The efficacy of physical exercise interventions on mental health, cognitive function, and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD: an umbrella review

Background

A considerable number of published reviews have addressed the effects of physical exercise on mental health, cognitive function, or attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms as outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD. Their findings have often conflicted, therefore, there is an urgent need to synthesise a hierarchy of the evidence and examine the credibility of previous meta-analyses. To establish the robustness of these findings, we conducted an additional meta-analysis on a number of individual studies that were not covered in previous reviews but were suitable for inclusion in our own study.

Methods

Three reviewers independently searched Web of Science, Psych INFO, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for meta-analyses published between database inceptions to December 1, 2022. The individual studies were also screened from 1 January 2015 to 1 December 2022. We included meta-analyses and eligible individual studies that addressed the effects of exercise on at least one outcome of mental health, cognitive function, or ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD. We excluded systematic reviews and articles that lacked sufficient data for a meaningful second analysis. The effect estimates (Hedges' g), 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 95% prediction interval (95% PI), small study effects, and excess significance bias were calculated. Finally, we categorised the meta-analyses based on the credibility of the evidence criteria and their quality using a Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 checklist. This umbrella review was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022361331.

Findings

Of 181 listed review articles and 60 individual papers, 10 reviews and 12 individual articles were included in the meta-analyses. This yielded 37 meta-analyses based on 106 study estimates. Evidence was highly suggestive for the effectiveness of exercise (class II) for improving inattention (G = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.44-1.39, 95%), inhibitory control (G = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.52-1.13), and cognitive flexibility (G = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.72). However, evidence for the effectiveness of exercise on emotional, social, and working memory outcomes was weak, and these results were not significant for hyperactivity and behavioural functioning.

Interpretation

Improvement of cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and inattention in children and adolescents with ADHD was highly suggested by exercise interventions. However, results were weak for other outcomes (emotional functioning, social functioning, and working memory). Further high-quality randomised controlled trials are, therefore, warranted to determine the effectiveness of exercise on weak outcomes.

Funding

None.

Paediatric glaucoma in Hong Kong: a multicentre retrospective analysis of epidemiology, presentation, clinical interventions, and outcomes

PURPOSE

To document the epidemiology, presentation, clinical interventions, and outcomes of paediatric glaucoma in Hong Kong.

METHODS

This multicentre territory-wide retrospective study was performed by reviewing charts of patients with paediatric glaucoma in six clusters of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and The Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2006 to 2015.

RESULTS

This study included 150 eyes of 98 patients with paediatric glaucoma (presenting age: 5.2±5.7 years). Of them, 35 eyes (23.3%) had primary congenital glaucoma, 22 eyes (14.7%) had juvenile open-angle glaucoma, and 93 eyes (62.0%) had secondary glaucoma. The most prevalent types of secondary glaucoma were lens-related after cataract extraction (18.0%), Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly (5.3%), uveitis (5.3%), Sturge-Weber syndrome (4.7%), and traumatic (3.3%). The most common clinical presentations were parental concerns (20.7%) including cloudy cornea (12.7%) and tearing/photophobia (8.0%), followed by poor visual acuity (18.0%), high intraocular pressure (13.3%), and strabismus (6.0%). The follow-up duration was 8.46±6.51 years. Furthermore, 63.2% of eyes with primary glaucoma and 45.2% of eyes with secondary glaucoma were treated surgically. The final visual acuity was 0.90±0.98 LogMAR; intraocular pressure was 18.4±6.6 mm Hg; and number of glaucoma medications was 2.22±1.61.

CONCLUSION

Primary congenital glaucoma was most prevalent, followed by juvenile open-angle glaucoma and aphakic glaucoma. Most eyes with primary glaucoma required surgical treatment. Parental concerns were important clinical presentations. Basic assessments by healthcare providers to identify glaucoma signs (eg, poor visual acuity, high intraocular pressure, and strabismus) warranted prompt referral to an ophthalmologist.

