on the relationship existing between specific psychopathological domains and ToM.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the relationship between psychopathology of Anxiety Disorders (AD) and Theory of Mind.

Methods

We enrolled 35 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Unit of Careggi Hospital in Florence with diagnosis of AD. We administered them: Zung Anxiety Scale (ZSAS), Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RMET). Pearson’s correlation was used to assess relationships between variables.

Results

A significant positive correlation was detected between RMET scores and ZSAS total scores (r=0.385, p=0.022), MCQ-30 Negative Beliefs about Uncontrollability and Danger subscale (MCQ-30-Neg, r=0.407, p=0.015), and MCQ-30 Cognitive Self-Consciousness subscale (MCQ-30-CSC, r=0.349, p=0.040).

Correlations between the variables in the study and Reading the mind in the eyes total scores are shown.
	RMET total score
	r	p
MCQ-30-Neg	0.407	0.015
MCQ-30-CSC	0.349	0.040
MCQ-30 Positive beliefs about Worry	0.073	0.667
MCQ-30 Lack of Cognitive Confidence	-0.245	0.155
MCQ-30 Need to Control Thoughts	0.311	0.069
ZSAS total scores	0.385	0.022

Conclusions

Such preliminary data suggest a relationship between Theory of Mind and AD psychopathology. In particular, some dimensions of AD psychopathology seem to predict higher Theory of Mind levels.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Collapse

Preliminary evidence for a Theory of Mind impairment in patients with Anxiety Disorders

Introduction

Theory of Mind is defined as the ability to understand mental states of other people, and is notoriously impaired in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A growing body of evidence suggests an impairment of Theory of Mind in several other psychopathological disorders. However, only few studies have assessed Theory of Mind in patients with Anxiety Disorders (AD), addressing only patients with Social Anxiety Disorder.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the differences in Theory of Mind between patients with AD and Healthy Controls (HC).

Methods

We enrolled 35 patients admitted in the Psychiatric Unit of Careggi with diagnosis of AD and 31 HC. We administered them: Zung Anxiety Scale (ZSAS), Empathy Quotient (EQ), Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RMET), and Faux Pas test (FP). A t-test for independent samples was performed to assess between-group differences.

Results

Zung total scores proved to be significantly higher in patients (t(60)=4.375, p<0.001), while Empathy Quotient total scores (t(61)=-3.325, p=0.002), detection of faux pas in Faux Pas test (t(61)=-4.957, p<0.001), RMET total scores (t(63)=-2.269, p=0.031) were significantly higher in healthy controls.

Conclusions

Such preliminary data suggest impairment of Theory of Mind and Empathy in patients with AD as compared to HC. This could be linked to the development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms in patients with AD, making Theory of Mind a potential target in psychotherapy of AD.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

The effect of Working Alliance on drug attitude in patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Introduction

Working Alliance is defined as the emotional bond and the agreement on therapeutic goals and tasks between patients and therapists. Despite the wide use of the construct of working alliance in research on psychotherapy, few studies have investigated the role of working alliance in influencing adherence to pharmacotherapy, and drug attitude. A deeper knowledge of the interplay between working alliance and drug attitude could help to challenge low adherence to psychopharmacological treatments in Major Depressive Disorder.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between working alliance and drug attitude in patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

Methods

27 patients admitted in the Psychiatric Unit of Careggi with diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorders were enrolled. Working Alliance Inventory - patient version (WAI-P), Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) and Beliefs about Medicines (BMQ) were administered. Pearson’s correlation was used to assess relationships between variables.

Results

A significant positive correlation was detected between BMQ total scores, DAI total scores and WAI-P task, bond, and goal subscales. Correlations between WAI-P subscales and BMQ and DAI total scores DAI total scores BMQ total scores r p r p WAI-P task 0.551 0.003 0.613 0.001 WAI-P bond 0.430 0.001 0.560 0.004 WAI-P goal 0.621 0.001 0.603 0.002

Conclusions

Such preliminary data suggest a relationship between Working Alliance and drug attitude. This could contribute to provide tools to challenge low adherence to psychopharmacological treatments in patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

The effect of contamination disgust on Covid-19-related anxiety

Introduction

It is proven that high levels of disgust contribute to implementing protective behaviors. Investigators also discovered that the emotion of disgust plays a central role in determining anxiety related to the contraction of COVID-19. Few data are available about the role of the contamination disgust, a specific disgust domain, in this relationship.

