1
|
Sajeev D, Thames HT, Burnett DD, Dinh TTN. Impacts of Anatomical Location on Postmortem Color of Pork Longissimus Muscle. Meat and Muscle Biology 2019. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThis study was aimed to determine postmortem color of longissimus muscle in pork carcasses at various anatomical locations from the anterior to the posterior of the pork loin.Materials and MethodsSix gilts at market weight were harvested at the Mississippi State University Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory. The right loins were separated from the shoulder by making a straight cut between the second and third ribs, from the ham by cutting approximately 5 cm from the anterior edge of the aitch bone, and from the belly by making a straight cut from through two ventral points, 1.2 cm from the tenderloin and 2.5 cm from the longissimus muscle. The loins were then cut into 19 2.5-cm bone-in chops to expose the longissimus muscle and then allowed to bloom for 2 h. The chops were identified by the distance of their anterior surfaces to the anterior surface of the loins from which they were cut. Color of the longissimus muscle (L*, a*, b*, and reflectance spectra) was measured by a Hunter Lab MiniScan 4500L spectrophotometer (Hunter Associates Inc, Reston, VA) with illuminant A, 10° observer angle, and 25-mm aperture size on the anterior surface of the pork chops. Hue angle, chroma, and percentages of deoxymyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and metmyoglobin were also calculated. Differences in color at 19 locations, Pearson’s correlation coefficients among color measurement, and prediction models for color parameters by location (cm) were determined by the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) using the linear mixed model with distance or location being the fixed effect and loin being the random effect. The coefficients of determination were estimated by the covariance parameters and the F values for fixed effects, which are the ratios of fixed effect variance to the residual variance.ResultsLocation had a great effect on the lightness, redness, and percentages of deoxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin in longissimus muscle (P ≤ 0.028). Lightness from location 0 to 9 followed a quadratic relationship with distance (lightness = 54.75 + 1.26 × distance– 0.05 × distance2; R2 = 0.97; P < 0.001) and had a positive correlation with hue angle (r = 0.83; P < 0.001). Redness from location 0 to 18 followed a quadratic relationship with distance (redness = 22.19– 0.24 × distance + 0.005 × distance2; R2 = 0.99; P < 0.001) and had a positive correlation with oxymyoglobin percentage (r = 0.52; P < 0.001) and chroma (r = 0.93; P < 0.001). The oxymyoglobin percentage was greatest at the anterior (1– 5; 69 to 73%) and least at midpoint of the loin (10– 13; 63 to 65%; P < 0.001); whereas the percentage of deoxymyoglobin was opposite (P < 0.001). No location effect was found for metmyoglobin percentage (P = 0.137).ConclusionAnatomical location has a great impact on the color of the longissimus muscle, which is important for the evaluation of pork quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Sajeev
- Mississippi State University Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
| | - H. T. Thames
- Mississippi State University Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
| | - D. D. Burnett
- Mississippi State University Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
| | - T. T. N. Dinh
- Mississippi State University Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sajeev D, Thames HT, Burnett DD, Dinh TTN. Impacts of Anatomical Location on Postmortem Color of Pork Longissimus Muscle. Meat and Muscle Biology 2019. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb2019.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
3
|
Yang Z, Hasan MS, Htoo JK, Burnett DD, Feugang JM, Crenshaw MA, Liao SF. 140 Effects of DL- Versus L-Methionine on the Concentrations of Plasma Free Amino Acids, Muscle Gene Expression, and Growth Performance of Young Growing Pigs. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - M S Hasan
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - J K Htoo
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, Germany
| | - D D Burnett
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - J M Feugang
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - M A Crenshaw
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - S F Liao