COVID-19: Ocular Manifestations and the APAO Prevention Guidelines for Ophthalmic Practices

The World Health Organization declared the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 a "Pandemic" on March 11, 2020. As of June 1, 2020, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 has infected >6.2 million people and caused >372,000 deaths, including many health care personnel. It is highly infectious and ophthalmologists are at a higher risk of the infection due to a number of reasons including the proximity between doctors and patients during ocular examinations, microaerosols generated by the noncontact tonometer, tears as a potential source of infection, and some COVID-19 cases present with conjunctivitis. This article describes the ocular manifestations of COVID-19 and the APAO guidelines in mitigating the risks of contracting and/or spreading COVID-19 in ophthalmic practices.

SNP rs1533428 at 2p16.3 as a marker for late-onset primary open-angle glaucoma

PURPOSE

To investigate the associations between gene variants in cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta (LMX1B), plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 2 (TMTC2), zona pellucida glycoprotein 4 (ZP4), chromosome 2p16.3, and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

METHODS

We studied 462 POAG patients and 577 controls from three cohorts (Hong Kong, Shantou, and Beijing, China). Twelve single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in the Hong Kong cohort using TaqMan genotyping assay. Significant associations were validated in the Shantou and Beijing cohorts.

RESULTS

Association of POAG with TLR4 rs7037117, in a recessive model, was identified in the Hong Kong and Shantou cohorts (both southern Chinese, p(rec)=0.0019) but not the Beijing cohort (northern Chinese). rs1533428 at chromosome 2p16.3 showed a consistent trend of age-specific association in all three cohorts. Genotypes TT + CT conferred a 2.16 fold of significantly increased risk to late-onset POAG (p(dom)=0.00025), but no significant risk to POAG of younger ages of onset in the combined cohort. A joint effect was found between rs7037117 and rs1533428, with carriers of both higher-risk genotypes having a 4.53 fold of increased disease risk (p=0.00028).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals discrepant association patterns of 12 candidate SNPs in 7 genes/loci with POAG in Chinese, provides positive replications for POAG markers rs1533428 at 2p16.3 and TLR4 rs7037117, and suggests that rs1533428 is a putative risk variant for late-onset POAG. The identification of an age-specific association between rs1533428 and late-onset POAG highlights a new genotype-phenotype association in POAG. Further studies are warranted to confirm the age-specific association.

Evaluation of SPARC as a candidate gene of juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma by mutation and copy number analyses

PURPOSE

To investigate the involvement of SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) mutations and copy number variation in juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (JPOAG).

METHODS

This study involved the 27 family members from the GLC1M (glaucoma 1, open angle, M)-linked Philippine pedigree with JPOAG, 46 unrelated Chinese patients with JPOAG and 95 controls. Mutation screening of the SPARC sequence, covering the promoter, 5'-untranslated region (UTR), entire coding regions, exon-intron boundaries, and part of the 3'-UTR, was performed using polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing. Copy number of the gene was analyzed by three TaqMan copy number assays.

RESULTS

No putative SPARC mutation was detected in the Philippine family. In the Chinese participants, 11 sequence variants were detected. Two were novel: IVS2+8G>T and IVS2+32C>T. For the 9 known SNPs, one was synonymous (rs2304052, p.Glu22Glu) and the others were located in noncoding regions. No individual SNP was associated with JPOAG. Five of the most common SNPs, i.e., rs2116780, rs1978707, rs7719521, rs729853, and rs1053411, were contained in a LD (linkage disequilibrium) block. Haplotype-based analysis showed that no haplotype was associated with the disorder. Copy number analysis revealed that all study subjects had two copies of the gene, suggesting no correlation between the copy number of SPARC and JPOAG.

CONCLUSIONS

We have excluded SPARC as the causal gene at the GLC1M locus in the Philippine pedigree and, for the first time, revealed that the coding sequences, splice sites and copy number of SPARC do not contribute to JPOAG. Further investigations are warranted to unravel the involvement of SPARC in the pathogenesis of other forms of glaucoma.

