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Laslett AM, Anderson-Luxford D, Willoughby B, Room R, Doran C, Egerton-Warburton D, Jenkinson R, Smit K, Jiang H. Harm from the drinking of people you know: A range of effects from different relationships. Addiction 2024. [PMID: 38698662 DOI: 10.1111/add.16509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the range of effects experienced due to the drinking of people respondents know and analyze risk and protective factors for harm from the drinking of partners and household members, other relatives and friends and co-workers. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Surveys of 2574 participants' experiences were obtained from two samples: 1000 people responded to random digitally dialled Australian mobile calls and 1574 participants responded from the Life in AustraliaTM panel survey. MEASUREMENTS Respondents were asked whether they had been negatively affected in the previous 12 months by the drinking of persons they knew who were 'a heavy drinker or drank a lot sometimes' and the nature of these harms. Weighted logistic regressions were used to analyze differences in rates of key negative outcomes from known others' drinking by gender, age and socio-economic status. FINDINGS Almost two thirds [60.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 57.7%-62.7%] of participants reported having heavy drinkers in their lives and 21.8% (95% CI = 19.8%-23.9%) reported being negatively affected by the drinking of people they knew well in some way. Participants reported a gamut of effects, including, most commonly, adverse social effects: having to transport relatives and friends who had been drinking, role failure and faults, being emotionally hurt or neglected, serious arguments, family problems, having to care for drinkers and verbal abuse. Less commonly, respondents reported physical or sexual harm, property damage, financial stress and threats from others' drinking. Women (odds ratio = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.13-1.95), younger people, rural, Australian-born (vs. respondents born overseas in non-English speaking countries) and more frequent drinkers were more likely to report harm from a drinker they knew than their counterparts after adjusting for other variables in the model. CONCLUSIONS Australians appear to be commonly adversely affected by the drinking of people they know. Harms from known drinkers are more likely to be experienced by women than men, particularly from the people they live with and other relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Laslett
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bree Willoughby
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Social Research Centre on Alcohol and Drugs (SORAD), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris Doran
- Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Diana Egerton-Warburton
- Australasian College of Emergency Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca Jenkinson
- Australian Human Rights Commission, Melbourne, Australia
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Koen Smit
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heng Jiang
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Riordan B, Bonela AA, He Z, Nibali A, Anderson-Luxford D, Kuntsche E. How to apply zero-shot learning to text data in substance use research: An overview and tutorial with media data. Addiction 2024; 119:951-959. [PMID: 38212974 DOI: 10.1111/add.16427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A vast amount of media-related text data is generated daily in the form of social media posts, news stories or academic articles. These text data provide opportunities for researchers to analyse and understand how substance-related issues are being discussed. The main methods to analyse large text data (content analyses or specifically trained deep-learning models) require substantial manual annotation and resources. A machine-learning approach called 'zero-shot learning' may be quicker, more flexible and require fewer resources. Zero-shot learning uses models trained on large, unlabelled (or weakly labelled) data sets to classify previously unseen data into categories on which the model has not been specifically trained. This means that a pre-existing zero-shot learning model can be used to analyse media-related text data without the need for task-specific annotation or model training. This approach may be particularly important for analysing data that is time critical. This article describes the relatively new concept of zero-shot learning and how it can be applied to text data in substance use research, including a brief practical tutorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Riordan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Zhen He
- Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aiden Nibali
- Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mojica-Perez Y, Willoughby B, Anderson-Luxford D, Wilkinson C, Kuntsche E, Callinan S, Ritter A. Exploring the relationship between solitary drinking and living without other adults on alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Alcohol Alcohol 2024; 59:agae013. [PMID: 38497163 PMCID: PMC10945291 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The COVID-19 pandemic presents the opportunity to learn about solitary drinking as many people were forced to spend time at home. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between solitary drinking and living without other adults on alcohol consumption. METHODS A longitudinal study with four survey waves (between May and November 2020) obtained seven-day drinking diary data from Australian adults living in New South Wales. In May, a convenience sample of 586 participants (Mage = 35.3, SD = 14.8; 65.3% women) completed the first wave. Participants then completed a survey in June (n = 319, 54.4% response rate), July/August (n = 225, 38.4% response rate), and November (n = 222, 37.9% response rate). Information about alcohol consumption including risky drinking (more than four drinks on one occasion), household structure, solitary drinking, and demographics were collected. We conducted random-effects panel bivariate and multivariable regression analyses predicting the number of standard drinks and risky drinking. RESULTS Participants with solitary drinking occasions consumed more and had more risky drinking occasions than participants with no solitary drinking occasions, which was also found to be the case during lockdown. Living without other adults was associated with less consumption and less risky drinking than living with other adults. However, participants who lived without other adults and had frequent solitary drinking occasions (solitary drinking in >50% drinking occasions) reported more consumption than participants without a solitary drinking occasion. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who consume alcohol alone and live without other adults or spend long periods of time at home may be more at risk of alcohol-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Mojica-Perez
