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Vulpetti A, Rondeau JM, Bellance MH, Blank J, Boesch R, Boettcher A, Bornancin F, Buhr S, Connor LE, Dumelin CE, Esser O, Hediger M, Hintermann S, Hommel U, Koch E, Lapointe G, Leder L, Lehmann S, Lehr P, Meier P, Muller L, Ostermeier D, Ramage P, Schiebel-Haddad S, Smith AB, Stojanovic A, Velcicky J, Yamamoto R, Hurth K. Ligandability Assessment of IL-1β by Integrated Hit Identification Approaches. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38728572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Human interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of the immune response and the development of various inflammatory diseases. In this publication, we disclose our efforts toward the discovery of IL-1β binders that interfere with IL-1β signaling. To this end, several technologies were used in parallel, including fragment-based screening (FBS), DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology, peptide discovery platform (PDP), and virtual screening. The utilization of distinct technologies resulted in the identification of new chemical entities exploiting three different sites on IL-1β, all of them also inhibiting the interaction with the IL-1R1 receptor. Moreover, we identified lysine 103 of IL-1β as a target residue suitable for the development of covalent, low-molecular-weight IL-1β antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vulpetti
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jutta Blank
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Boesch
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sylvia Buhr
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Oliver Esser
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ulrich Hommel
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elke Koch
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Leder
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Lehmann
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Lehr
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meier
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Muller
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Ramage
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Juraj Velcicky
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rina Yamamoto
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Hommel U, Hurth K, Rondeau JM, Vulpetti A, Ostermeier D, Boettcher A, Brady JP, Hediger M, Lehmann S, Koch E, Blechschmidt A, Yamamoto R, Tundo Dottorello V, Haenni-Holzinger S, Kaiser C, Lehr P, Lingel A, Mureddu L, Schleberger C, Blank J, Ramage P, Freuler F, Eder J, Bornancin F. Discovery of a selective and biologically active low-molecular weight antagonist of human interleukin-1β. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5497. [PMID: 37679328 PMCID: PMC10484922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin-1β (hIL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in many diseases. While hIL-1β directed antibodies have shown clinical benefit, an orally available low-molecular weight antagonist is still elusive, limiting the applications of hIL-1β-directed therapies. Here we describe the discovery of a low-molecular weight hIL-1β antagonist that blocks the interaction with the IL-1R1 receptor. Starting from a low affinity fragment-based screening hit 1, structure-based optimization resulted in a compound (S)-2 that binds and antagonizes hIL-1β with single-digit micromolar activity in biophysical, biochemical, and cellular assays. X-ray analysis reveals an allosteric mode of action that involves a hitherto unknown binding site in hIL-1β encompassing two loops involved in hIL-1R1/hIL-1β interactions. We show that residues of this binding site are part of a conformationally excited state of the mature cytokine. The compound antagonizes hIL-1β function in cells, including primary human fibroblasts, demonstrating the relevance of this discovery for future development of hIL-1β directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hommel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Konstanze Hurth
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Michel Rondeau
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ostermeier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boettcher
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Peter Brady
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael Hediger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Lehmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elke Koch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anke Blechschmidt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rina Yamamoto
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christian Kaiser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Lehr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Mureddu
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Christian Schleberger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Blank
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ramage
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Freuler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Eder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Bornancin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Mainolfi N, Ehara T, Karki RG, Anderson K, Mac Sweeney A, Liao SM, Argikar UA, Jendza K, Zhang C, Powers J, Klosowski DW, Crowley M, Kawanami T, Ding J, April M, Forster C, Serrano-Wu M, Capparelli M, Ramqaj R, Solovay C, Cumin F, Smith TM, Ferrara L, Lee W, Long D, Prentiss M, De Erkenez A, Yang L, Liu F, Sellner H, Sirockin F, Valeur E, Erbel P, Ostermeier D, Ramage P, Gerhartz B, Schubart A, Flohr S, Gradoux N, Feifel R, Vogg B, Wiesmann C, Maibaum J, Eder J, Sedrani R, Harrison RA, Mogi M, Jaffee BD, Adams CM. Discovery of 4-((2 S,4 S)-4-Ethoxy-1-((5-methoxy-7-methyl-1 H-indol-4-yl)methyl)piperidin-2-yl)benzoic Acid (LNP023), a Factor B Inhibitor Specifically Designed To Be Applicable to Treating a Diverse Array of Complement Mediated Diseases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5697-5722. [PMID: 32073845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several human diseases including age-related macular degeneration, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and various glomerular diseases. The