Preoperative latanoprost to prevent ocular hypertension after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy of latanoprost given 2 hours preoperatively to prevent ocular hypertension in the early period after phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation.

SETTING

Departments of Ophthalmology, United Christian Hospital and Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.

METHODS

Sixty-four eyes of 64 patients with uncomplicated cataract having phacoemulsification with PC IOL implantation were included in this prospective randomized double-masked clinical trial. The eyes were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: application of latanoprost 0.005% 2 hours before surgery or no latanoprost (control). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured 3 and 24 hours postoperatively. The anterior chamber was examined for the level of cells and flare using a slitlamp biomicroscope. The level of significance was 5%.

RESULTS

The decrease in the mean IOP was not statistically significantly different between eyes receiving latanoprost 2 hours preoperatively and control eyes 3 hours (P =.843) and 24 hours (P =.721) postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

A single application of latanoprost given 2 hours before phacoemulsification and PC IOL implantation did not produce a statistically significant IOP-lowering effect when compared with a control group in the first 24 hours after surgery.

The efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and limited goniosynechialysis, followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty, in the treatment of cataract and chronic angle-closure glaucoma

PURPOSE

To report the efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and limited goniosynechialysis, followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty, in the treatment of cataract and chronic angle-closure glaucoma.

METHODS

Patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma with total synechial angle closure and intraocular pressures higher than 21 mm Hg on maximally tolerated medications, and concurrent cataract, underwent phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and goniosynechialysis followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty to the inferior half of the angle. Intraoperative complications, postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressures, and complications were evaluated.

RESULTS

Seven eyes of seven patients received the operation, and the mean follow-up was 8.9 months (range, 2-16 months). The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 33.0 +/- 4.8 mm Hg. The mean postoperative intraocular pressure at most recent follow-up was 13.3 +/- 2.9 mm Hg. The absolute success rate (intraocular pressure less than 21 mm Hg without medication) was 100%. The visual acuity of all eyes improved by more than two Snellen lines. Postoperative complications included intraocular pressure spike, hyphema, and transient corneal decompensation.

CONCLUSION

It appears that phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation combined with inferior 180 degree goniosynechialysis followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty is an effective and safe surgical procedure for treating chronic angle-closure glaucoma with total synechial angle closure and cataract.

Ultrasound biomicroscopy of conventional and sutureless pars plana sclerotomies: a comparative and longitudinal study

PURPOSE

To report the rate of ultrasonically visible vitreous incarceration and longitudinal changes of incarcerated vitreous in pars plana sclerotomies after conventional suturing or sutureless technique using ultrasound biomicroscopy.

METHODS

Twenty-five consecutive eyes (25 patients) undergoing primary three-port pars plana vitrectomy participated. The first 16 pars plana vitrectomies were performed with standard conventional sutured sclerotomies, and the following nine pars plana vitrectomies were performed with modified sutureless sclerotomies. Patient demographics, diagnoses, procedures, and complications were recorded. Each patient had ultrasound biomicroscopy performed 1 week before surgery, and also after surgery at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months. Visible vitreous incarceration was graded as 0 to 3.

RESULTS

Vitreous incarceration was seen in 41 of 48 sclerotomies (85.4%) in the conventionally sutured group, and in 23 of 27 sclerotomies (85.2%) in the sutureless group, with no significant difference in severity among sclerotomies within each group and between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the rate of vitreous incarceration between diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy and others (P =.002). No progressive change of visible vitreous incarceration was noted in any eye during the 6-month postoperative period. No sclerotomy-related complications occurred during the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed no difference in the amount of visible vitreous incarceration in conventionally sutured or sutureless sclerotomies. There was no visible longitudinal change in the incarcerated vitreous during the 6 months of follow-up in uncomplicated cases.

Epidemiology of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma in the Hong Kong Chinese population: prospective study

OBJECTIVES

To determine the incidence of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma in the Hong Kong Chinese population, and to identify risk factors for this condition.

