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Pezzi M, Leis M, Chicca M, Falabella P, Salvia R, Scala A, Whitmore D. Morphology of the Antenna of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): An Ultrastructural Investigation. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:925-933. [PMID: 28399222 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a relevant species in waste and pest management, but is also of forensic and medical importance. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the antennae of both sexes of H. illucens is presented here for the first time. The antenna is composed of three regions: the scape, the pedicel, and the flagellum. The first two regions are single segments, whereas the third region, the longest one, is composed of eight flagellomeres. The scape and pedicel have microtrichia, chaetic sensilla, and rounded perforations. The flagellum is covered by different microtrichia, the morphology of which is described in detail. Two types of sensory pit are found on flagellomeres 1 to 6. An oval depression with trichoid sensilla extends from flagellomeres 4 to 6. On both sides of flagellomere 8 is a lanceolate depression covered by hair-like microtrichia. Morphometric and morphological analyses revealed some sex-related differences. The results of the SEM investigations are compared with those obtained on other species of the family Stratiomyidae and other brachyceran Diptera. The possible role of sensilla in sensory perception is also discussed in comparison with nondipteran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
- Laboratory TekneHub, Technopole of University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, Ferrara, 44122, Italy
| | - M Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
- Laboratory TekneHub, Technopole of University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, Ferrara, 44122, Italy
| | - M Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - P Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - R Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - A Scala
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - D Whitmore
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Pezzi M, Whitmore D, Chicca M, Semeraro B, Brighi F, Leis M. Ultrastructural Morphology of the Antenna and Maxillary Palp of Sarcophaga tibialis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). J Med Entomol 2016; 53:807-814. [PMID: 27134209 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A scanning electron microscopy investigation of the antenna and maxillary palp of the adult of Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a species of medical, veterinary, and forensic relevance, is presented for the first time. Adults of both sexes used in this study were obtained from larvae collected in a case of traumatic myiasis in a domestic cat in northern Italy. The antenna of S. tibialis is that typical of cyclorrhaphan Diptera, consisting of three segments: the scape, the pedicel, and the postpedicel, bearing the arista. The scape is covered by microtrichia and has a row of long chaetic sensilla. The pedicel is also covered by microtrichia and has three types of chaetic sensilla and a cluster of setiferous plaques. Trichoid, styloconic, clavate, and basiconic sensilla are distributed among the microtrichia on the postpedicel. Invaginated basiconic-like sensilla and olfactory pits are also present, the latter ones more numerous in the female. Our results are compared with those obtained for other calyptrate flies, mainly in the family Sarcophagidae. The data obtained may represent a basis for electrophysiological studies on the sensorial activity of the species related to the search for food sources, mates, and suitable larviposition sites, and for comparative morphological studies with other Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; ),
- Laboratory TekneHub, Technopole of University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - D Whitmore
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - M Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - B Semeraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - F Brighi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - M Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy (; ; ; ; )
- Laboratory TekneHub, Technopole of University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
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Foulkes NS, Whitmore D, Vallone D, Bertolucci C. Studying the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circadian Clock: The Power of Fish as Comparative Models. Adv Genet 2016; 95:1-30. [PMID: 27503352 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The utility of any model species cannot be judged solely in terms of the tools and approaches it provides for genetic analysis. A fundamental consideration is also how its biology has been shaped by the environment and the ecological niche which it occupies. By comparing different species occupying very different habitats we can learn how molecular and cellular mechanisms change during evolution in order to optimally adapt to their environment. Such knowledge is as important as understanding how these mechanisms work. This is illustrated by the use of fish models for studying the function and evolution of the circadian clock. In this review we outline our current understanding of how fish clocks sense and respond to light and explain how this differs fundamentally from the situation with mammalian clocks. In addition, we present results from comparative studies involving two species of blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus and Phreatichthys andruzzii. This work reveals the consequences of evolution in perpetual darkness for the circadian clock and its regulation by light as well as for other mechanisms such as DNA repair, sleep, and metabolism which directly or indirectly are affected by regular exposure to sunlight. Major differences in the cave habitats inhabited by these two cavefish species have a clear impact on shaping the molecular and cellular adaptations to life in complete darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Foulkes
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - D Vallone
