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Wilson IW, Moncuquet P, Ellis M, White RG, Zhu QH, Stiller W, Llewellyn D. Characterization and Genetic Mapping of Black Root Rot Resistance in Gossypium arboreum L. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052642. [PMID: 33807984 PMCID: PMC7961528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black root rot (BRR) is an economically important disease of cotton and other crops, especially in cooler regions with short growing seasons. Symptoms include black discoloration of the roots, reduced number of lateral roots and stunted or slow plant growth. The cultivated tetraploid Gossypium species are susceptible to BRR. Resistance to BRR was identified in G. arboreum accession BM13H and is associated with reduced and restricted hyphal growth and less sporulation. Transcriptome analysis indicates that BM13H responds to infection at early time points 2- and 3-days post-inoculation, but by day 5, few differentially expressed genes are observed between infected and uninfected roots. Inheritance of BM13H resistance to BRR was evaluated in an F6 recombinant inbred population and shows a single semi-dominant locus conferring resistance that was fine mapped to a region on chromosome 1, containing ten genes including five putative resistance-like genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain W. Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2061, Australia; (P.M.); (R.G.W.); (Q.-H.Z.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Philippe Moncuquet
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2061, Australia; (P.M.); (R.G.W.); (Q.-H.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Marc Ellis
- 133 Route de Beauregard, 74540 Gruffy, France;
| | - Rosemary G. White
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2061, Australia; (P.M.); (R.G.W.); (Q.-H.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2061, Australia; (P.M.); (R.G.W.); (Q.-H.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Warwick Stiller
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia;
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2061, Australia; (P.M.); (R.G.W.); (Q.-H.Z.); (D.L.)
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Gao L, Chen W, Xu X, Zhang J, Singh TK, Liu S, Zhang D, Tian L, White A, Shrestha P, Zhou XR, Llewellyn D, Green A, Singh SP, Liu Q. Engineering Trienoic Fatty Acids into Cottonseed Oil Improves Low-Temperature Seed Germination, Plant Photosynthesis and Cotton Fiber Quality. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:1335-1347. [PMID: 32379869 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3Δ9,12,15) and γ-linolenic acid \ (GLA, 18:3Δ6,9,12) are important trienoic fatty acids, which are beneficial for human health in their own right, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. ALA and GLA in seed oil are synthesized from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2Δ9,12) by the microsomal ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD3) and Δ6 desaturase (D6D), respectively. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed oil composition was modified by transforming with an FAD3 gene from Brassica napus and a D6D gene from Echium plantagineum, resulting in approximately 30% ALA and 20% GLA, respectively. The total oil content in transgenic seeds remained unaltered relative to parental seeds. Despite the use of a seed-specific promoter for transgene expression, low levels of GLA and increased levels of ALA were found in non-seed cotton tissues. At low temperature, the germinating cottonseeds containing the linolenic acid isomers elongated faster than the untransformed controls. ALA-producing lines also showed higher photosynthetic rates at cooler temperature and better fiber quality compared to both untransformed controls and GLA-producing lines. The oxidative stability of the novel cottonseed oils was assessed, providing guidance for potential food, pharmaceutical and industrial applications of these oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gao
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Changchun Normal University, 677 Changji North Road, Changchun, Jilin 130032, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
- College of Science, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jing Zhang
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tanoj K Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Shiming Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Lijun Tian
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam White
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Pushkar Shrestha
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Allan Green
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
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Cadar D, Abell J, Hackett R, Davies H, Llewellyn D, Batty G, Steptoe A. ASSOCIATIONS OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD WITH CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA IN THE ENGLISH LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF AGEING. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - H Davies
- School of Health Sciences, Guildford, UK
| | - D Llewellyn
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - G Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
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Cadar D, Davies H, Llewellyn D, Batty G, Steptoe A. TRAJECTORIES OF FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN RELATION TO SUBSEQUENT DEMENTIA RISK. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - H Davies
- School of Health Sciences, Guildford, UK
| | - D Llewellyn
- Mental Health Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - G Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