DESIGN

Prospective study.

SETTING

University teaching hospital, Hong Kong.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma presenting between 1 March 1998 and 29 February 2000.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Demographic data, presenting symptoms and signs, temporal details of the presentation, and precipitating factors. The crude regional incidence was calculated according to the Hong Kong population census of 1991 and the age-specific incidence was calculated.

RESULTS

Seventy-two cases (72 eyes of 72 patients) of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma were recruited. The crude incidence was 10.4 per 100,000 per year in the population aged 30 years and older. Patients at higher risk of attacks were those aged 70 years or older (age-specific incidence, 58.7 per 100,000 per year) and females, who had a relative risk of 3.8 compared with males (95% confidence interval, 1.7-8.4). Only four (5.6%) patients had a positive family history of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma. Seventeen (23.6%) patients were noted to have an upper respiratory tract infection before the attack, and 25 (34.7%) patients had taken antitussive agents. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between the monthly attack rate and the monthly rate of influenza (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = -0.388; P=0.031).

CONCLUSION

There is a high incidence of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma among Chinese residents of Hong Kong, with elderly females at highest risk. A significant proportion of patients reported upper respiratory tract infection or the use of antitussive medication prior to attacks.

Immediate diode laser peripheral iridoplasty as treatment of acute attack of primary angle closure glaucoma: a preliminary study

PURPOSE

To study the efficacy and safety of diode laser peripheral iridoplasty as a first-line treatment of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) without the use of systemic anti-glaucoma medications.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Nine consecutive patients with acute PACG were recruited into the study. Each patient received topical pilocarpine (4%), timolol (0.5%), apraclonidine (1%), and immediate diode laser peripheral iridoplasty as primary treatment. The intraocular pressures (IOPs) 15, 30, and 60 minutes after diode laser peripheral iridoplasty were documented by Goldmann applanation tonometry.

RESULTS

The mean IOP of this group of patients was reduced from 66.3 +/- 9.7 mm Hg, before diode laser peripheral iridoplasty, to 36.6 +/- 16.4 mm Hg at 15 minutes, 26.3 +/- 12.6 mm Hg at 30 minutes, and 18.9 +/- 8.4 mm Hg at 60 minutes after diode laser peripheral iridoplasty. In seven of the nine patients, the corneal edema cleared up 1 hour after diode laser peripheral iridoplasty. In the remaining patient, the cornea cleared up 12 hours after diode laser peripheral iridoplasty. No significant complications were encountered.

CONCLUSION

Diode laser peripheral iridoplasty, together with topical antiglaucoma medications without adjunctive systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and hyperosmotic agents, appeared to be effective and safe in controlling the IOP in acute PACG.

Efficacy and safety of inferior 180 degrees goniosynechialysis followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty in the treatment of chronic angle-closure glaucoma

PURPOSE

To report the efficacy and safety of inferior 180 degrees goniosynechialysis followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty in the treatment of chronic angle-closure glaucoma with total synechial angle closure.

METHODS

Five patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma and total synechial angle closure whose intraocular pressures were higher than 21 mm Hg while taking maximally tolerated medications underwent goniosynechialysis followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty to the inferior half of the angle. Intraoperative complications, postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressures, and complications were evaluated.

RESULTS

Five eyes of five patients received the operation and the mean follow-up was 7.6 months (range, 6-12 months). The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 33.8 +/- 5.8 mm Hg. The mean postoperative intraocular pressure at most recent follow-up was 15.8 +/- 2.2 mm Hg. Postoperative complications included transient increase in intraocular pressure, hyphema, and cataract. The success rate (intraocular pressure less than 20 mm Hg with or without medication) was 80.0%.

CONCLUSION

It appears that 180 degrees goniosynechialysis followed by diode laser peripheral iridoplasty is an effective and safe surgical procedure for treating chronic angle-closure glaucoma with total synechial angle closure.