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Schultze M, Ramasesha K, Pemmaraju C, Sato S, Whitmore D, Gandman A, Prell JS, Borja LJ, Prendergast D, Yabana K, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Attosecond band-gap dynamics in silicon. Science 2014; 346:1348-52. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1260311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schultze
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Krupa Ramasesha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C.D. Pemmaraju
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - S.A. Sato
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - D. Whitmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A. Gandman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - L. J. Borja
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D. Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - K. Yabana
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Whitmore D, Tamai T, Cormie P, Guibal C. Fish circadian clocks: From river to dish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The eye of the opisthobranch mollusc Bulla gouldiana expresses a circadian rhythm in optic nerve impulse frequency. The circadian rhythm is generated among approximately 100 neurons at the base of the retina referred to as basal retinal neurons. These cells are electrically coupled to one another and fire spontaneous action potentials in synchrony. Basal retinal neurons recorded intracellularly exhibit a circadian rhythm in membrane potential that appears to be driven by a circadian modulation of membrane conductance. Membrane conductance is relatively high during the subjective night and decreases after subjective dawn. Recent experiments in our laboratory indicate that individual basal retinal neurons in culture can express circadian rhythms in membrane conductance. When completely isolated, these cells continue to show circadian conductance changes. These studies provide the first direct demonstration that individual neurons can act as circadian pacemakers. Although the precise details of the mechanism generating the circadian periodicity remain obscure, our research indicates that several transmembrane ionic fluxes are not involved in rhythm generation, but that a transmembrane Ca2+ flux is critical for entrainment. Both transcription and translation appear to play critical roles in generating the circadian cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Block
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Biological Timing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA
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Abstract
In the classical view of circadian clock organization, the daily rhythms of most organisms were thought to be regulated by a central, 'master' pacemaker, usually located within neural structures of the animal. However, with the results of experiments performed in zebrafish, mammalian cell lines and, more recently, mammalian tissues, this view has changed to one where clock organization is now seen as being highly decentralized. It is clear that clocks exist in the peripheral tissues of animals as diverse as Drosophila, zebrafish and mammals. In the case of Drosophila and zebrafish, these tissues are also directly light-responsive. This light sensitivity and direct clock entrainability is also true for zebrafish cell lines and early-stage embryos. Using luminescent reporter cell lines containing clock gene promoters driving the expression of luciferase and single-cell imaging techniques, we have been able to show how each cell responds rapidly to a single light pulse by being shifted to a common phase, equivalent to the early day. This direct light sensitivity might be related to the requirement for light in these cells to activate the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair. It is also clear that the circadian clock in zebrafish regulates the timing of the cell cycle, demonstrating the wide impact that this light sensitivity and daily rhythmicity has on the biology of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Tamai
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, UK
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Abstract
The identification of specific clock-containing structures has been a major endeavour of the circadian field for many years. This has lead to the identification of many key components of the circadian system, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mammals, and the eyes and pineal glands in lower vertebrates. However, the idea that these structures represent the only clocks in animals has been challenged by the discovery of peripheral pacemakers in most organs and tissues, and even a number of cell lines. In Drosophila, and vertebrates such as the zebrafish, these peripheral clocks appear to be highly autonomous, being set directly by the environmental light/dark cycle. However, a hierarchy of clocks may still exist in mammals. In this review, we examine some of the current views regarding peripheral clocks, their organization and how they are entrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Katherine Tamai
- University College London, Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Rockefeller Building, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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Abstract
The vertebrate circadian clock was thought to be highly localized to specific anatomical structures: the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and the retina and pineal gland in lower vertebrates. However, recent findings in the zebrafish, rat and in cultured cells have suggested that the vertebrate circadian timing system may in fact be highly distributed, with most if not all cells containing a clock. Our understanding of the clock mechanism has progressed extensively through the use of mutant screening and forward genetic approaches. The first vertebrate clock gene was identified only a few years ago in the mouse by such an approach. More recently, using a syntenic comparative genetic approach, the molecular basis of the the tau mutation in the hamster was determined. The tau gene in the hamster appears to encode casein kinase 1 epsilon, a protein previously shown to be important for PER protein turnover in the Drosophila circadian system. A number of additional clock genes have now been described. These proteins appear to play central roles in the transcription-translation negative feedback loop responsible for clock function. Post-translational modification, protein dimerization and nuclear transport all appear to be essential features of how clocks are thought to tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Whitmore