serine protease factor B (FB) is a key node in the AP and is integral to the formation of C3 and C5 convertase. Despite the prominent role of FB in the AP, selective orally bioavailable inhibitors, beyond our own efforts, have not been reported previously. Herein we describe in more detail our efforts to identify FB inhibitors by high-throughput screening (HTS) and leveraging insights from several X-ray cocrystal structures during optimization efforts. This work culminated in the discovery of LNP023 (41), which is currently being evaluated clinically in several diverse AP mediated indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nello Mainolfi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Takeru Ehara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajeshri G Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen Anderson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chun Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Powers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel W Klosowski
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maura Crowley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Toshio Kawanami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jian Ding
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Myriam April
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cornelia Forster
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Serrano-Wu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Capparelli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rrezarta Ramqaj
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Solovay
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luciana Ferrara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Debby Long
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Melissa Prentiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrea De Erkenez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louis Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Holger Sellner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Finton Sirockin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Valeur
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulus Erbel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ostermeier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ramage
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Gerhartz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Schubart
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Flohr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Gradoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Feifel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Vogg
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wiesmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Eder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Harrison
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bruce D Jaffee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Altmann E, Erbel P, Renatus M, Schaefer M, Schlierf A, Druet A, Kieffer L, Sorge M, Pfister K, Hassiepen U, Jones M, Ruedisser S, Ostermeier D, Martoglio B, Jefferson AB, Quancard J. Azaindoles as Zinc‐Binding Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of the JAMM Protease CSN5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Paul Erbel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Anita Schlierf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Adelaide Druet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Laurence Kieffer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mickael Sorge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Keith Pfister
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4560 Horton Street Emeryville CA 94608-2916 USA
| | - Ulrich Hassiepen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthew Jones
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Simon Ruedisser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ostermeier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bruno Martoglio
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
- Pharma Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Basel 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Anne B. Jefferson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4560 Horton Street Emeryville CA 94608-2916 USA
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation Pfizer Inc. San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Jean Quancard
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4002 Basel Switzerland
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5
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Altmann E, Erbel P, Renatus M, Schaefer M, Schlierf A, Druet A, Kieffer L, Sorge M, Pfister K, Hassiepen U, Jones M, Ruedisser S, Ostermeier D, Martoglio B, Jefferson AB, Quancard J. Azaindoles as Zinc-Binding Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the JAMM Protease CSN5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1294-1297. [PMID: 27981705 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CSN5 is the zinc metalloprotease subunit of the COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is an important regulator of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). CSN5 is responsible for the cleavage of NEDD8 from CRLs, and blocking deconjugation of NEDD8 traps the CRLs in a hyperactive state, thereby leading to auto-ubiquitination and ultimately degradation of the substrate recognition subunits. Herein, we describe the discovery of azaindoles as a new class of CSN5 inhibitors, which interact with the active-site zinc ion of CSN5 through an unprecedented binding mode. The best compounds inhibited CSN5 with nanomolar potency, led to degradation of the substrate recognition subunit Skp2 in cells, and reduced the viability of HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Erbel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Schlierf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adelaide Druet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Kieffer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mickael Sorge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keith Pfister
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608-2916, USA
| | - Ulrich Hassiepen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Jones