Efficacy and safety of the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in Chinese eyes with complicated glaucoma

AIMS

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in Chinese eyes with complicated glaucomas.

METHODS

This retrospective study reviewed the final intraocular pressure, visual outcome, and incidence of complications in all patients with the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant performed at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, between June 1996 and November 1998.

RESULTS

A total of 65 eyes from 60 patients were treated with the Ahmed glaucoma implant. At a mean follow up (SD, median) of 21.8 (9.2, 28. 0) months (range 6-37 months), the mean intraocular pressure was reduced from 37.0 (SD 12.1) mm Hg before the implant surgery to 16.1 (12.4) mm Hg at the last follow up after surgery. The success rate of intraocular pressure control of <22 mm Hg was achieved in 73.8% of operated eyes. Transient postoperative hypotony with shallow anterior chamber occurred in 10.8% of cases. The most common postoperative complication was the formation of encapsulated bleb (24.6%).

CONCLUSIONS

The Ahmed glaucoma valve implant appears to be effective and relatively safe for treating complicated glaucomas in Chinese eyes. The success rate is comparable with those reported in non-Asian eyes. Formation of postoperative encapsulated bleb is, however, more commonly encountered.

Limited argon laser peripheral iridoplasty as immediate treatment for an acute attack of primary angle closure glaucoma: a preliminary study

PURPOSE

To study the efficacy and safety of limited (180 degrees) argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) as a first-line treatment for acute primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) without the use of systemic anti-glaucomatous medications.

METHODS

Ten consecutive patients with PACG were recruited into the study. Each patient received topical pilocarpine (4%) and timolol (0.5%), and immediate limited ALPI as primary treatment. The intraocular pressures at 15, 30 and 60 min after ALPI were documented by Goldmann applanation tonometry.

RESULTS

The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of this group of patients was reduced from 57.9 +/- 10.6 mmHg to 39.0 +/- 10.9 mmHg at 15 min, 28.3 +/- 9.1 mmHg at 30 min and 20.4 +/- 9.0 mmHg at 60 min after ALPI. No complications were encountered. In 8 of the 10 patients the corneal oedema cleared 1 h after ALPI. In the remaining 2 patients the corneal oedema cleared 2 h after ALPI.

CONCLUSION

Immediate limited ALPI, without adjunctive systemic anti-glaucomatous medications, appeared to be effective and safe in controlling the IOP in treating acute PACG with a duration of attack < or = 48 h. It may be as effective as 360 degrees ALPI, and therefore has a role in those patients in whom 360 degrees treatment is not possible.

Modified sutureless sclerotomies in pars plana vitrectomy

PURPOSE

To study the effectiveness and safety of a modified sutureless sclerotomy technique in pars plana vitrectomy.

METHODS

We rotated the scleral tunnels of the original sutureless sclerotomy technique through 90 degrees, thus rendering them parallel to the corneoscleral limbus. This modified technique was applied to 25 consecutive eyes (25 patients) that had pars plana vitrectomy during a 2-month period.

RESULTS

Twenty (80%) of 25 eyes (25 patients) did not require suturing of the sclerotomy sites associated with pars plana vitrectomy. Eight (11%) of 75 sclerotomy sites required suturing to ensure watertight closure. No clinically significant complications were encountered.

CONCLUSION

The modified sutureless sclerotomy technique was found to be safe, more convenient, and easier to perform, especially in eyes with small interpalpebral space.

The use of combined intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and oral cyclosporin A in the treatment of corneal graft rejection: a preliminary study

PURPOSE

Oral cyclosporin A used in addition to high-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone has been shown to have an adjunctive effect in reversing the rejection of liver and renal transplants. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the benefits and risks of this combined drug therapy in acute corneal graft rejection.

METHODS

Eleven patients with acute corneal graft rejection received the combined regimen of a single pulse of intravenous methylprednisolone (500 mg) and a low dose of oral cyclosporin A (to maintain a trough blood level of 100-200 micrograms/l).

