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Zhao Z, Espanol M, Guillem-Marti J, Kempf D, Diez-Escudero A, Ginebra MP. Ion-doping as a strategy to modulate hydroxyapatite nanoparticle internalization. Nanoscale 2016; 8:1595-1607. [PMID: 26690499 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although it is widely acknowledged that ionic substitutions on bulk hydroxyapatite substrates have a strong impact on their biological performance, little is known of their effect on nanoparticles (NPs) especially when used for gene transfection or drug delivery. The fact that NPs would be internalized poses many questions but also opens up many new possibilities. The objective of the present work is to synthesize and assess the effect of a series of hydroxyapatite-like (HA) NPs doped with various ions on cell behavior, i.e. carbonate, magnesium and co-addition. We synthesized NPs under similar conditions to allow comparison of results and different aspects in addition to assessing the effect of the doping ion(s) were investigated: (1) the effect of performing the cell culture study on citrate-dispersed NPs and on agglomerated NPs, (2) the effect of adding/excluding 10% of foetal bovine serum (FBS) in the cell culture media and (3) the type of cell, i.e. MG-63 versus rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). The results clearly demonstrated that Mg-doping had a major effect on MG-63 cells with high cytotoxicity but not to rMSCs. This was a very important finding because it proved that doping could be a tool to modify NP internalization. The results also suggest that NP surface charge had a large impact on MG-63 cells and prevents their internalization if it is too negative-this effect was less critical for rMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhao
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain. and Centre for Research in Nanoengineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Pascual i Vila 15, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - M Espanol
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain. and Centre for Research in Nanoengineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Pascual i Vila 15, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - J Guillem-Marti
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain. and Centre for Research in Nanoengineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Pascual i Vila 15, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - D Kempf
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - A Diez-Escudero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain. and Centre for Research in Nanoengineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Pascual i Vila 15, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - M-P Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain. and Centre for Research in Nanoengineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Pascual i Vila 15, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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2
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Kempf D, Vignal V, Martin N, Virtanen S. Relationships between strain, microstructure and oxide growth at the nano- and microscale. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Marchetti D, Reiland J, Kempf D, Roy M, Denkins Y. FGF2 binding, signaling and angiogenesis are modulated by heparanase in metastatic melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200609001-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Vandamme AM, Sönnerborg A, Ait-Khaled M, Albert J, Asjo B, Bacheler L, Banhegyi D, Boucher C, Brun-Vézinet F, Camacho R, Clevenbergh P, Clumeck N, Dedes N, De Luca A, Doerr HW, Faudon JL, Gatti G, Gerstoft J, Hall WW, Hatzakis A, Hellmann N, Horban A, Lundgren JD, Kempf D, Miller M, Miller V, Myers TW, Nielsen C, Opravil M, Palmisano L, Perno CF, Phillips A, Pillay D, Pumarola T, Ruiz L, Salminen M, Schapiro J, Schmidt B, Schmit JC, Schuurman R, Shulse E, Soriano V, Staszewski S, Vella S, Youle M, Ziermann R, Perrin L. Updated European recommendations for the clinical use of HIV drug resistance testing. Antivir Ther 2004; 9:829-48. [PMID: 15651743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In most European countries, HIV drug resistance testing has become a routine clinical tool. However, its practical implementation in a clinical context is demanding. The European HIV Drug Resistance Panel was established to make recommendations to clinicians and virologists on this topic and to propose quality control measures. The panel recommends resistance testing for the following indications: i) drug-naive patients with acute or recent infection; ii) therapy failure, including suboptimal treatment response, when treatment change is considered; iii) pregnant HIV-1-infected women and paediatric patients with detectable viral load when treatment initiation or change is considered; and iv) genotype source patient when post-exposure prophylaxis is considered. In addition, for drug-naive patients with chronic