Objectives

The effect of contamination disgust on COVID-19-related anxiety was investigated.

Methods

295 healthy subjects were enrolled through an online survey. They completed Disgust Scale-Revised (DS-R) and were asked to estimate their levels of Covid-19-related anxiety in 12 proposed situations. A total score was then calculated. An ANOVA model having Covid-19-related anxiety total score as dependent variable, and DS-R contamination disgust, age, and sex as predictors was estimated.

Results

The overall model was significant (F(3,291)=6.402, p<0.001) and explained 6.2% of total Covid-19 anxiety variance (R²=0.062). The effect of DS-R contamination disgust on Covid-19-related anxiety was positive, significant (B=0.974, t(291)=3.227, p=0.001) and explained 3.5% of Covid-19-related anxiety variance (partial η²=0.035). A significant effect of sex was detected (F(1,291)=4.919, p=0.027), with females having higher Covid-19-related anxiety than males, while no effect was detected for age (B=-0.024, t(291)=-0.884, p=0.377).

Conclusions

The presented data provide preliminary evidence for an effect of contamination disgust on Covid-19-related anxiety.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Ethanol electro-oxidation reaction on the Pd(111) surface in alkaline media: insights from quantum and molecular mechanics

The ethanol electro-oxidation catalyzed by Pd in an alkaline environment involves several intermediate reaction steps promoted by the hydroxyl radical, OH. In this work, we report on the dynamical paths of the first step of this oxidation reaction, namely the hydrogen atom abstraction CH₃CH₂OH + OH → CH₃CHOH + H₂O, occurring at the Pd(111) surface and address the thermodynamic stability of the adsorbed reactants by means of quantum and molecular mechanics calculations, with special focus on the effect of the solvent. We have found that the impact of the solvent is significant for both ethanol and OH, contributing to a decrease in their adsorption free energies by a few dozen kcal mol^-1 with respect to the adsorption energy under vacuum. Furthermore, we observe that hydrogen atom abstraction is enhanced for those simulation paths featuring large surface-reactant distances, namely, when the reactants weakly interact with the catalyst. The picture emerging from our study is therefore that of a catalyst whose coverage in an aqueous environment is largely dominated by OH with respect to ethanol. Nevertheless, only a small amount of them, specifically those weakly bound to the catalyst, is really active in the ethanol electro-oxidation reaction. These results open the idea of a rational design of co-catalysts based on the tuning of surface chemical properties to eventually enhance exchange current density.

Low-Cost Potentiometric Sensor for Chloride Measurement in Continuous Industrial Process Control

Recently, the new updates in legislation about drinking water control and human health have increased the demand for novel electrochemical low-cost sensors, such as potentiometric ones. Nowadays, the determination of chloride ion in aqueous solutions has attracted great attention in several fields, from industrial processes to drinking water control. Indeed, chloride plays a crucial role in corrosion, also influencing the final taste of beverages, especially coffee. The main goal is to obtain devices suitable for continuous and real-time analysis. For these reasons, we investigated the possibility to develop an easy, low-cost potentiometric chloride sensor, able to perform analysis in aqueous mediums for long immersion time and reducing the need of periodic calibration. We realized a chloride ion selective electrode made of Ag/AgCl sintered pellet and we tested its response in model solutions compatible with drinking water. The sensor was able to produce a stable, reproducible, and accurate quantification of chloride in 900 s, without the need for a preliminary calibration test. This opens the route to potential applications of this sensor in continuous, in situ, and real time measurement of chloride ions in industrial processes, with a reduced need for periodic maintenance.