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Owen M, Ferjak EN, Cavinder CA, McCarty KJ, Yankey KC, Hart CG, Burnett DD, Dinh T, Lemley CO. Effects of body condition score (BCS) on steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzyme activity in various mare tissues during winter anoestrus. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:296-303. [PMID: 29119664 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the activity of steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes in horses with varying BCSs. The BCSs of twenty non-pregnant, anoestrous mares were determined prior to euthanasia, and tissue samples were collected from the liver, kidney, adrenal gland, ovary and endometrium. Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), 2C (CYP2C), 3A (CYP3A) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities were determined using luminogenic substrates. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to test the effect of BCS on enzyme activity and differences between tissues. Activity of CYP1A in adrenals was increased (p ≤ .05) in BCS 5 versus BCSs 4 and 6. Activity of CYP1A in the liver was increased (p = .05) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of CYP1A was 100-fold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and kidney. Activity of CYP2C was 100-fold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and endometrium. Activity of CYP3A was only detectable in the liver. Activity of UGT in the kidney was decreased (p = .02) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of UGT was threefold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the kidney, whereas activity of UGT was ninefold greater (p < .0001) in the kidney than in the ovary and endometrium. In general, BCS did not alter the activity of steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes in horses. However, tissue differences in these enzymes indicated abundant hepatic metabolism in horses, which is similar to other livestock species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mpt Owen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - E N Ferjak
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - C A Cavinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K J McCarty
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K C Yankey
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - C G Hart
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - D D Burnett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Ttn Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - C O Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferjak EN, Cavinder CA, Burnett DD, Argo CM, Dinh TTN. Body fat of stock-type horses predicted by rump fat thickness and deuterium oxide dilution and validated by near-infrared spectroscopy of dissected tissues1. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4344-4351. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Thompson RC, McCarty KJ, Sukumaran AT, Lemire RL, King EH, Hopper RM, Lemley CO, Dinh TTN, Burnett DD. 307 Effect of maternal melatonin supplementation during mid to late gestation on fatty acid composition in maternal and fetal plasma and perirenal adipose tissue collected from bovine fetuses at 240 days of gestation. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
7
|
Hussein AH, Batista ED, Vaughn MA, Davis SR, Schwandt EF, McCoy EJ, Simroth JC, Reinhardt CD, Thomson DU, Miesner MD, Burnett DD, Gonzalez JM, Titgemeyer EC. 561 Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride on lysine utilization by growing cattle. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
8
|
Yankey KC, Owen MPT, Ferjak EN, Cavinder CA, McCarty KJ, Hart CG, Burnett DD, Dinh TTN, Lemley CO. 120 Effect of body condition score on steroid and eicosanoid metabolizing enzymes in various horse tissues. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
9
|
McCarty KJ, Owen MPT, Hart CG, Yankey KC, Thompson RC, Burnett DD, King EH, Hopper RM, Lemley CO. 487 Effect of melatonin supplementation during mid- to late-gestation on maternal uterine blood flow and calf size at birth. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
10
|
Yang Z, Hasan MS, Thompson RC, Crenshaw MA, Burnett DD, Htoo JK, Liao SF. 086 Effects of dietary methionine deficiency on the growth performance and plasma concentrations of selected metabolites in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
McGee CN, Owen MPT, McCarty KJ, Hart CG, Yankey KC, King EH, Hopper RM, Burnett DD, Lemley CO. 121 Characterizing fetal liver and placental steroid and eicosanoid metabolizing enzymes from dams supplemented with melatonin. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
12
|