RESULTS

At a mean follow-up of 16.5 months (range 8-22 months) from the presentation of the graft rejection, reversal of graft rejection was achieved in 10 of 11 cases (90.9%). No recurrence of graft rejection was encountered during the study period. One patient developed a duodenal ulcer, which healed after medical treatment. No other complications were encountered.

CONCLUSIONS

The high efficacy and low risk of the combined regimen demonstrated in this preliminary study call for a larger-scale prospective double-masked study to confirm the value of this treatment protocol.

Immediate argon laser peripheral iridoplasty as treatment for acute attack of primary angle-closure glaucoma: a preliminary study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects and safety of immediate argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) as a first-line treatment for acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).

DESIGN

A prospective cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS

Ten consecutive patients with their first attack of PACG, with IOP of 40 mmHg or greater, were recruited into the study.

INTERVENTION

On presentation, each patient received topical pilocarpine (4%) and timolol (0.5%) and immediate ALPI as primary treatment. The IOPs at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after ALPI were documented by applanation tonometry. When the corneal edema had settled, laser peripheral iridotomy was performed as a definitive treatment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The IOP, corneal edema, and complications from ALPI were measured.

RESULTS

The mean IOP of this group of patients was reduced from 59.5+/-10.4 mmHg to 28.7+/-14.9 mmHg at 15 minutes, 21.7+/-13.1 mmHg at 30 minutes, and 16.0+/-9.4 mmHg at 60 minutes after ALPI. No complications from the laser procedure were encountered during the study period. In nine of the ten patients, the corneal edema cleared up 1 hour after ALPI. In the remaining patient, the cornea cleared up 2 hours after ALPI.

CONCLUSION

From this preliminary study, immediate ALPI, without adjunctive systemic antiglaucoma treatment, appeared to be very effective in controlling the IOP and returning corneal clarity in acute PACG. Its safety also appeared reassuring and did not have the risks associated with conventional systemic therapies.

Short-term results of scleral intraocular lens fixation in children

PURPOSE

To study the safety and efficacy of scleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation in children.

SETTING

A university practice.

METHODS

This retrospective review evaluated the results and complications in 6 consecutive eyes of 3 children who had anterior vitrectomy, with or without lensectomy, and scleral IOL fixation to correct ectopia lentis or aphakia.

RESULTS

At a mean follow-up of 17.3 months (range 13 to 21 months), all eyes had a stable and well-positioned posterior chamber IOL and good visual improvement. The only complication was asymptomatic pupillary capture of the IOL in 3 eyes. Reversal of the pupillary capture was achieved by pupil dilation with the patient in a supine position.

CONCLUSIONS

The preliminary results of scleral IOL fixation in children are encouraging. The procedure's application in well-selected cases can be considered. However, its long-term safety and efficacy must be further assessed through studies with larger sample sizes and a longer follow-up.

Combined phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy, removal of intraocular foreign body (IOFB), and primary intraocular lens implantation for patients with IOFB and traumatic cataract

PURPOSE AND METHODS

Small-incision cataract extraction by phacoemulsification through an anterior continuous circular capsulorhexis, pars plana vitrectomy, forceps removal of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) and primary intraocular lens implantation were performed in 4 eyes (4 patients) with IOFB and traumatic cataract, as an emergency combined procedure.

RESULTS

At a mean follow-up of 12.3 months (range 7-19 months) the best corrected visual acuity of the 4 eyes ranged from 6/6 to 6/12. The only complication encountered in our series was an opacified posterior capsule that developed 10 months post-operatively in one case. This was easily dealt with by neodymium:YAG laser capsulotomy, with good final visual outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of combined one-stage instead of sequential surgeries, and phacoemulsification instead of lensectomy or extracapsular cataract extraction for patients with IOFB and cataract are encouraging. It could be a good option in selected cases. However, the safety and efficacy of this combined procedure need to be evaluated further by a larger-scale, longer follow-up study.