Graphene-based nanomaterials in the electroplating industry: A suitable choice for heavy metal removal from wastewater

The presence of various heavy metal ions in the industrial waste waters has recently been a challenging issue for human health. Since heavy metals are highly soluble in the aquatic environments and they can be absorbed easily by living organisms, their removal is essential from the environmental point of view. Many studies have been devoted to investigating the environmental behaviour of graphene-based nanomaterials as sorbent agents to remove metals from wastewaters arising by galvanic industries. Among the graphene derivates, especially graphene oxide (GO), due to its abundant oxygen functional groups, high specific area and hydrophilicity, is a high-efficient adsorbent for the removal of heavy and precious metals in aquatic environment. This paper reviews the main graphene, GO, functionalized GO and their composites and its applications in the metals removal process. The influencing factors, adsorption capacities and reuse capability are highlighted for the most extensively used heavy metals, including copper, zinc, nickel, chromium, cobalt and precious metals (i.e., gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium) in the electroplating process.

Disgust and anxiety: What came first, the chicken or the egg?

Introduction

Disgust is a basic emotion characterized by the feeling of revulsion and evoked by unpleasant stimuli such as contaminated food, poor hygiene and contact with sick or dead organisms. Disgust is a contributing factor to the development of several mental disorders including anxiety disorders (AD). Several studies have tried to explore the relationship between disgust and eating disorders (ED), with heterogeneous findings. Subjects with ED showed a heightened level of disgust sensitivity (DS) when compared with healthy controls (HC).

Objectives

Our study aims to evaluate levels of disgust and anxiety in ED, AD and HC in order to assess associations between these two emotions.

Methods

We enrolled 74 patients admitted to Psychiatric Unit of Careggi, 41 with diagnosis of Eating Disorder, 33 with Anxiety Disorders, and 40 healthy controls. We administered to all groups: Zung Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) and Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-revised (DPSS-r).

Results

Both patients with anxiety disorders and eating disorders showed higher levels of disgust propensity and sensitivity than healthy controls. Moreover, there was no significant differences in anxiety, Disgust Propensity (DP) and Disgust Sensitivity levels between patients with eating disorders and anxiety disorders. Among healthy controls there was a significant association between DS and Anxiety levels (B: 0.579, T:3,416 p:0,001).

Conclusions

Anxiety and disgust are typical emotions of anxiety disorders and eating disorders. However, they are increased both in anxiety and eating disorders and they are associated in healthy controls. The nature of this association needs to be deeply investigated.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Anxiety disorders and childhood exposure to emotional abuse: The mediating role of disgust

Introduction

Several studies demonstrate that disgust, defined as a revulsion response aimed at distancing an individual from a potentially harmful or noxious stimulus, is linked to post-traumatic stress following sexual trauma even when accounting for associated fear and anxiety. One of the suggested mechanisms implicated in this association is a feeling of mental contamination. Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrated that exposure to contamination activates the insular cortex. In addition, disgust sensitivity correlates with the activation of the insular cortex.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the psychopathological role of the emotion of disgust in the developement of anxiety symptoms in patient with an history of abuse.

Methods

We enrolled 84 patients admitted in Psychiatric Unit of Careggi with diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders. We administered to them: Zung Anxiety Scale (ZSAS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-revised (DPSS-r).

Results

Results showed a significant mediation of the association between CTQ emotional abuse scores and total ZSAS scores via DPSS disgust sensitivity scores in patients with anxiety disorders (p=0.022). Total effect and indirect effect of emotional abuse on severity of anxiety symptoms were significant (total effect = 0.494; p=0.051, indirect effect: 0.256, p=0.022), while there was no significant direct effect from emotional abuse to anxiety symptoms in the total model (direct effect: 0.237, p=0.356). The model explained 18% of variance in anxiety symptomatology (R²=0.18).