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Bree Willoughby
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Dan Anderson-Luxford
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Claire Wilkinson
- Drug Policy Modelling Program, Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - Sarah Callinan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Alison Ritter
- Drug Policy Modelling Program, Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Jiang H, Smit K, Anderson-Luxford D, Willoughby B, Ferrier JA, Tanyos A, Room R, Laslett AM. The burden of alcohol-related caring for others in Australia in the 2021 pandemic period. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024. [PMID: 38445854 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The magnitude of caring for others due to excessive alcohol use is unclear in Australia and internationally. This study explores the prevalence, sociodemographic predictors, and consequences of informal care for others due to alcohol use. METHOD A survey on harm from others' drinking was conducted among 2,574 Australian adults in November 2021 from national random digit dial and "Life in Australia" panel samples to elicit representative data. Respondents who indicated they had "heavy drinker/s" in their lives (n= 1,585), were asked about their experience of caring for these drinkers and their dependents in the last 12 months. Weighted logistic and linear regressions examined a) sociodemographic factors associated with informal care due to others' drinking, and b) the impact of the caregiving burden on caregiver's financial status, overall health, and quality of life. RESULTS Overall, 20% of participants reported caregiving responsibilities arising from others' drinking. Older age, unemployment, residing in capital cities and reporting birth in a non-English speaking background country were associated with a reduced likelihood of caregiving, whereas higher education and more frequent risky drinking were associated with an increased likelihood. Caregivers reported significantly higher financial disadvantage, a lower quality of life and poorer overall health. CONCLUSIONS One in five adults reported caring for drinkers in the previous 12 months, with this associated with negative consequences for those providing care. Service providers, health promotion practitioners and policy makers should focus upon younger age groups, those who live in regional areas, and those born in Australia who are at greater risk of being burdened by caregiving due to others' alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, NR1 Building, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
- Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Koen Smit
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, NR1 Building, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Dan Anderson-Luxford
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, NR1 Building, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Bree Willoughby
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, NR1 Building, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
| | - J Adamm Ferrier
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
| | - Amany Tanyos
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, NR1 Building, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, NR1 Building, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
- Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Laslett
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, NR1 Building, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
- Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
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Alen GD, Anderson-Luxford D, Kuntsche E, He Z, Riordan B. The prevalence of alcohol references in music and their effect on people's drinking behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2024; 48:435-449. [PMID: 38367006 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the prevalence of alcohol references in music and their impact on alcohol drinking behavior is important given the increased accessibility to daily music listening with the proliferation of smart devices. In this review, we estimate the pooled prevalence of alcohol references in music and its association with drinking behavior. Systematic searches were conducted across four major databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and CINHAL). Articles were selected following duplicate checking, title and abstract screening, and full-text review. Studies reporting the prevalence of alcohol-referencing music and/or investigating its association with drinking behavior were included. Pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random effects model. Of 1007 articles identified, 26 met inclusion criteria and 23 studies comprising 12,224 songs were eligible for meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of alcohol references in music (including lyrics and videos) was 24.0% (95% CI: 19.0%-29.0%). The pooled prevalence was 22.0% (95% CI: 16.0%-29.0%) for only lyrics, 25.0% (95% CI: 18.0%-33.0%) for only the visual elements of music videos, and 29.0% (95% CI: 21.0%-38.0%) for both the lyrical content and the visual components. Only three studies assessed the relationship between listening to music with alcohol references and drinking behavior, and all three reported a positive association. Whereas almost a quarter of all songs included references to alcohol, public health preventive measures are needed to reduce alcohol exposure from music. Future research is needed to understand fully the effect of music with alcohol references on drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gedefaw Diress Alen
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Dan Anderson-Luxford
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Riordan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Bonela AA, Nibali A, He Z, Riordan B, Anderson-Luxford D, Kuntsche E. The promise of zero-shot learning for alcohol image detection: comparison with a task-specific deep learning algorithm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11891. [PMID: 37482586 PMCID: PMC10363523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to alcohol content in media increases alcohol consumption and related harm. With exponential growth of media content, it is important to use algorithms to automatically detect and quantify alcohol exposure. Foundation models such as Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) can detect alcohol exposure through Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL) without any additional training. In this paper, we evaluated the ZSL performance of CLIP against a supervised algorithm called Alcoholic Beverage Identification Deep Learning Algorithm Version-2 (ABIDLA2), which is specifically trained to recognise alcoholic beverages in images, across three tasks. We found ZSL achieved similar performance compared to ABIDLA2 in two out of three tasks. However, ABIDLA2 outperformed ZSL in a fine-grained classification task in which determining subtle differences among alcoholic beverages (including containers) are essential. We also found that phrase engineering is essential for improving the performance of ZSL. To conclude, like ABIDLA2, ZSL with little phrase engineering can achieve promising performance in identifying alcohol exposure in images. This makes it easier for researchers, with little or no programming background, to implement ZSL effectively to obtain insightful analytics from digital media. Such analytics can assist researchers and policy makers to propose regulations that can prevent alcohol exposure and eventually prevent alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Albert Bonela