Noel JA, Broxterman RM, McCoy GM, Craig JC, Phelps KJ, Burnett DD, Vaughn MA, Barstow TJ, O'Quinn TG, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Rozell TG, Gonzalez JM. Use of electromyography to detect muscle exhaustion in finishing barrows fed ractopamine HCl. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2344-56. [PMID: 27285911 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber characteristics and electromyography (EMG) measures of finishing barrow exhaustion when barrows were subjected to increased levels of activity. Barrows ( = 34; 92 ± 2 kg initial BW) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a conventional swine finishing diet containing 0 mg/kg ractopamine HCl (CON) or a diet formulated to meet the requirements of finishing barrows fed 10 mg/kg RAC (RAC+). After 32 d on feed, barrows were individually moved around a track at 0.79 m/s until subjectively exhausted. Wireless EMG sensors were affixed to the deltoideus (DT), triceps brachii lateral head (TLH), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles to measure median power frequency (MdPF) and root mean square (RMS) as indicators of action potential conduction velocity and muscle fiber recruitment, respectively. After harvest, samples of each muscle were collected for fiber type, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and capillary density analysis. Speed was not different ( = 0.82) between treatments, but RAC+ barrows reached subjective exhaustion earlier and covered less distance than CON barrows ( < 0.01). There were no treatment × muscle interactions or treatment effects for end-point MdPF values ( > 0.29). There was a treatment × muscle interaction ( = 0.04) for end-point RMS values. The RAC diet did not change end-point RMS values in the DT or TLH ( > 0.37); however, the diet tended to decrease and increase end-point RMS in the ST and TFL, respectively ( < 0.07). There were no treatment × muscle interactions for fiber type, SDH, or capillary density measures ( > 0.10). Muscles of RAC+ barrows tended to have less type I fibers and more capillaries per fiber ( < 0.07). Type I and IIA fibers of RAC+ barrows were larger ( < 0.07). Compared with all other muscles, the ST had more ( < 0.01) type IIB fibers and larger type I, IIA, and IIX fibers ( < 0.01). Type I, IIA, and IIX fibers of the ST also contained less SDH compared with the other muscles ( < 0.01). Barrows fed a RAC diet had increased time to subjective exhaustion due to loss of active muscle fibers in the ST, possibly due to fibers being larger and less oxidative in metabolism. Size increases in type I and IIA fibers with no change in oxidative capacity could also contribute to early exhaustion of RAC+ barrows. Overall, EMG technology can measure real-time muscle fiber loss to help explain subjective exhaustion in barrows.
Collapse
|
13
|
Phelps KJ, Drouillard JS, O'Quinn TG, Burnett DD, Blackmon TL, Axman JE, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Gonzalez JM. Feeding microalgae meal (All-G Rich; CCAP 4087/2) to beef heifers. I: Effects on longissimus lumborum steak color and palatibility. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4016-4029. [PMID: 27898904 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine effects of 4 levels of microalgae meal (All-G Rich, CCAP 4087/2; Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) supplementation to the diet of finishing heifers on longissimus lumborum (LL) steak PUFA content, beef palatability, and color stability. Crossbred heifers ( = 288; 452 ± 23 kg initial BW) were allocated to pens (36 pens and 8 heifers/pen), stratified by initial pen BW (3,612 ± 177 kg), and randomly assigned within strata to 1 of 4 treatments: 0, 50, 100, and 150 g·heifer·d of microalgae meal. After 89 d of feeding, cattle were harvested and LL were collected for determination of fatty acid composition and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), trained sensory panel evaluation, and 7-d retail color stability and lipid oxidation analyses. Feeding microalgae meal to heifers increased (quadratic, < 0.01) the content of 22:6-3 and increased (linear, < 0.01) the content of 20:5-3. Feeding increasing levels of microalgae meal did not impact total SFA or MUFA ( > 0.25) but tended ( = 0.10) to increase total PUFA in a quadratic manner ( = 0.03). Total omega-6 PUFA decreased (linear, = 0.01) and total omega-3 PUFA increased (quadratic, < 0.01) as microalgae meal level increased in the diet, which caused a decrease (quadratic, < 0.01) in the omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio. Feeding microalgae meal did not affect WBSF values or sensory panel evaluation of tenderness, juiciness, or beef flavor scores ( > 0.16); however, off-flavor intensity increased with increasing concentration of microalgae meal in the diet (quadratic, < 0.01). From d 5 through 7 of retail display, steaks from heifers fed microalgae meal had a reduced a* value and oxymyoglobin surface percentage, with simultaneous increased surface metmyoglobin formation (quadratic, < 0.01). Lipid oxidation analysis indicated that at d 0 and 7 of display, as the concentration of microalgae meal increased in the diet, the level of oxidation increased (quadratic, < 0.01). Muscle fiber type percentage or size was not influenced by the inclusion of microalgae meal in diets ( > 0.19); therefore, the negative effects of microalgae on color stability were not due to fiber metabolism differences. Feeding microalgae meal to finishing heifers improves PUFA content of beef within the LL, but there are adverse effects on flavor and color stability.