Conclusions

Such preliminary data suggest a possible mediating role of disgust in development and maintenance of childhood abuse-related anxiety, making it a potential target for psychotherapy.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Anxiety disorders and eating disorder symptoms: The role of disgust sensitivity

Introduction

The comorbidity between anxiety disorders (AD) and eating disorders (ED) has already been well discovered, and because of the link between disgust, food choice and rejection (which appear to be key factors of eating psychopathology), it can be suggested that these three aspects may be related. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that individuals who express heightened levels of both disgust and eating concerns are at a higher risk to develop an AD. By contrast, disgust, as a negative emotion, influences ED symptoms through a greater level of anxiety.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the psychopathological role of disgust and eating disorder symptoms in the development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms in patients with AD.

Methods

We enrolled 84 patients admitted in the Psychiatric Unit of Careggi with diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders. We administered them: Zung Anxiety Scale (ZSAS), Disgust Propensity and Sensibility Scale-revised (DPSS-r) and Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q).

Results

A multiple regression model having ZSAS total as dependent variable, and EDE-Q total and DPSS disgust sensitivity subscale as independent variables explained 29% of ZSAS total variance (R²=0.290). The effect of EDE-Q total was positive, significant (β=0.331, t=2.631, p=0.011) and explained 11.9% of ZSAS total variance (pr²=0.119). The effect of DPSS disgust sensitivity was positive, significant (β=0.326, t=2.595, p=0.012) and explained 11.6% of ZSAS total variance (pr²=0.116) (Fig.1).

Conclusions

Such preliminary data suggest a possible role of feelings of disgust and eating disorder symptoms in development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms in patients with AD, making them a potential target for psychotherapy.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Transdiagnostic effect of contamination disgust on asceticism

Introduction

There is a growing literature suggesting disgust plays a major role in religiosity. Asceticism is a personality trait characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Since few studies suggested that higher disgust levels may lead to greater fear of sin, contamination disgust may serve as effective mechanisms for inflated scrupulosity.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the role of contamination disgust on a specific religious belief in two clinical groups: eating disorders and anxiety disorders.

Methods

We enrolled 84 patients admitted in the Psychiatric Unit of Careggi with diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders (AD) and Eating Disorders (ED). We administered them: Disgust Scale Revised (DS-R) and Eating Disorders Inventory 2 (EDI-2)

Results

A t-test for independent samples between AD patients and ED patients showed no difference in DS-R contamination disgust subscale (t=1.437, p=0.153), while significantly higher EDI-2 asceticism scores were detected in ED patients (t=2.452, p=0.010). An ANCOVA model having EDI2 Asceticism subscale as dependent variable, and DS contamination disgust subscale, diagnosis, and interaction between contamination disgust and diagnosis was estimated. The overall model was significant (F(1,136)=4.854, p=0.003) and accounted for 9.7% of variance of EDI2 Asceticism subscale (R²=0.097). The effect of contamination disgust was positive and significant (β=0.302, t=2.781, p=0.006), and accounted for 5.4% of variance of EDI2 Asceticism (partial η²=0.054). No effect was detected for diagnosis (F(1,136)=0.012, p=0.912) or interaction between contamination disgust and diagnosis (F(1,136)=1.346, p=0.248).

Conclusions

Contamination disgust may have a trans-diagnostic effect on asceticism and may be a possible driver for specific religious behaviors.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Timing for Safe Return to Sport after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: The Role of a Functional Test Battery

The purpose of this article was to analyze clinical and functional results after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and to establish if a computer-assisted physical test battery could determine a "safe timing" to return to sport. We hypothesized that "time-based" criteria to declare safe return to sport could not be reliable to predict functional recover. Fifty-eight young athletic patients were selected after isolated reconstruction of MPFL. The minimum follow-up was 8 months. All the patients were evaluated subjectively with Kujala and Short Form 36 (SF-36) scores and objectively through a standardized computer-assisted physical battery of seven tests (Back in Action, Corehab). No patient was lost at the end point of follow-up and no recurrence of patellar dislocation was reported. At 8 months, 31 patients (53.4%) returned to sport at preoperative levels, and 23 (39.6%) participated in sports at lower levels. The subjective evaluation reported an increase of Kujala (60-92.7) and SF-36 score (28.6/25.4-52.2/53.6). At computer-assisted objective assessment, only 23 patients (39.6%) fulfilled the criteria for safe return to sport, while 31 (53.4%) got an insufficient outcome and 4 (6.9%) failed to complete the test. From our data, clinical scores after MPFL reconstruction provide only little insight into return to sport. The introduction of a computer-assisted objective analysis in the decision-making process for proper return to sport is necessary to evaluate functional recovery and dynamic knee stability.