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Gapare W, Liu S, Conaty W, Zhu QH, Gillespie V, Llewellyn D, Stiller W, Wilson I. Historical Datasets Support Genomic Selection Models for the Prediction of Cotton Fiber Quality Phenotypes Across Multiple Environments. G3 (Bethesda) 2018; 8:1721-1732. [PMID: 29559536 PMCID: PMC5940163 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genomic selection (GS) has successfully been used in plant breeding to improve selection efficiency and reduce breeding time and cost. However, there has not been a study to evaluate GS prediction models that may be used for predicting cotton breeding lines across multiple environments. In this study, we evaluated the performance of Bayes Ridge Regression, BayesA, BayesB, BayesC and Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces regression models. We then extended the single-site GS model to accommodate genotype × environment interaction (G×E) in order to assess the merits of multi- over single-environment models in a practical breeding and selection context in cotton, a crop for which this has not previously been evaluated. Our study was based on a population of 215 upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) breeding lines which were evaluated for fiber length and strength at multiple locations in Australia and genotyped with 13,330 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers. BayesB, which assumes unique variance for each marker and a proportion of markers to have large effects, while most other markers have zero effect, was the preferred model. GS accuracy for fiber length based on a single-site model varied across sites, ranging from 0.27 to 0.77 (mean = 0.38), while that of fiber strength ranged from 0.19 to 0.58 (mean = 0.35) using randomly selected sub-populations as the training population. Prediction accuracies from the M×E model were higher than those for single-site and across-site models, with an average accuracy of 0.71 and 0.59 for fiber length and strength, respectively. The use of the M×E model could therefore identify which breeding lines have effects that are stable across environments and which ones are responsible for G×E and so reduce the amount of phenotypic screening required in cotton breeding programs to identify adaptable genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington Gapare
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shiming Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Warren Conaty
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Vanessa Gillespie
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Warwick Stiller
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Iain Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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MacMillan CP, Birke H, Chuah A, Brill E, Tsuji Y, Ralph J, Dennis ES, Llewellyn D, Pettolino FA. Correction to: Tissue and cell-specific transcriptomes in cotton reveal the subtleties of gene regulation underlying the diversity of plant secondary cell walls. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:261. [PMID: 29665776 PMCID: PMC5902885 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Birke
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Present address: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Brill
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Energy's Great Lakes BioEnergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726-4084, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Energy's Great Lakes BioEnergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726-4084, USA
| | | | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Zhu QH, Yuan Y, Stiller W, Jia Y, Wang P, Pan Z, Du X, Llewellyn D, Wilson I. Genetic dissection of the fuzzless seed trait in Gossypium barbadense. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:997-1009. [PMID: 29351643 PMCID: PMC6018843 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cotton fibres are single-celled trichomes arising from the epidermal cells of the seed coat and may be either long (lint) or very short (fuzz). The dominant fuzzless N1 of Gossypium hirsutum is a defective allele of the At-subgenome homoeolog of MYB25-like, but the genetic components underlying the recessive fuzzless trait from G. barbadense (Gb) are unknown. We have identified five genetic loci, including a major contributing locus containing MYB25-like_Dt, associated with Gb fuzzless seeds based on genotyping of fuzzy and fuzzless near isogenic lines (NILs) from an interspecies cross (G. barbadense × G. hirsutum). At 3 d post-anthesis when fuzz fibres are initiating, expression of MYB25-like_Dt was significantly lower in fuzzless NILs than in fuzzy seeded NILs, while higher MYB25-like_Dt expression was associated with more seed fuzz across different cotton genotypes. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of MYB25-like homoeoalleles in cottons showing different fibre phenotypes and their crossing progeny indicated that both MYB25-like_At and MYB25-like_Dt are associated with lint development, and that fuzz development is mainly determined by the expression level of MYB25-like_Dt at ~3 d post-anthesis. Expression of Gb fuzzless seeds depends on genetic background and interactions amongst the multiple loci identified. MYB25-like_Dt is one of the best candidates for N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Correspondence: and
| | - Yuman Yuan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Warwick Stiller
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
| | - Yinhua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhaoe Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiongming Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | | | - Iain Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Correspondence: and