Collapse
|
14
|
Phelps KJ, Drouillard JS, O'Quinn TG, Burnett DD, Blackmon TL, Axman JE, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Gonzalez JM. Feeding microalgae meal (All-G Rich; CCAP 4067/2) to beef heifers. II: Effects on ground beef color and palatability. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4030-4039. [PMID: 27898910 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of feeding microalgae meal (All-G Rich, CCAP 4087/2; Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) to finishing heifers on 85% lean and 15% fat (85/15) ground beef PUFA content, palatability, and color stability. Crossbred heifers ( = 288; 452 ± 23 kg initial BW) were allocated to pens (36 pens and 8 heifers/pen), stratified by initial pen BW (3,612 ± 177 kg), and randomly assigned within strata to 1 of 4 treatments: 0, 50, 100, and 150 g·heifer·d of microalgae meal. After 89 d of feeding, a subset of heifers (3/pen) was harvested and the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius were collected for processing into ground beef. At 42 d postmortem, 85/15 ground beef was formulated and formed into 112-g patties and fatty acid composition, subjective palatability, and 96-h retail color stability analyses were conducted. Increasing dietary microalgae meal concentration increased ground beef 20:5-3 and 22:6-3 fatty acids (quadratic, < 0.01). There was a treatment × hour interaction for all color attributes ( < 0.01). On d 0, microalgae tended ( = 0.08) to decrease L*, but patties had similar L* values the remainder of display ( > 0.12). Feeding microalgae meal affected ( = 0.02) b* at 24 h and decreased (linear, = 0.08) b* at 48 h. From h 0 to 36 of display, microalgae affected redness of patties ( < 0.02), and from 48 to 72 h, microalgae meal decreased a* value (linear, < 0.04). Microalgae meal did not impact sensory panel firmness, overall tenderness, or juiciness scores ( > 0.20) but tended to affect ( = 0.10) cohesiveness scores. As the amount of microalgae meal fed to heifers increased, beef flavor intensity decreased (linear, < 0.01) and off-flavor intensity increased (quadratic, < 0.05). Surface oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin were impacted by microalgae meal from 12 to 36 h of display ( < 0.01). From 48 to 84 h of display, feeding microalgae meal to heifers decreased (linear, < 0.09) surface oxymyoglobin and increased (linear, < 0.02) surface metmyoglobin of patties. Although feeding microalgae meal to heifers increases the PUFA content of 85/15 ground beef, there are undesirable effects on flavor and color stability.
Collapse
|
15
|
Holtcamp AJ, Sukumaran AT, Lemire RL, Karisch BB, Burnett DD, Dinh T. 131 Retail color and aerobic bacterial count of strip steaks from beef cattle fed endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
16
|
Durfey CL, Liao SF, Burnett DD, Crenshaw MA, Steadman CS, Willard ST, Ryan PL, Clemente H, Feugang JM. 085 Assessment of growth and health performance of pigs born from magnetically nanopurified boar spermatozoa. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
17
|
Ebarb SM, Phelps KJ, Drouillard JS, Maddock-Carlin KR, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Noel JA, Van Bibber- Krueger CL, Paulk CB, Grieger DM, Gonzalez JM. Effects of anabolic implants and ractopamine-HCl on muscle fiber morphometrics, collagen solubility, and tenderness of beef longissimus lumborum steaks1,2. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1219-1231. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
18
|
Lemire RL, Coble KF, Garry D, Thomas LL, Hastad CW, Burnett DD. 127 Effect of double stocking and nursery split-out age on wean-to-finish growth performance and economic parameters of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
19
|
Holtcamp AJ, Sukumaran AT, Wilkerson EK, Schnedler AE, McClenton BJ, Lemire RL, Calkins CR, Burnett DD, Dinh TT. Mitochondrial Lipid Composition and Enzyme Activity of Post Mortem Beef Longissimus Muscle from Angus Steers Fed Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seeds. Meat and Muscle Biology 2017. [DOI: 10.22175/rmc2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
20
|