The Fundamental and Underrated Role of the Base Electrolyte in the Polymerization Mechanism. The Resorcinol Case Study

The Kane-Maguire polymerization mechanism is disassembled at a molecular level by using DFT-based quantum mechanical calculations. Resorcinol electropolymerization is selected as a case study. Stationary points (transition states and intermediate species) leading to the formation of the dimer are found on the potential energy surface (PES), and elementary reactions involved in the dimer formation are characterized. The latter allow to further propagate the polymerization chain reaction, when applied recursively. In this paper, the fundamental role of the sulfate anion (a typical base electrolyte) is addressed. Investigation of the PES in terms of both stationary-state properties and of ab initio molecular dynamics results (dynamic reaction coordinate) allows the appreciation in detail of the critical role of the base electrolyte anion in making the proton dissociation from the initial radical ion, a feasible (downhill in energy) process.

"Anterolateral" approach to the hip: a systematic review of the correct definition of terms

PURPOSE

The Watson-Jones interval plane between tensor fascia lata (TFL) and the gluteus medius (GM) has come back into fashion in the past few years - Röttinger described the anterolateral minimal invasive approach (ALMI) for use in total hip replacement, in which the standard Watson-Jones interval was used, but with a completely intermuscular plane. However, the term anterolateral is often still utilised to describe intramuscular approaches in which the GM was violated, thus creating a potential misunderstanding in the literature. Accordingly, we have designed a study to answer the following questions: (1) are there articles in the recent literature that use the term "anterolateral" to describe different approaches; (2) which would be the correct description of the anterolateral approach?

METHODS

We did a systematic review of the literature based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, to look for peer reviewed papers of any evidence level focusing on the definition of anterolateral approach; MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched.

RESULTS

73 manuscripts met the criteria of the systematic search. 53 papers (72.6%) reported the term anterolateral approach to describe a complete intermuscular approach between the interval between GM and TFL. Nonetheless, in the remaining 20 papers (27.4%) the term anterolateral was used to describe intramuscular approaches in which the gluteus medius was violated.

CONCLUSION

In about 1 out of 4 papers in the recent literature, the term anterolateral was utilised to describe approaches that are completely different both in terms of anatomy and function.

Joint replacement for the management of haemophilic arthropathy in patients with inhibitors: A long-term experience at a single Haemophilia centre

INTRODUCTION

The association between haemophilia and the so-called 'inhibitors', alloantibodies against the infused factor able to neutralize its clotting activity, is a very rare condition. Those sporadic patients suffer of an even more severe arthropathy and performing primary or revision arthroplasty become truly challenging. Literature about this topic is scarce, consisting in small case series, high rates of complications and mid-term follow-ups.

AIM

The purpose of this study is the assessment of the long-term outcomes of primary and revision arthroplasty performed in a population of patients with inhibitors, the more consistent to date reported at a single haemophilia centre.

METHODS

We reviewed the records of 18 patients with inhibitors (26 procedures) between 1999 and 2017, divided in two groups. Group A [primary total Knee-Hip arthroplasty (TKA-THA)]: 13 patients underwent 19TKA and 2THA; and B (revision): 5 subjects underwent 3rTKA and 2rTHA. All patients received the same haematological prophylaxis (rFVIIa). Haemophilic Joint Health score and VAS, and X-rays were recorded pre- and postoperatively. The survival rate of all primary implants was assessed.

RESULTS

The median follow-up was 12.2 years (3-21) for group A, 8.6 years (4-12) for B. Few complications have been reported; the overall survival rate was 94.7% at 15 years. All patients reported satisfaction, pain reduction and improved functional ability.