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MacMillan CP, Birke H, Chuah A, Brill E, Tsuji Y, Ralph J, Dennis ES, Llewellyn D, Pettolino FA. Tissue and cell-specific transcriptomes in cotton reveal the subtleties of gene regulation underlying the diversity of plant secondary cell walls. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:539. [PMID: 28720072 PMCID: PMC5516393 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of plant secondary cell wall (SCW) regulation and deposition is mainly based on the Arabidopsis model of a 'typical' lignocellulosic SCW. However, SCWs in other plants can vary from this. The SCW of mature cotton seed fibres is highly cellulosic and lacks lignification whereas xylem SCWs are lignocellulosic. We used cotton as a model to study different SCWs and the expression of the genes involved in their formation via RNA deep sequencing and chemical analysis of stem and seed fibre. RESULTS Transcriptome comparisons from cotton xylem and pith as well as from a developmental series of seed fibres revealed tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression of several NAC transcription factors some of which are likely to be important as top tier regulators of SCW formation in xylem and/or seed fibre. A so far undescribed hierarchy was identified between the top tier NAC transcription factors SND1-like and NST1/2 in cotton. Key SCW MYB transcription factors, homologs of Arabidopsis MYB46/83, were practically absent in cotton stem xylem. Lack of expression of other lignin-specific MYBs in seed fibre relative to xylem could account for the lack of lignin deposition in seed fibre. Expression of a MYB103 homolog correlated with temporal expression of SCW CesAs and cellulose synthesis in seed fibres. FLAs were highly expressed and may be important structural components of seed fibre SCWs. Finally, we made the unexpected observation that cell walls in the pith of cotton stems contained lignin and had a higher S:G ratio than in xylem, despite that tissue's lacking many of the gene transcripts normally associated with lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study in cotton confirmed some features of the currently accepted gene regulatory cascade for 'typical' plant SCWs, but also revealed substantial differences, especially with key downstream NACs and MYBs. The lignocellulosic SCW of cotton xylem appears to be achieved differently from that in Arabidopsis. Pith cell walls in cotton stems are compositionally very different from that reported for other plant species, including Arabidopsis. The current definition of a 'typical' primary or secondary cell wall might not be applicable to all cell types in all plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Birke
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Present address: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Brill
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Energy's Great Lakes BioEnergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726-4084, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Energy's Great Lakes BioEnergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726-4084, USA
| | | | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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THOMAS D, Clark C, Llewellyn D, Ferrucci L, Campbell J. [PP.17.08] INTER-ARM BLOOD PRESSURE DIFFERENCE AND RISKS OF COGNITIVE DECLINE. A 9-YEAR PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OF OLDER ADULTS. J Hypertens 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000491978.86523.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tan J, Walford SA, Dennis ES, Llewellyn D. Trichomes control flower bud shape by linking together young petals. Nat Plants 2016; 2:16093. [PMID: 27322517 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are widespread in plants and develop from surface cells on different tissues(1). They have many forms and functions, from defensive spines to physical barriers that trap layers of air to insulate against desiccation, but there is growing evidence that trichomes can also have developmental roles in regulating flower structure(2,3). We report here that the trichomes on petals of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., are essential for correct flower bud shape through a mechanical entanglement of the trichomes on adjacent petals that anchor the edges to counter the opposing force generated by asymmetric expansion of overlapping petals. Silencing a master regulator of petal trichomes, GhMYB-MIXTA-Like10 (GhMYBML10), by RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed petal trichome growth and resulted in flower buds forming into abnormal corkscrew shapes that exposed developing anthers and stigmas to desiccation damage. Artificially gluing petal edges together could partially restore correct bud shape and fertility. Such petal 'Velcro' is present in other Malvaceae and perhaps more broadly in other plant families, although it is not ubiquitous. This mechanism for physical association between separate organs to regulate flower shape and function is different from the usual organ shape control(4) exerted through cell-to-cell communication and differential cell expansion within floral tissues(5,6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Tan
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally-Anne Walford