infection in whom treatment is to be started, the panel suggests that resistance testing should be strongly considered and recommends testing the earliest sample for drug resistance if suspicion of resistance is high or prevalence of resistance in this population exceeds 10%. The panel does not favour genotyping over phenotype, however it is anticipated that genotyping will be used more often because of its greater accessibility, lower cost and faster turnaround time. For the interpretation of resistance data, clinically validated systems should be used to the greatest extent possible. It is mandatory that laboratories performing HIV resistance tests take regular part in quality assurance programs. Similarly, it is necessary that HIV clinicians and virologists take part in continuous education and meet regularly to discuss problematic clinical cases. Indeed, resistance test results should be used in the context of all other clinically relevant information for predicting therapy response. The panel also encourages the timely collection of epidemiological information to estimate the impact of transmission of resistant HIV and the prevalence of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in the different European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Vandamme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Vandamme AM, Sönnerborg A, Ait-Khaled M, Albert J, Asjo B, Bacheler L, Banhegyi D, Boucher C, Brun-Vézinet F, Camacho R, Clevenbergh P, Clumeck N, Dedes N, Luca AD, Doerr HW, Faudon JL, Gatti G, Gerstoft J, Hall WW, Hatzakis A, Hellmann N, Horban A, Lundgren JD, Kempf D, Miller M, Miller V, Myers TW, Nielsen C, Opravil M, Palmisano L, Perno CF, Phillips A, Pillay D, Pumarola T, Ruiz L, Salminen M, Schapiro J, Schmidt B, Schmit JC, Schuurman R, Shulse E, Soriano V, Staszewski S, Vella S, Youle M, Ziermann R, Perrin L. Updated European Recommendations for the Clinical Use of HIV Drug Resistance Testing. Antivir Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350400900619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In most European countries, HIV drug resistance testing has become a routine clinical tool. However, its practical implementation in a clinical context is demanding. The European HIV Drug Resistance Panel was established to make recommendations to clinicians and virologists on this topic and to propose quality control measures. The panel recommends resistance testing for the following indications: i) drug-naive patients with acute or recent infection; ii) therapy failure, including suboptimal treatment response, when treatment change is considered; iii) pregnant HIV-1-infected women and paediatric patients with detectable viral load when treatment initiation or change is considered; and iv) genotype source patient when post-exposure prophylaxis is considered. In addition, for drug-naive patients with chronic infection in whom treatment is to be started, the panel suggests that resistance testing should be strongly considered and recommends testing the earliest sample for drug resistance if suspicion of resistance is high or prevalence of resistance in this population exceeds 10%. The panel does not favour genotyping over phenotype, however it is anticipated that genotyping will be used more often because of its greater accessibility, lower cost and faster turnaround time. For the interpretation of resistance data, clinically validated systems should be used to the greatest extent possible. It is mandatory that laboratories performing HIV resistance tests take regular part in quality assurance programs. Similarly, it is necessary that HIV clinicians and virologists take part in continuous education and meet regularly to discuss problematic clinical cases. Indeed, resistance test results should be used in the context of all other clinically relevant information for predicting therapy response. The panel also encourages the timely collection of epidemiological information to estimate the impact of transmission of resistant HIV and the prevalence of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in the different European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Vandamme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Sönnerborg
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Ait-Khaled
- GlaxoSmithKline, HIV Medicines Development Centre Europe, Greenford, UK
| | - J Albert
- Dept of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Diease Control and Microbiology and Tumourbiology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - B Asjo
- Centre for Research in Virology, Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - D Banhegyi
- 5th Department of Medicine, Saint Laszlo Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - C Boucher
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Brun-Vézinet
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - R Camacho
- Hospital Egas Moniz, Serviço de Imuno-Hemoterapia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P Clevenbergh
- Service de Médecine Interne A, Hôpital Lariboisiere, Paris, France