CONCLUSION

Primary and revision TKA/THA in haemophilic subjects and inhibitors may be nowadays considered safe and effective if performed in dedicated multidisciplinary centres. The use of continuous infusion of rFVIIa showed an adequate haemostatic effect and low rate of complications. As expected, revisions are more prone to complications compared to primary arthroplasty.

Thickness determination of metal multilayers by ED-XRF multivariate analysis using Monte Carlo simulated standards

We present the thickness measurement of multilayer samples by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using calibration curves obtained from simulated spectra through Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm. The XRF is a widespread technique for the analysis of single and multilayer films but the accuracy of quantitative analysis must be increased. Moreover, the use certified standards is not easy to implement due to the high variability of combination and/or concentration in layered samples. The results of this work were compared with fundamental parameter (FP) method and focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis. The results show good quantitative values even without the use of any standard with known thickness. In addition to having built the calibration curves with a simple univariate approach, also multivariate data analysis was performed to consider multiple variables simultaneously. From the comparison of the obtained results, it can be inferred that the univariate analysis worked well in the case of single layer samples and in the determination of the upper layer in multilayer samples but only multivariate analysis, taking into account the matrix effect of each layer, provided maximum accuracy on each layer of multilayer samples.

The identification of pathogens associated with periprosthetic joint infection in two-stage revision

OBJECTIVE

Identification of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI)-related pathogens is crucial to decide what is the correct surgical strategies and the most secure timing to re-implant in case of two-stage revision. The purpose of the present study is to review the literature to identify the features of each exams which are used to identify the pathogens associated with PJI, to evaluate which are the most sensitive and specific and to set up an algorithm to decide when, in the field of two-stage revision, it's the ideal timing to re-implant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We did a systematic review of the literature to look for peer-reviewed papers of any evidence level focusing on: (1) Microbiological and molecular exams for identification of PJI-related pathogens. (2) Nuclear imaging methods, which can help in the identification of a PJI. Special attention was focused to analyse which is the sensitivity and specificity of these exams.

RESULTS

Overall, 64 manuscripts met the criteria of the systematic search at point 1 and 7 manuscripts at point 2. Among microbiological and molecular exams, the average of sensitivity and specificity were respectively 65.6% and 94.4% for cultural exams, 74.1% and 95.2% for molecular diagnosis and 86.9% and 96% for MicroDTTect. Among nuclear imaging methods, the average of sensitivity and specificity were respectively 94% and 69 % for three-phase bone scintigraphy and 100% and 62.5% for [18F] Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography.

CONCLUSIONS

In two-stage revision after PJI, taking into account the sensitivity and specificity values, just a few microbiological and molecular exams and nuclear imaging methods should be considered in the decision process to re-implant the components.

Analysis of mass transport in ionic liquids: a rotating disk electrode approach

Ionic Liquids are a promising alternative to water electrolytes for the electrodeposition of metals. These solvents have a much larger electrochemical window than water that expands the potential of electrodeposition. However, mass transport in Ionic Liquids is slow. The slow mass transport dramatically affects the rate of reactions at the solid-liquid interface, hampering the exploitation of Ionic Liquids in high-throughput electrodeposition processes. In this paper, we clarify the origin of such poor mass transport in the diffusion-advection (convection) regime. To determine the extent and the dynamics of the convection boundary layers, we performed Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) experiments on model reactions along with the finite element simulation. Both the experiments and the finite element modelling showed the occurrence of peaks in the RDE curves even at relatively high rotation rates (up to 2000 rpm). The peak in the RDE is the fingerprint of partial diffusion control that happens for the relative extent of the diffusion and convection boundary layers. In looking for a close match between the experiments and the simulations, we found that the ohmic drop plays a critical role and must be considered in the calculation to find the best match with the experimental data. In the end, we have shown that the combined approach consisting of RDE experiments and finite elements modelling providing a tool to unravel of the structure of the diffusion and convection boundary layers both in dynamic and stationary conditions.