Ebarb SM, Phelps KJ, Drouillard JS, Maddock-Carlin KR, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Noel JA, Van Bibber- Krueger CL, Paulk CB, Grieger DM, Gonzalez JM. Effects of anabolic implants and ractopamine-HCl on muscle fiber morphometrics, collagen solubility, and tenderness of beef longissimus lumborum steaks. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2016.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
21
|
Ferjak EN, Cavinder CA, Burnett DD, Argo CM, Dinh TTN. Body fat of stock-type horses predicted by rump fat thickness and deuterium oxide dilution and validated by near-infrared spectroscopy of dissected tissues. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
22
|
Greene AL, Humphrey RM, Sukumaran AT, Ferjak EN, Lemire RL, Cavinder CA, Burnett DD, Dinh T. 114 Effect of Body Condition Score on Fatty Acid Composition of Equine Visceral Adipose Tissues. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/ssasas2017.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
23
|
McClenton BJ, Sukumaran AT, Holtcamp AJ, Lemire RL, Thompson RC, White OL, Vann RC, Blanton JR, Burnett DD, Dinh T. 050 Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seeds Had No Effect on Carcass Characteristics of Beef Cattle. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/ssasas2017.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
24
|
Camareno KC, Sukumaran AT, Scott J, Gurung N, Dinh TTN, Burnett DD. 1693 Effects of feeding varying levels of deoiled distillers dried grains with solubles on fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in meat goats. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
25
|
Humphrey RM, Sukumaran AT, Lemire RL, Ferjak EN, Cavinder C, Burnett DD, Dinh TTN. 0805 Effect of body condition score on fatty acid composition of equine subcutaneous adipose tissue. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
26
|
Stephenson EW, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Paulk CB, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Gonzalez JM. Influence of dietary fat source and feeding duration on finishing pig growth performance, carcass composition, and fat quality. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2851-66. [PMID: 27482672 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 45.6 kg) were used in an 84-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. There were 2 pigs per pen with 8 pens per treatment. The 10 dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat and a 3 × 3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). The control corn-soybean meal diet was fed in place of added fat diets when needed for duration treatment purposes. On d 0, 1 pig was identified in each pen and fat biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl were collected on d 0, 41, and 81 for fatty acid analysis. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were determined, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected for analysis. Overall (d 0 to 84), there were no differences among pigs fed the different fat sources for growth and carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed diets with added fat for the entire study had improved ( = 0.036) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet without added fat. Pigs fed supplemental fat throughout the entire study also had improved ( < 0.05) ADG and G:F as well as heavier d-84 BW ( = 0.006) compared with pigs fed additional fat during only 1 period. Adding fat for the entire study increased ( = 0.032) backfat and tended to reduce ( = 0.079) the fat free lean index compared with pigs fed the control diet without added fat. Added fat also increased ( < 0.05) the iodine value (IV) when compared with pigs fed the control diet. Increasing the feeding duration of soybean oil lowered MUFA and increased PUFA concentrations for all fat depots, whereas these values remained relatively unchanged by the addition of tallow (duration × fat source interactions, < 0.05). Our study failed to show any feeding period × fat source interactions ( < 0.05) in fatty acid composition or IV for jowl fat, whereas this interaction occurred for belly fat and backfat, which would indicate a longer turnover rate for jowl fat. In conclusion, feeding additional fat improved ADG and G:F; however, feeding soybean oil for an increased duration, either alone or in combination with tallow, negatively affected the fatty acid composition and IV of different fat depots.