| | - N Clumeck
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A De Luca
- Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - HW Doerr
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Clinic Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - G Gatti
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Genova, Italy
| | - J Gerstoft
- Rigshospitalet Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - WW Hall
- University College Dublin, Department Medical Microbiology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Hatzakis
- National Retrovirus Reference Centre, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - N Hellmann
- ViroLogic, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., USA
| | - A Horban
- Hospital of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Diagnosis and Therapy Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - JD Lundgren
- Copenhagen HIV Programme (CHIP) - Section 044, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - D Kempf
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill., USA
| | - M Miller
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, Calif., USA
| | - V Miller
- Forum for Collaborative HIV Research, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - TW Myers
- Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, Calif., USA
| | - C Nielsen
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - M Opravil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - CF Perno
- University of Rome Tor Vergata and INMI L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - A Phillips
- Royal Free Centre for HIV Medicine and Department of Primary Care & Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - D Pillay
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Pumarola
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Ruiz
- Retrovirology Lab, IRSICAIXA Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Salminen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - B Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, German National Reference Centre for Retroviruses, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J-C Schmit
- National Service of Infectious Diseases, Retrovirology Laboratory Luxembourg, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - R Schuurman
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Virology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Shulse
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, Calif., USA
| | - V Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - S Vella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Youle
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - R Ziermann
- Bayer HealthCare – Diagnostics, Medical and Scientific Affairs, Berkeley, Calif., USA
| | - L Perrin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Wang GT, Chen Y, Wang S, Gentles R, Sowin T, Kati W, Muchmore S, Giranda V, Stewart K, Sham H, Kempf D, Laver WG. Design, synthesis, and structural analysis of influenza neuraminidase inhibitors containing pyrrolidine cores. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1192-201. [PMID: 11312919 DOI: 10.1021/jm000468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of (+/-)-(2S,3R,4R)-2-(trifluoroacetamido)methyl-3-amino-1-(N'-ethyl-N'-isopropylcarbamyl)pyrrolidine-4-carboxylic acid (A-192558, 20e) as a potent inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase (NA) is described. Efficient syntheses of two core structures, cis-3-(allyloxycarbonyl)amino-1-(9'-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-4-carboxylic acid (7) and tert-butyl (+/-)-(2S,3R,4R)-2-aminomethyl-3-bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino-1-(N'-ethyl-N'-isopropylcarbamyl)pyrrolidine-4-carboxylate (18b), were developed. Starting with these core structures and using available structural information of the NA active site as the guide, analogues were synthesized in both the tri- and tetrasubstituted pyrrolidine series by means of high-throughput parallel synthesis in solid or solution phase for expeditious SAR. These studies accelerated the identification of (+/-)-(2S,3R,4R)-2-(trifluoroacetamido)methyl-3-amino-1-(N-ethyl-N-isopropylcarbamyl)pyrrolidine-4-carboxylate (20e, A-192558) as the most potent NA inhibitor in this series (IC50 = 0.2 microM against NA A and 8 microM against NA B). The X-ray crystallographic structure of A-192558 bound to NA revealed the predicted interaction of the carboxylic group with the positively charged pocket (Arg118, Arg292, Arg371) and interaction of the trifluoroacetamino residue with the hydrophobic pocket (Ile222, Trp178) of the enzyme active site. Surprisingly, the ethyl and isopropyl groups of the urea functionality induced a conformational change of Glu276, turning the Glu276/Glu277 hydrophilic pocket, which normally accommodates the triglycerol side chain of substrate sialic acid, into an induced hydrophobic pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Wang
- Pharmaceutical Product Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA.