[Results of a vertebral deformity screening in the students of the district of Florence (Tuscany Region, Central Italy)]

OBJECTIVES

to observe the prevalence of vertebral deformities in an adolescent population in the 178 schools of the District of Florence (Tuscany Region, Central Italy), correlating these results with clinical aspects as ligamentous laxity and verifying if these data are in agreement with what emerged in literature in studies of the same type.

DESIGN

prevalence study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

report of the results of a school screening for vertebral deformities in an adolescent population of 11,820 students of the Schools of District of Florence held between November 2010 and June 2013.

MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES

asymmetry of waist triangle; trunk imbalance using plumb-line from C7; leg length discrepancies; presence of gibbus and measurement of Angle of Trunk Rotation using Bunnell scoliometer; measure of thoracic kyphosis (a value of kyphosis> 50° was considered to be at high risk of hyperkyphosis making it necessary to request an X-ray); ligamuentuos laxity using Beighton Score.

RESULTS

11,820 students were screened; 85.95% of them had no significant spinal deformities; 14,05% of the students showed significant clinical signs of scoliosis; 28.46% of the students had a thoracic hyperkyphosis (>40°), 1.55% of those presented a non-reducible thoracic hyperkyphosis. Results show a statistically significant correlation between the severity of the deformities and the score of the Beighton Score.

CONCLUSIONS

the results confirm the association between vertebral deformities and ligament laxity. The prevalence of vertebral deformities in the school age population of the Municipality of Florence is 14.05%, in accordance with what emerged in the literature from similar studies.

Patients Following Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty With Modular Dual Mobility Components and Cobalt-Chromium Inner Metal Head are at Risk of Increased Serum Metal Ion Levels

BACKGROUND

Modular dual-mobility (MDM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) is designed with a cobalt-chromium liner inserted into a titanium acetabular component. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential risks for fretting corrosion at this junction, by measuring serum metal ions, after MDM acetabular revision.

METHODS

Thirty-seven patients with well-functioning revision THAs participated in a cross-sectional study at mean 5.1 (2-10) years after surgery. All received a trabecular titanium MDM acetabular component. The serum levels of cobalt and chromium were measured using mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The mean values of chromium and cobalt were 2.08 μg/L (95% confidence interval 0.9-3.2, range 0.02-11.8) and 1.99 μg/L (95% confidence interval 0.81-3.17, range 0.07-16.05), respectively. Eleven patients (29, 7%) had ion levels above the normal range, with 6 (16.2%) above 5 μg/L and 5 (13.5%) between 1 and 5 μg/L. A significant correlation was found between an elevated serum metal ion level and University of California Los Angeles score (P = .016).

CONCLUSION

We conclude that serum metal level elevation may occur secondary to metal debris resulting from corrosion of the index MDM THA. This potential risk should be included in the decision-making process when dealing with revision arthroplasty in young and active patients.

A Mid- to Long-Term Follow-Up Experience with a Specific Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty Design

Purrpose  Metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been a subject of recent discussion and concern due to the early failures caused by local and systemic adverse reactions related to specific designs. The aim of this study is to analyze the outcomes and survival rates of a single brand of MoM implants implanted in a consecutive series of patients at a single institution.

Methods  Between 2007 and 2012, 116 (118 hips) patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 6.6 years after primary THA. The diagnosis leading to surgery was osteoarthritis (80 patients) and proximal femoral fracture (36 patients). A single design of THA was implanted. All patients were evaluated before surgery and postoperatively at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months by clinical scores and radiographic studies. The data analysis was made using Student's t -test.

Results  The minimum follow-up was of 4 years, with a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. Two aseptic loosenings of the acetabular component were recorded (one per group), which were not associated with local or systemic complications related to metal ion release. Both were revised by an isolated acetabular cup substitution with metal-on-polyethylene couplings. Nonprogressive radiolucency lines < 2 mm in zone 2 were observed in other six patients around the acetabular component without clinical manifestation (four in the arthritis group and two in the fracture group). Postoperative Harris Hip Score and SF-36 (36-Item Short Form Survey) score improved in both groups.