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, CU de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Foulkes NS, Cermakian N, Whitmore D, Sassone-Corsi P. Rhythmic transcription: the molecular basis of oscillatory melatonin synthesis. Novartis Found Symp 2000; 227:5-14; discussion 15-8. [PMID: 10752062 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5051-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulsatile hormone synthesis and secretion are characteristic features of various oscillatory biological systems. Circadian rhythms are critical in the regulation of most physiological functions, and much interest has been centred on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing them. Adaptation to a changing environment is an essential feature of physiological regulation. The day-night rhythm is translated into hormonal oscillations governing the metabolism of all living organisms. In mammals the pineal gland is responsible for the circadian synthesis of the hormone melatonin in response to signals originating from the endogenous clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The molecular mechanisms involved in rhythmic synthesis of melatonin involve the CREM gene, which encodes transcription factors responsive to activation of the cAMP signalling pathway. The CREM product, ICER, is rhythmically expressed and participates in a transcriptional autoregulatory loop which also controls the amplitude of oscillations of serotonin N-acetyl transferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis. Thus, a transcription factor modulates the oscillatory levels of a hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Foulkes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
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Cermakian N, Whitmore D, Foulkes NS, Sassone-Corsi P. Asynchronous oscillations of two zebrafish CLOCK partners reveal differential clock control and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4339-44. [PMID: 10760301 PMCID: PMC18243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most clock genes encode transcription factors that interact to elicit cooperative control of clock function. Using a two-hybrid system approach, we have isolated two different partners of zebrafish (zf) CLOCK, which are similar to the mammalian BMAL1 (brain and muscle arylhydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1). The two homologs, zfBMAL1 and zfBMAL2, contain conserved basic helix-loop-helix-PAS (Period-Arylhydrocarbon receptor-Singleminded) domains but diverge in the carboxyl termini, thus bearing different transcriptional activation potential. As for zfClock, the expression of both zfBmals oscillates in most tissues in the animal. However, in many tissues, the peak, levels, and kinetics of expression are different between the two genes and for the same gene from tissue to tissue. These results support the existence of independent peripheral oscillators and suggest that zfBMAL1 and zfBMAL2 may exert distinct circadian functions, interacting differentially with zfCLOCK at various times in different tissues. Our findings also indicate that multiple controls may be exerted by the central clock and/or that peripheral oscillators can differentially interpret central clock signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cermakian
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, B. P. 163, 67404 Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
The expression of clock genes in vertebrates is widespread and not restricted to classical clock structures. The expression of the Clock gene in zebrafish shows a strong circadian oscillation in many tissues in vivo and in culture, showing that endogenous oscillators exist in peripheral organs. A defining feature of circadian clocks is that they can be set or entrained to local time, usually by the environmental light-dark cycle. An important question is whether peripheral oscillators are entrained to local time by signals from central pacemakers such as the eyes or are themselves directly light-responsive. Here we show that the peripheral organ clocks of zebrafish are set by light-dark cycles in culture. We also show that a zebrafish-derived cell line contains a circadian oscillator, which is also directly light entrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Whitmore
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Whitmore D, Foulkes NS, Strähle U, Sassone-Corsi P. Zebrafish Clock rhythmic expression reveals independent peripheral circadian oscillators. Nat Neurosci 1998; 1:701-7. [PMID: 10196586 DOI: 10.1038/3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The only vertebrate clock gene identified by mutagenesis is mouse Clock, which encodes a bHLH-PAS transcription factor. We have cloned Clock in zebrafish and show that, in contrast to its mouse homologue, it is expressed with a pronounced circadian rhythm in the brain and in two defined pacemaker structures, the eye and the pineal gland. Clock oscillation was also found in other tissues, including kidney and heart. In these tissues, expression of Clock continues to oscillate in vitro. This demonstrates that self-sustaining circadian oscillators exist in several vertebrate organs, as was previously reported for invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Whitmore
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Over the past year, the first components of the mammalian clock have been identified; Clock, bmal1 and three homologs of Drosophila period have been cloned, all of which encode PAS proteins. Expression of the mammalian period gene oscillates in many tissues in vivo and in immortalized cell cultures in vitro. Now, can we say that every cell has a circadian clock?