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7
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Zhao C, Maring C, Sun M, Stewart K, Stoll V, Xu Y, Gu Y, Krueger A, Herrin T, Sham H, Laver W, Madigan D, Kennedy A, Kati W, Montgomery D, Saldivar A, Kempf D, Kohlbrenner W. 58 Design, synthesis and activity of substituted pyrrolidine influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(00)90389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Kempf D. [The goal is right, the way must still be planned. Interview by Peter Jäger]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1999; 109:751-2, 787-8. [PMID: 10484717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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9
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Kempf D. [Even with quality standards you remain autonomous. A preview of IFW '99, 2. Interdisciplinary Continuing Education Week]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1999; 109:299-300, 337-8. [PMID: 10223888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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10
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Kempf D. ["Quality legitimizes a free profession". The Interdisciplinary Continuing Education Week "Quality '99" (IFW '99). Interview by Peter Jäger]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1998; 108:1008-9, 1029-30. [PMID: 9867614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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11
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Kempf D. [What does SwiDent insurance mean for the practitioner?]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1998; 108:498-9. [PMID: 9679005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Sham HL, Zhao C, Marsh KC, Betebenner DA, Lin S, Rosenbrook W, Herrin T, Li L, Madigan D, Vasavanonda S, Molla A, Saldivar A, McDonald E, Wideburg NE, Kempf D, Norbeck DW, Plattner JJ. Novel azacyclic ureas that are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 225:436-40. [PMID: 8753780 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel, azacyclic ureas which are highly potent inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease (IC50 = 4.1 to < 0.5 nM) were synthesized. Aqueous solubilities of this series of compounds were improved by incorporating polar functional groups at the P1' P2 and P2' positions. These compounds also possess good anti-viral activity by inhibition of the cytopathic effect of HIV-13B in MT-4 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Sham
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500, USA
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13
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Hsu A, Kempf D, Leonard J, Mills R. Letter to the editor. [letter]. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 1996; 2:60. [PMID: 11363525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Hsu
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL
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14
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Kempf D. [Quality management in dentistry?]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1995; 105:1255-1257. [PMID: 7481669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
HIV-1, the causative agent of AIDS, encodes a protease that processes the viral polyproteins into the structural proteins and replicative enzymes found in mature virions. Protease activity has been shown to be essential for the proper assembly and maturation of fully infectious HIV-1. Thus, the HIV-1 protease (HIV PR) has become an important target for the design of antiviral agents for AIDS. Analysis of the three-dimensional structures of related aspartic proteinases, and later of Rous sarcoma virus protease, indicated that the active site and extended substrate binding cleft exhibits two-fold (C2) symmetry at the atomic level. We therefore set out to test whether compounds that contained a C2 axis of symmetry, and that were structurally complementary to the active site region, could be potent and selective inhibitors of HIV PR. Two novel classes of C2 or pseudo-C2 symmetric inhibitors were designed, synthesized and shown to display potent inhibitory activity towards HIV PR, and one of these, A-77003, recently entered clinical trials. The structure of the complex with A-74704 was solved using X-ray crystallographic methods and revealed a highly symmetric mode of binding, confirming our initial design principles. These studies demonstrate that relatively simple symmetry considerations can give rise to novel compound designs, allowing access to imaginative new templates for synthesis that can be translated into experimental therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Erickson
- Structural Biochemistry Program, Frederick Biomedical Supercomputing Center, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland
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Holzman TF, Kohlbrenner WE, Weigl D, Rittenhouse J, Kempf D, Erickson J. Inhibitor stabilization of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 proteinase dimer formation. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:19217-20. [PMID: 1918040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first direct observation of the subunit self-association behavior of highly purified recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2) proteinase. Multiple samples of enzyme were subjected to sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation sequentially at 8.8 degrees C and two pH values in the presence and absence of a C2 symmetric, peptidomimetic inhibitor. At both pH values the enzyme exhibited sedimentation equilibrium behavior which fit a monomer-dimer-tetramer model. In the absence of inhibitor, the apparent Kd for dimer formation was less than approximately 100 microM and the apparent Kd for the weaker dimer-tetramer association was greater than approximately 100 microM. In the presence of inhibitor, at either pH, dimer formation was more strongly favored as indicated by a approximately 5-14-fold decrease in the apparent Kd for dimer formation and a approximately 1.2-4-fold increase in the apparent Kd for tetramer formation. The enhanced formation of dimer and decrease in higher order self-associated forms in the presence of an inhibitor is consistent with inhibitor stabilization of an active dimer. The inhibitor-induced stabilization of the dimeric species is consistent with a model for substrate-induced formation of active proteinase dimers in virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Holzman
- Protein Biochemistry Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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Holzman T, Kohlbrenner W, Weigl D, Rittenhouse J, Kempf D, Erickson J. Inhibitor stabilization of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 proteinase dimer formation. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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