Conclusion  Despite several MoM implants showing early complications and failures, a specific MoM design may be associated with good clinical results at a mid- to long-term follow-up.

Level of Evidence  This is a therapeutic case series, Level 4 study.

Partial rupture of anterior cruciate ligament: preliminary experience of selective reconstruction

Background

Partial lesions of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are more common than is generally thought, accounting for about 10–12% of ACL injuries. Selective reconstruction may be considered as an option in isolated bundle rupture. The purpose of this study is to evaluate both subjective and objective clinical results, as well as functional recovery time, after selective arthroscopic single-bundle reconstruction in a consecutive series of patients affected by partial ACL rupture.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six patients undergoing selective reconstruction of a single ACL bundle were retrospectively evaluated from a series of 354 ACL reconstructions performed over a 3-year period. Although the suspicion of partial lesions was present at clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation, final diagnosis was obtained during arthroscopy. All patients were operated using the same technique and type of fixation, and undergoing the same functional recovery protocol.

Results

Mean follow-up was 64 months (48–84 months). All patients but one achieved good functional recovery and returned to their sports within a mean period of 6.1 months. A single patient complained of postoperative instability 1 year after the index operation and needed further surgery. No complications were recorded.

Conclusions

Selective reconstruction of partial ACL injury is a method to bear in mind because it offers quick functional recovery. Specific technical and diagnostic steps should be performed and discussed with patients preoperatively.

Level of evidence

Level 4, retrospective study.

Green and scalable synthesis of nanocrystalline kuramite

The new generation of solar cells aims to overcome many of the issues created by silicon-based devices (e.g., decommissioning, flexibility and high-energy production costs). Due to the scarcity of the resources involved in the process and the need for the reduction of potential pollution, a greener approach to solar cell material production is required. Among others, the solvothermal approach for the synthesis of nanocrystalline Cu-Sn-S (CTS) materials fulfils all of these requirements. The material constraints must be considered, not only for the final product, but for the whole production process. Most works reporting the successful synthesis of CTS have employed surfactants, high pressure or noxious solvents. In this paper, we demonstrate the synthesis of nanocrystalline kuramite by means of a simpler, greener and scalable solvothermal synthesis. We exploited a multianalytical characterization approach (X-ray diffraction, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and electronic microprobe analysis (EMPA)) to discriminate kuramite from other closely related polymorphs. Moreover, we confirmed the presence of structural defects due to a relevant antisite population.

Accelerometer-Based Navigation in Total Knee Arthroplasty for the Management of Extra-Articular Deformity and Retained Femoral Hardware: Analysis of Component Alignment

Purpose  Recent advances in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) include an accelerometer portable system designed to improve component position and alignment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether accelerometer navigation system can be a valuable option in complex TKAs for extra-articular deformity of the lower limb or in case of retained femoral hardware. Methods  A group of 13 patients underwent TKA with an accelerometer navigation system. Three patients had a tibial extra-articular deformity, six had a femoral extra-articular deformity, and four had an intramedullary nail in the femur. Preoperative and postoperative mechanical axes were measured from full-length lower extremity radiographs to evaluate alignment. The alignment of prosthetic components in the frontal and sagittal planes was determined by postoperative radiographs. Results  At 30-days postoperative radiographic check, the hip knee ankle angle was within 2.0° (0 ± 1) of the neutral mechanical axis. The alignment of the tibial component on the frontal plane was 90.0° (range 89-91) and on the sagittal plane 5.0° (range 3-7). The alignment of the femoral component on the frontal plane was 90.0° (range 89-91) and on the sagittal plane 3.0° (range 0-5). Conclusion  The alignment of the prosthetic components has been accurate and comparable to other navigation systems in literature without any increase in surgical times. The accelerometer-based navigation system is therefore a useful technique that can be used to optimize TKA alignment in patients with extra-articular deformity or with lower limb hardware, where the intramedullary guides cannot be applied. Level of Evidence  This is an observational study without a control group, Level III.