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ruedisser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ostermeier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Martoglio
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne B Jefferson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608-2916, USA.,Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Inc., San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jean Quancard
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Wiese KG, Heinemann DE, Ostermeier D, Peters JH. Biomaterial properties and biocompatibility in cell culture of a novel self-inflating hydrogel tissue expander. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 54:179-88. [PMID: 11093177 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(200102)54:2<179::aid-jbm4>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the swelling properties and the biocompatibility of a novel tissue expander material. The self-inflating material is a hydrogel consisting of a modified copolymer of methylmethacrylate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, which takes up water by osmosis. To increase the swelling volume, the primarily neutral gel material was modified by converting it into an ionized gel. To study the swelling and pressure behavior of the material, the anhydrous gel cylinders were equilibrated in distilled water, saline, and sugar solutions. The biocompatibility was investigated in cell culture. We tested the hydrogel eluate after swelling for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity using the cell lines MRC-5 and P3X63 Ag8 653 (Ag8). Furthermore, particles of the material were added to cell cultures to induce foreign body reactions and to verify its influence on monocyte differentiation. The material has a swelling capacity (Q = maximum swelling volume/anhydrous volume) of 5 to 50 depending on the degree of ionization of the polymer network. In this study, two polymer modifications with a swelling equilibrium of Q = 11.1 and 30 in water were tested. The swelling ratio also depends on concentration and ion content of the equilibration medium. The highest swelling capacity was found in water, the lowest in Ringer's solution. The swelling of the anhydrous material with the swelling capacity of Q = 11.1 fits best the average purpose of material properties for tissue expansion and generates a maximal hydrostatic pressure of approximately 235 mmHg. Effects on cell proliferation were detected only at the highest eluate concentration tested (i.e., eluate: culture medium = 1:1), which was far beyond physiological values, whereas mutagenicity was absent. Monocytes neither migrated nor tightly attached to the hydrogel. They neither phagocytose the material nor did they show any sign of a foreign body reaction, e.g., formation of multinucleated giant cells or monocyte proliferation. In the presence of hydrogel material, the differentiation processes of monocytes to macrophages or dendritic cells, respectively, were found to be undisturbed. From these results, we conclude that there is a high biocompatibility of the expander material, which may be a favorable and interesting candidate for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Wiese
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Deutschland.
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7
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Ruppert J, Schütt C, Ostermeier D, Peters JH. Down-regulation and release of CD14 on human monocytes by IL-4 depends on the presence of serum or GM-CSF. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 329:281-6. [PMID: 7691031 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 induces down-regulation of CD14 expression on human monocytes only when the cells are cultured with serum. In serum-free cultures we failed to down-regulate CD14 by IL-4. Instead of serum, GM-CSF was required as a co-factor to restore the regulatory effect of IL-4 on CD14-expression. After 4 days of culture human monocytes were quantitatively CD14-negative as determined by flow-cytometry. On day 6, high amounts of CD14 molecules were detected in the SUP of these cultures, whereas intracellular immunofluorescence staining revealed no detectable CD14 in cytokine-treated monocytes. Thus, CD14 is lost by down-regulation (as shown by others) as well as by delivery into the medium. We previously hypothesized that dendritic cells may originate from monocytes. Our present finding support that one of the key markers, distinguishing monocytes/macrophages from dendritic cells, can be lost upon physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruppert
- Department of Immunology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Peters JH, Xu H, Ruppert J, Ostermeier D, Friedrichs D, Gieseler RK. Signals required for differentiating dendritic cells from human monocytes in vitro. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 329:275-80. [PMID: 8379382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood monocytes (Mo) can quantitatively be differentiated into potent accessory cells which exhibit dendritic cell (DC) function and phenotype. This alternative differentiation of Mo into DC rather than into macrophages (M phi) will be triggered when signals leading to M phi differentiation are omitted from the culture. Serum contains such stimulatory signals and was therefore omitted from the cultures. The cells were cultured on solid agarose surfaces. This newly developed technique allows for the attachment-free differentiation of DC. In the absence of signals, Mo do not survive in culture. IL-1 and IL-6 are endogenously produced by Mo and create an autokrine stimulatory milieu which increases the accessory function. However, also mature Mph will respond by an increased accessory activity upon stimulation by these cytokines. Cyclic AMP is the most likely second messenger to trigger an increase in accessory activity. IL-4 plus GM-CSF further act to upregulate dendritic cell properties and function. By action of these mediators, virtually all markers and functions of Mo/M phi are lost, and the cells convert to the phenotype and function of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Peters
- Department of Immunology, University of Göttingen
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