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Affiliation(s)
- D Whitmore
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, Illkirch, France
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Abstract
Adaptation to a changing environment is an essential feature of physiological regulation. The day/night rhythm is translated into hormonal oscillations governing the physiology of all living organisms. In mammals the pineal gland is responsible for the synthesis of the hormone melatonin in response to signals originating from the endogenous clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The molecular mechanisms involved in rhythmic synthesis of melatonin involve the CREM gene, which encodes transcription factors responsive to activation of the cAMP signalling pathway. The CREM product, ICER, is rhythmically expressed and participates in a transcriptional autoregulatory loop which also controls the amplitude of oscillations of serotonin N-acetyl transferase (AANAT), the rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis. In contrast, chick pinealocytes possess an endogenous circadian pacemaker which directs AANAT rhythmic expression. cAMP-responsive activator transcription factors CREB and ATF1 and the repressor ICER are highly conserved in the chick with the notable exception of ATF1 that possesses two glutamine-rich domains in contrast to the single domain encountered to date in mammalian systems. ICER is cAMP inducible and undergoes a characteristic day-night oscillation in expression reminiscent of AA-NAT, but with a peak towards the end of the night. Interestingly CREB appears to be phosphorylated constitutively with a transient fall occurring at the beginning of the night. Thus, a transcription factor modulates the oscillatory levels of a hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Foulkes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, Illkirch, France
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Abstract
The retinal circadian clock in the isolated in vitro eye of the marine mollusc Bulla gouldiana exhibits a phase-dependent requirement for transcription. The transcription-sensitive phase extends through most of the subjective day and therefore is substantially longer than the previously reported translation-sensitive phase. Lower concentrations of transcription inhibitors yield a significant dose-dependent lengthening of circadian period. Clock motion can be stopped by a high concentration of the transcription inhibitor 5,6-dichlorobenz-imidazole riboside (DRB) when applied during the sensitive phase; after withdrawal of the inhibitor, motion resumes from the phase at which it was stopped. In a double-pulse experiment, phase shifts to light pulses applied after DRB pulses, and not during the translation-sensitive phase, indicate that the inhibition of transcription has immediate effects on the phase of the clock. These data suggest that DRB-induced phase shifts are independent of translation, which implies that the rate of transcription itself plays a significant role in the mechanism underlying the generation of the circadian cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Khalsa
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903, USA
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Block GD, Geusz M, Khalsa SB, Michel S, Whitmore D. Circadian rhythm generation, expression and entrainment in a molluscan model system. Prog Brain Res 1996; 111:93-102. [PMID: 8990909 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bulla ocular pacemaker provides remarkable opportunities for cellular study of circadian pacemaker systems. The demonstration of circadian oscillations within individual neurons maintained in culture provides us with a first occasion to study the biophysical and biochemical properties of bona fide neuronal circadian pacemakers. The ocular clock is robust and shares formal similarity with other circadian systems. The development of molecular techniques that can be applied to single neurons should allow research on the Bulla retina to continue to progress towards a molecular analysis of circadian timekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Block
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA
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Colwell CS, Whitmore D, Michel S, Block GD. Calcium plays a central role in phase shifting the ocular circadian pacemaker of Aplysia. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1994; 175:415-23. [PMID: 7965916 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The eye of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica contains an oscillator that drives a circadian rhythm of spontaneous compound action potentials in the optic nerve. Both light and serotonin are known to influence the phase of this ocular rhythm. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of extracellular calcium in both light and serotonin-mediated phase shifts. Low calcium treatments were found to cause phase shifts which resembled those produced by the transmitter serotonin. However, unlike serotonin, low calcium neither increased ocular cAMP levels nor could these phase shifts be prevented by increasing extracellular potassium concentration. Low calcium-induced phase shifts were prevented by the simultaneous application of the translational inhibitor anisomycin and low calcium treatment resulted in changes in [35S]methionine incorporation into several proteins as measured by a two-dimensional electrophoresis gel analysis. Finally, light treatments failed to produce phase shifts in the presence of low calcium or the calcium channel antagonist nickel chloride. These results are consistent with a model in which serotonin phase shifts the ocular pacemaker by decreasing a transmembrane calcium flux through membrane hyperpolarization while light-induced phase shifts are mediated by an increase in calcium flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Colwell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901