Collapse
|
27
|
Paulk CB, Bergstrom JR, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Burnett DD, Stephenson EW, Vaughn MA, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Nelssen JL, Gonzalez JM. Equations generated to predict iodine value of pork carcass back, belly, and jowl fat. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1666-78. [PMID: 26020188 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from existing literature were used to generate equations to predict finishing pig back, belly, and jowl fat iodine values (IV) and an experiment was conducted to evaluate these equations. The final database included 24, 21, and 29 papers for back, belly, and jowl fat IV, respectively. For experiments that changed dietary fatty acid composition, initial (INT) diets were defined as those fed before the change in diet composition and final (FIN) diets were those fed after. The predictor variables tested were divided into 5 groups: 1) diet fat composition (dietary percent C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, EFA, unsaturated fatty acids, and IV product) for both INT and FIN diets, 2) day feeding the INT and FIN diets, 3) ME or NE of the INT and FIN diet, 4) live performance criteria (initial BW, final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F), and 5) carcass criteria (HCW and backfat thickness). The PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) was used to develop regression equations. Evaluation of models with significant terms was then conducted based on the Bayesian information criterion. The optimum equations to predict back, belly, and jowl fat IV were backfat IV = 84.83 + (6.87 × INT EFA) - (3.90 × FIN EFA) - (0.12 × INT days) - (1.30 × FIN days) - (0.11 × INT EFA × FIN days) + (0.048 × FIN EFA × INT days) + (0.12 × FIN EFA × FIN days) - (0.0060 × FIN NE) + (0.0005 × FIN NE × FIN days) - (0.26 × backfat depth); belly fat IV = 106.16 + (6.21 × INT EFA) - (1.50 × FIN days) - (0.11 × INT EFA × FIN days) - (0.012 × INT NE) + (0.00069 × INT NE × FIN days) - (0.18 × HCW) - (0.25 × backfat depth); and jowl fat IV = 85.50 + (1.08 × INT EFA) + (0.87 × FIN EFA) - (0.014 × INT days) - (0.050 × FIN days) + (0.038 × INT EFA × INT days) + (0.054 × FIN EFA × FIN days) - (0.0066 × INT NE) + (0.071 × INT BW) - (2.19 × ADFI) - (0.29 × backfat depth). Dietary treatments from the evaluation experiment consisted of a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat or a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). The back, belly, and jowl fat IV equations tended to overestimate IV when observed IV were less than approximately 65 g/100 g and underestimate belly fat IV when actual IV are greater than approximately 74 g/100 g or when the fat blend was fed from d 0 to 84 or 42 to 84. Overall, with the exceptions noted, the regression equations were an accurate tool for predicting carcass fat quality based on dietary and pig performance factors.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ebarb SM, Drouillard JS, Maddock-Carlin KR, Phelps KJ, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Paulk CB, Grieger DM, Gonzalez JM. Effect of growth-promoting technologies on Longissimus lumborum muscle fiber morphometrics, collagen solubility, and cooked meat tenderness12. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:869-81. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
29
|
Burnett DD, Paulk CB, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Vaughn MA, Phelps KJ, Dritz SS, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Haydon KD, Gonzalez JM. Effects of Added Zinc on Skeletal Muscle Morphometrics and Gene Expression of Finishing Pigs Fed Ractopamine-HCL. Anim Biotechnol 2015; 27:17-29. [PMID: 26634949 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2015.1069301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Finishing pigs (n = 320) were used in a 35-day study to determine the effects of ractopamine-HCl (RAC) and supplemental Zinc (Zn) level on loin eye area (LEA) and gene expression. Pens were randomly allotted to the following treatments for the final 35 days on feed: a corn-soybean meal diet (CON), a diet with 10 ppm RAC (RAC+), and RAC diet plus added Zn at 75, 150, or 225 ppm. Sixteen pigs per treatment were randomly selected for collection of serial muscle biopsies and carcass data on day 0, 8, 18, and 32 of the treatment phase. Compared to CON carcasses, RAC+ carcasses had 12.6% larger (P = 0.03) LEA. Carcasses from RAC diets with added Zn had a tendency for increased (quadratic, P < 0.10) LEA compared to the RAC+ carcasses. Compared to RAC+ pigs, relative expression of IGF1 decreased with increasing levels of Zn on day 8 and 18 of treatment, but expression levels were similar on day 32 due to Zn treatments increasing in expression while the RAC+ treatment decreased (Zn quadratic × day quadratic, P = 0.04). A similar trend was detected for the expression of β1-receptor where expression levels in the RAC+ pigs were greater than Zn supplemented pigs on day 8 and 18 of the experiment, but the magnitude of difference between the treatments was reduced on day 32 due to a decrease in expression by RAC+ pigs and an increase in expression by the Zn pigs (Zn quadratic × day quadratic, P = 0.01). The ability of Zn to prolong the expression of these two genes may be responsible for the tendency of Zn to increase LEA in RAC supplemented pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Burnett
