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Reisecker V, Flatscher F, Porz L, Fincher C, Todt J, Hanghofer I, Hennige V, Linares-Moreau M, Falcaro P, Ganschow S, Wenner S, Chiang YM, Keckes J, Fleig J, Rettenwander D. Effect of pulse-current-based protocols on the lithium dendrite formation and evolution in all-solid-state batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2432. [PMID: 37105952 PMCID: PMC10140044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cause of lithium dendrites formation and propagation is essential for developing practical all-solid-state batteries. Li dendrites are associated with mechanical stress accumulation and can cause cell failure at current densities below the threshold suggested by industry research (i.e., >5 mA/cm2). Here, we apply a MHz-pulse-current protocol to circumvent low-current cell failure for developing all-solid-state Li metal cells operating up to a current density of 6.5 mA/cm2. Additionally, we propose a mechanistic analysis of the experimental results to prove that lithium activity near solid-state electrolyte defect tips is critical for reliable cell cycling. It is demonstrated that when lithium is geometrically constrained and local current plating rates exceed the exchange current density, the electrolyte region close to the defect releases the accumulated elastic energy favouring fracturing. As the build-up of this critical activity requires a certain period, applying current pulses of shorter duration can thus improve the cycling performance of all-solid-solid-state lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Reisecker
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - F Flatscher
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - L Porz
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Fincher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Todt
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | - M Linares-Moreau
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - P Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - S Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Wenner
- Sintef Industry, Department of Materials and Nanotechnology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Y-M Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Keckes
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - J Fleig
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Rettenwander
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Porz L, Knez D, Scherer M, Ganschow S, Kothleitner G, Rettenwander D. Dislocations in ceramic electrolytes for solid-state Li batteries. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8949. [PMID: 33903661 PMCID: PMC8076269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High power solid-state Li batteries (SSLB) are hindered by the formation of dendrite-like structures at high current rates. Hence, new design principles are needed to overcome this limitation. By introducing dislocations, we aim to tailor mechanical properties in order to withstand the mechanical stress leading to Li penetration and resulting in a short circuit by a crack-opening mechanism. Such defect engineering, furthermore, appears to enable whisker-like Li metal electrodes for high-rate Li plating. To reach these goals, the challenge of introducing dislocations into ceramic electrolytes needs to be addressed which requires to establish fundamental understanding of the mechanics of dislocations in the particular ceramics. Here we evaluate uniaxial deformation at elevated temperatures as one possible approach to introduce dislocations. By using hot-pressed pellets and single crystals grown by Czochralski method of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 garnets as a model system the plastic deformation by more than 10% is demonstrated. While conclusions on the predominating deformation mechanism remain challenging, analysis of activation energy, activation volume, diffusion creep, and the defect structure potentially point to a deformation mechanism involving dislocations. These parameters allow identification of a process window and are a key step on the road of making dislocations available as a design element for SSLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Porz
- FG Nichtmetallisch-Anorganische Werkstoffe, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - D Knez
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - M Scherer
- FG Nichtmetallisch-Anorganische Werkstoffe, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung (IKZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - G Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - D Rettenwander
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- International Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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Hanghofer I, Brinek M, Eisbacher SL, Bitschnau B, Volck M, Hennige V, Hanzu I, Rettenwander D, Wilkening HMR. Substitutional disorder: structure and ion dynamics of the argyrodites Li6PS5Cl, Li6PS5Br and Li6PS5I. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8489-8507. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00664h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Li NMR spectroscopy reveals rapid Li ion dynamics in the poor Li ion conductor Li6PS5I; long-range motion is, however, only possible for Li6PS5Br and Li6PS5Cl with anion site disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Hanghofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - M. Brinek
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - S. L. Eisbacher
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - B. Bitschnau
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | | | - I. Hanzu
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Alistore-ERI European Research Institute
| | - D. Rettenwander
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - H. M. R. Wilkening
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries and Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Alistore-ERI European Research Institute
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Lunghammer S, Ma Q, Rettenwander D, Hanzu I, Tietz F, Wilkening H. Bulk and grain-boundary ionic conductivity in sodium zirconophosphosilicate Na3Zr2(SiO4)2PO4 (NASICON). Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rettenwander D, Geiger C, Tribus M, Tropper P, Wagner R, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G. The solubility and site preference of Fe 3+ in Li 7-3x Fe x La 3Zr 2O 12 garnets. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2015; 230:266-271. [PMID: 26435549 PMCID: PMC4554257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of Fe3+-bearing Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnets was synthesized using solid-state synthesis methods. The synthetic products were characterized compositionally using electron microprobe analysis and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and structurally using X-ray powder diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. A maximum of about 0.25 Fe3+ pfu could be incorporated in Li7-3x Fe x La3Zr2O12 garnet solid solutions. At Fe3+ concentrations lower than about 0.16 pfu, both tetragonal and cubic garnets were obtained in the synthesis experiments. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed only a garnet phase for syntheses with starting materials having intended Fe3+ contents lower than 0.52 Fe3+ pfu. Back-scattered electron images made with an electron microprobe also showed no phase other than garnet for these compositions. The lattice parameter, a0, for all solid-solution garnets is similar with a value of a0≈12.98 Å regardless of the amount of Fe3+. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements indicate the presence of poorly- or nano-crystalline FeLaO3 in syntheses with Fe3+ contents greater than 0.16 Fe3+ pfu. The composition of different phase pure Li7-3x Fe x La3Zr2O12 garnets, as determined by electron microprobe (Fe, La, Zr) and ICP-OES (Li) measurements, give Li6.89Fe0.03La3.05Zr2.01O12, Li6.66Fe0.06La3.06Zr2.01O12, Li6.54Fe0.12La3.01Zr1.98O12, and Li6.19Fe0.19La3.02Zr2.04O12. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectrum of cubic Li6.54Fe0.12La3.01Zr1.98O12 garnet indicates that most Fe3+ occurs at the special crystallographic 24d position, which is the standard tetrahedrally coordinated site in garnet. Fe3+ in smaller amounts occurs at a general 96h site, which is only present for certain Li-oxide garnets, and in Li6.54Fe0.12La3.01Zr1.98O12 this Fe3+ has a distorted 4-fold coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Rettenwander
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - C.A. Geiger
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - M. Tribus
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P. Tropper
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Wagner
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - G. Tippelt
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - W. Lottermoser
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - G. Amthauer
- Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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