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Kurlan R, Whitmore D, Irvine C, McDermott MP, Como PG. Tourette's syndrome in a special education population: a pilot study involving a single school district. Neurology 1994; 44:699-702. [PMID: 8164829 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.44.4.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether children requiring special education represent a high-risk group for identifying Tourette's syndrome (TS), we performed direct examinations for the presence of tics in 35 special education and 35 regular classroom students from a single school district. Of the special education students, nine (26%) had definite or probable tics as compared with only two (6%) of the regular classroom students. About one-third of the students with tics currently meet diagnostic criteria for TS and probably more will do so in the future. About one-half of the subjects with tics have evidence of obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCB) or an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For three randomly selected students with definite tics, direct examinations of first-degree relatives revealed the presence of tics in all families. Subjects to the limitations of this pilot study, we conclude that TS and related tic disorders are commonly associated with the need for special education in this single school district. TS might also be an important contributor to school problems in the childhood population at large and may be a highly prevalent condition. In addition, we conclude that childhood tics are associated with OCB and ADHD, are genetically determined, and are part of the TS clinical spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kurlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642-8673
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22
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Abstract
The requirement for protein synthesis in the mechanism of a circadian pacemaker was investigated by using inhibitors of protein synthesis. Continuous treatment of the ocular circadian pacemaker of the mollusc Bulla gouldiana with anisomycin or cycloheximide substantially lengthened (up to 39 and 52 hr, respectively) the free-running period of the rhythm. To determine whether high concentrations of inhibitor could stop the pacemaker, long pulse treatments of various durations (up to 44 hr) were applied and the subsequent phase of the rhythm was assayed. The observed phases of the rhythm after the treatments were a function of the time of the end of the treatment pulse, but only for treatments which spanned subjective dawn. The results provide evidence that protein synthesis is required in a phase-dependent manner for motion of the circadian pacemaker to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Khalsa
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901
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Millar DS, Steinbrecher RA, Wieland K, Grundy CB, Martinowitz U, Krawczak M, Zoll B, Whitmore D, Stephenson J, Mibashan RS. The molecular genetic analysis of haemophilia A; characterization of six partial deletions in the factor VIII gene. Hum Genet 1990; 86:219-27. [PMID: 2125022 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a survey of 528 unrelated haemophilia A patients, six partial deletions of the factor VIII (FVIII) gene were detected by Southern blotting. These deletions were further mapped by a combination of Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction amplification and found to vary in length between 4.7 kb and 57 kb. The frequency of detectable FVIII gene deletions (about 1%) frequency of detectable FVIII gene deletions (about 1%) is thus considerably lower than previously reported. Statistical analysis of currently available data did not provide any evidence for a deletion "'hotspot". Four of the six deletion patients reported here possessed inhibitors. Taken together with previous data, deletion of the FVIII gene was found to be associated with an approximately five-fold higher risk of developing inhibitors compared with other severe haemophiliacs without gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Millar
- Molecular Genetics Section, Thrombosis Research Institute, Chelsea, London, UK
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Cameron JS, Cundy J, Grahame R, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Laurence M, Lewis R, Pietroni R, Rosen B, Simmons N, Watson J, Whitmore D. Applications for self government. West J Med 1990. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.301.6748.390-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Whitmore D, Whitmore E, Gilbert LI. Juvenile hormone induction of esterases: a mechanism for the regulation of juvenile hormone titer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:1592-5. [PMID: 4504374 PMCID: PMC426755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.6.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Within a few hours after injection of juvenile hormone into Hyalophora gloveri pupae, several fast-migrating carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1) that are sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate appear in the hemolymph. Treatment of the pupae with puromycin or actinomycin D prevents the appearance of these hemolymph enzymes, suggesting de novo synthesis of the carboxylesterases. Of the several other compounds investigated, only a potent mimic of the juvenile hormone is able to induce these enzymes. When the induced enzymes are incubated in vitro with (14)C-labeled juvenile hormone, the hormone is rapidly and efficiently degraded. It is suggested that these induced carboxylesterases play an important role in the regulation of juvenile hormone titer.
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