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - C B Paulk
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - M D Tokach
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - J L Nelssen
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - M A Vaughn
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - K J Phelps
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - S S Dritz
- b Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - J M DeRouchey
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - R D Goodband
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| | - K D Haydon
- c Elanco Animal Health , Greenfield , Indiana , USA
| | - J M Gonzalez
- a Department of Animal Sciences and Industry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas , USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Phelps KJ, Drouillard JS, Jennings JS, Depenbusch BE, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Miller KA, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Gonzalez JM. Effects of the Programmed Nutrition Beef Program on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:1298-308. [PMID: 26020906 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of alternative finishing strategies on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Beef steers (64 pens; 8 steers/pen) were allocated to a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Factor 1 consisted of diet, with cattle fed a conventional (CON) diet or a diet consisting of Programmed Nutrition Beef Program (PN) supplements. The PN treatment included Programmed Nutrition Beef Receiver fed from d 1 through 20 of feeding and Programmed Nutrition Beef Finisher fed from d 21 to harvest. Factor 2 evaluated the presence (EGP+) or absence (EGP-) of exogenous growth promotants (ExGP) in the production system. Steers in the EGP+ treatments were initially implanted with Component E-S, reimplanted with Component TE-IS, and fed 400 mg·animal·dof ractopamine hydrochloride for the final 28 d before harvest. Steers were harvested on d 175, and strip loins were removed from 2 carcasses selected at random from each pen for transport to Kansas State University. One 1.27-cm-thick steak was removed from the anterior face for proximate and long-chain fatty acid analysis. There were no diet × ExGP interactions ( > 0.10) for feedlot performance except for DMI ( = 0.02). Steers in the PN/EGP+ treatment consumed more feed than all other treatments ( < 0.05). Both diet and ExGP affected DMI ( < 0.05), with PN and EGP+ steers consuming more feed than their contemporaries. Gain:feed and ADG were unaffected ( > 0.10) by diet, but ExGP improved these measures ( < 0.01). There were no diet × ExGP interactions for carcass characteristics except KPH fat and percentages of yield grade 3 and 4 carcasses ( < 0.05). Diet affected total incidence of liver abscesses because PN steers had a greater ( = 0.05) incidence of liver abscesses than steers in the CON treatment. Diet did not affect the other carcass characteristics ( > 0.10). Use of ExGP increased ( < 0.05) HCW, LM area, and 12th-rib fat but did not affect ( > 0.10) marbling score. Using ExGP reduced the percentage carcasses grading Premium Choice ( < 0.05). No diet × ExGP interactions or diet effects were detected for long-chain fatty acid profiles ( > 0.10). Use of ExGP increased ( < 0.05) the ratio of saturated:unsaturated fatty acids. In summary, the alternative feeding strategy presented in this study produced similar feedlot performance and carcass characteristics compared with a conventional feedlot system.
Collapse
|
31
|
Paulk CB, Burnett DD, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Dritz SS, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Hill GM, Haydon KD, Gonzalez JM. Effect of added zinc in diets with ractopamine hydrochloride on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and ileal mucosal inflammation mRNA expression of finishing pigs1,2. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:185-96. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
32
|
Paulk CB, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Burnett DD, Vaughn MA, Phelps KJ, Dritz SS, Derouchey JM, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Houser TA, Haydon KD, Gonzalez JM. Effect of dietary zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on pork chop muscle fiber type distribution, tenderness, and color characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2325-35. [PMID: 24671591 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 98 kg) were used to determine the effects of adding Zn to diets containing ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber type distribution, fresh chop color, and cooked meat characteristics. Dietary treatments were fed for approximately 35 d and consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based negative control (CON), a positive control diet with 10 mg/kg of RAC (RAC+), and the RAC+ diet plus 75, 150, or 225 mg/kg added Zn from either ZnO or Availa-Zn. Loins