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Aiden Nibali
- Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhen He
- Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Riordan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Anderson-Luxford D, Wright C, Pennay A, van Egmond K, Kuntsche E. Drinking before sporting events in Australia: An ecological momentary assessment study. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1453-1459. [PMID: 37394740 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2201846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the individual and event-level correlates of drinking prior to attending Australian Football League (AFL) games among a sample of Australian spectators. A total of 30 adults (20% female, mean age = 32) completed a series of questionnaires (n = 417) before, during, and after an AFL match on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. Cluster-adjusted regression analyses were conducted to examine the impact of individual-level (age, gender, drinking habits) and event-level factors (time and day of game, location of viewing the game, viewing with friends or family) on drinking prevalence and the number of drinks consumed prior to the game. 41.4% of participants engaged in drinking before attending an AFL match with a mean of 2.3 drinks consumed by those who reported pre-game consumption. Those aged 30 and over were significantly more likely to engage in pre-game consumption (OR = 14.44, p = 0.024) and consumed significantly more pre-game (B = 1.39, p = 0.030). Drinking before the game was significantly more likely before night games than daytime games (OR = 5.24, p = 0.039). Those who watched the game on-premise consumed significantly more before the game than those who watched the game at a private residence or at home (B = 1.06, p = 0.030). Those who watched games with family also drank significantly less prior to the game than those who attended without family (B=-1.35, p = 0.010). Addressing the contextual factors associated with drinking before the sporting events, such as the time of the game, may assist with efforts to reduce risky alcohol consumption and related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Anderson-Luxford
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cassandra Wright
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Pennay
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kelly van Egmond
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Norman T, Anderson-Luxford D, O’Brien P, Room R. Regulating alcohol advertising for public health and welfare in the age of digital marketing: challenges and options. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2022.2148518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Norman
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Paula O’Brien
- Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
In most countries, the alcohol industry enjoys considerable freedom to market its products. Where government regulation is proposed or enacted, the alcohol industry has often deployed legal arguments and used legal forums to challenge regulation. Governments considering marketing regulation must be cognizant of relevant legal constraints and be prepared to defend their policies against industry legal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula O'Brien
- MELBOURNE LAW SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
| | - Robin Room
- LA TROBE UNIVERSITY, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
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Fu W, Yan S, Zong Q, Anderson-Luxford D, Song X, Lv Z, Lv C. Mental health of college students during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:7-10. [PMID: 33197782 PMCID: PMC7656159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the psychological status of college students in China during the COVID-19 outbreak, and offer some theoretical evidence for psychological intervention of college students. METHODS An online survey was conducted from May 10, 2020 to June 10, 2020. Anxiety symptoms were measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7). Categorical data were reported as number and percentage, while continuous data were reported as mean ± SD. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between different factors and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS A total of 89,588 college students participated in the current study, among which 36,865 students (41.1%) reported anxiety symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors for anxiety symptoms included the age of 26-30 (OR=1.456), sophomore (OR=1.038), junior (OR=1.087) and senior grades (OR=1.161), a higher paternal education level (OR=1.055), low economic status (OR=1.520), and low social support (OR=1.542). CONCLUSIONS About two-fifths of Chinese college students experienced anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic. Timely and appropriate psychological interventions for college students should be implemented to reduce the psychological harm caused by COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenning Fu
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijiao Yan
- School of public health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China,Research Unit of Island Emergency Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU013), Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qiao Zong
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Anderson-Luxford
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xingyue Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China,Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhu Lv
- Research Unit of Island Emergency Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU013), Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Department of Emergency, Hainan Clinical Research Center for Acute and Critical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China; Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
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