randomly selected from each treatment (n = 20) were evaluated using contrasts: CON vs. RAC+, interaction of Zn level × source, Zn level linear and quadratic polynomials, and Zn source. There were no Zn source effects or Zn source × level interactions throughout the study (P > 0.10). Pigs fed RAC+ had increased (P < 0.02) percentage type IIX and a tendency for increased (P = 0.10) percent type IIB muscle fibers. Increasing added Zn decreased (linear, P = 0.01) percentage type IIA and tended to increase (P = 0.09) IIX muscle fibers. On d 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of display, pork chops from pigs fed the RAC+ treatment had greater (P < 0.03) L* values compared to the CON. On d 0 and 3 of display, increasing added Zn tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.10) L* values and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.03) L* values on d 1, 2, 4, and 5. Pigs fed RAC+ had decreased (P < 0.05) a* values on d 1 and 4 of display and tended to have decreased (P < 0.10) a* values on d 0 and 2 compared to CON pork chops. Pork chops from the RAC+ treatment had a tendency for increased (P < 0.08) oxymyoglobin percentage compared to CON pork chops on d 1, 2, 4, and 5. On d 0, as dietary Zn increased in RAC+ diets, there was a decrease (linear, P < 0.01) in the formation of pork chop surface oxymyoglobin percentage. Metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) of pork chops on d 5 was decreased in the RAC+ group. Chops from pigs fed added Zn had increased (quadratic, P < 0.03) MRA on d 3 and 5 of the display period. There was a trend for increased (linear, P = 0.07) cooking loss with increasing Zn in RAC diets and treatments did not affect tenderness as measured by Warner-Bratzler shear force (P > 0.07). In conclusion, RAC+ diets produced chops that were lighter and less red but maintained a greater percentage of surface oxymyoglobin throughout a 5-d simulated retail display. Ractopamine reduced MRA at the end of the display period, but supplementing Zn to RAC diets restored MRA to near CON treatment levels at the end of the display period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Paulk
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Phelps KJ, Drouillard JS, Jennings JS, Depenbusch BE, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Miller KA, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Ebarb SM, Houser TA, Johnson SE, Gonzalez JM. Effects of the Programmed Nutrition Beef Program on meat quality characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1780-91. [PMID: 24492560 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of alternative finishing strategies on beef steak color and cooked meat characteristics. Beef steers (n = 64 pens; 8 steers/pen) were allocated to a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement and initial body weight serving as the blocking factor. Factor 1 consisted of dietary treatment with cattle either being fed a conventional feedlot diet (CON) or a diet that included Programmed Nutrition Beef Program supplements. Cattle in the Programmed Nutrition (PN) treatments were fed in two-stages: 1) the basal diet with Programmed Nutrition Beef Receiver from d 1 to 20 and the basal diet with Programmed Nutrition Beef Finisher from d 21 to harvest. Factor 2 consisted of the inclusion (EGP+) or absence (EGP-) of an exogenous growth promoting program. Steers in the EGP+ treatments were implanted initially with Component E-S, reimplanted with Component TE-IS, and fed 400 mg · d(-1) · steer(-1) of ractopamine hydrochloride for the final 28 d before harvest. Steers were harvested on d 175 of feeding and 1 strip loin was removed from 2 carcasses selected at random from each pen for transport to Kansas State University. After 14 d of aging, loins were fabricated into 2.54-cm thick steaks for objective and trained sensory panel measurement of cooked meat characteristics and objective color measurements during 7 d retail display. There were no interactions (P > 0.10) between feeding strategy and exogenous growth promotants for all objective measures of color and cooked meat characteristics. Throughout the display period, PN steaks were darker (P = 0.02) than CON steaks, but surface percentages of oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin and metmyoglobin reducing ability were unaffected by feeding strategy (P > 0.10). Loins and steaks from PN cattle possessed decreased moisture loss during aging and cooking (P < 0.01). Trained sensory panel evaluation of cooked meat revealed a dietary program × growth promotant interaction for myofibrillar tenderness, connective tissue amount, and overall tenderness (P = 0.01). Compared to the CON/EGP- and PN/EGP- treatments, steaks from the CON/EGP+ and PN/EGP+ treatments were evaluated by panelists as being less myofibrillar and overall tender (P < 0.05). The alternative feeding strategies presented in this study can favorably impact water-holding capacity without negatively compromising retail display discoloration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Phelps
- Kansas State University, Dep. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Manhattan 66506
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|