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhu QH, Zhang J, Liu D, Stiller W, Liu D, Zhang Z, Llewellyn D, Wilson I. Integrated mapping and characterization of the gene underlying the okra leaf trait in Gossypium hirsutum L. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:763-74. [PMID: 26567355 PMCID: PMC4737076 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Diverse leaf morphology has been observed among accessions of Gossypium hirsutum, including okra leaf, which has advantages and disadvantages in cotton production. The okra leaf locus has been mapped to chromosome 15 of the Dt subgenome, but the underlying gene has yet to be identified. In this study, we used a combination of targeted association analysis, F2 population-based fine mapping, and comparative sequencing of orthologues to identify a candidate gene underlying the okra leaf trait in G. hirsutum. The okra leaf gene identified, GhOKRA, encoded a homeodomain leucine-zipper class I protein, whose closely related genes in several other plant species have been shown to be involved in regulating leaf morphology. The transcript levels of GhOKRA in shoot apices were positively correlated with the phenotypic expression of the okra leaf trait. Of the multiple sequence variations observed in the coding region among GrOKRA of Gossypium raimondii and GhOKRA-Dt of normal and okra/superokra leaf G. hirsutum accessions, a non-synonymous substitution near the N terminus and the variable protein sequences at the C terminus may be related to the leaf shape difference. Our results suggest that both transcription and protein activity of GhOKRA may be involved in regulating leaf shape. Furthermore, we found that non-reciprocal homoeologous recombination, or gene conversion, may have played a role in the origin of the okra leaf allele. Our results provided tools for further investigating and understanding the fundamental biological processes that are responsible for the cotton leaf shape variation and will help in the design of cotton plants with an ideal leaf shape for enhanced cotton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture, Black Mountain Laboratories, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- CSIRO Agriculture, Black Mountain Laboratories, ACT 2601, Australia College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Dexin Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Warwick Stiller
- CSIRO Agriculture, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Dajun Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Agriculture, Black Mountain Laboratories, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Iain Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture, Black Mountain Laboratories, ACT 2601, Australia
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Lacape JM, Claverie M, Vidal RO, Carazzolle MF, Guimarães Pereira GA, Ruiz M, Pré M, Llewellyn D, Al-Ghazi Y, Jacobs J, Dereeper A, Huguet S, Giband M, Lanaud C. Deep sequencing reveals differences in the transcriptional landscapes of fibers from two cultivated species of cotton. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48855. [PMID: 23166598 PMCID: PMC3499527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium) fiber is the most prevalent natural product used in the textile industry. The two major cultivated species, G. hirsutum (Gh) and G. barbadense (Gb), are allotetraploids with contrasting fiber quality properties. To better understand the molecular basis for their fiber differences, EST pyrosequencing was used to document the fiber transcriptomes at two key development stages, 10 days post anthesis (dpa), representing the peak of fiber elongation, and 22 dpa, representing the transition to secondary cell wall synthesis. The 617,000 high quality reads (89% of the total 692,000 reads) from 4 libraries were assembled into 46,072 unigenes, comprising 38,297 contigs and 7,775 singletons. Functional annotation of the unigenes together with comparative digital gene expression (DGE) revealed a diverse set of functions and processes that were partly linked to specific fiber stages. Globally, 2,770 contigs (7%) showed differential expression (>2-fold) between 10 and 22 dpa (irrespective of genotype), with 70% more highly expressed at 10 dpa, while 2,248 (6%) were differentially expressed between the genotypes (irrespective of stage). The most significant genes with differential DGE at 10 dpa included expansins and lipid transfer proteins (higher in Gb), while at 22 dpa tubulins, cellulose, and sucrose synthases showed higher expression in Gb. DGE was compared with expression data of 10 dpa-old fibers from Affymetrix microarrays. Among 543 contigs showing differential expression on both platforms, 74% were consistent in being either over-expressed in Gh (242 genes) or in Gb (161 genes). Furthermore, the unigene set served to identify 339 new SSRs and close to 21,000 inter-genotypic SNPs. Subsets of 88 SSRs and 48 SNPs were validated through mapping and added 65 new loci to a RIL genetic map. The new set of fiber ESTs and the gene-based markers complement existing available resources useful in basic and applied research for crop improvement in cotton.
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Claverie M, Souquet M, Jean J, Forestier-Chiron N, Lepitre V, Pré M, Jacobs J, Llewellyn D, Lacape JM. cDNA-AFLP-based genetical genomics in cotton fibers. Theor Appl Genet 2012; 124:665-683. [PMID: 22080217 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetical genomics, or genetic analysis applied to gene expression data, has not been widely used in plants. We used quantitative cDNA-AFLP to monitor the variation in the expression level of cotton fiber transcripts among a population of inter-specific Gossypium hirsutum × G. barbadense recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Two key fiber developmental stages, elongation (10 days post anthesis, dpa), and secondary cell wall thickening (22 dpa), were studied. Normalized intensity ratios of 3,263 and 1,201 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) segregating over 88 RILs were analyzed for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for the 10 and 22 dpa fibers, respectively. Two-thirds of all TDFs mapped between 1 and 6 eQTLs (LOD > 3.5). Chromosome 21 had a higher density of eQTLs than other chromosomes in both data sets and, within chromosomes, hotspots of presumably trans-acting eQTLs were identified. The eQTL hotspots were compared to the location of phenotypic QTLs for fiber characteristics among the RILs, and several cases of co-localization were detected. Quantitative RT-PCR for 15 sequenced TDFs showed that 3 TDFs had at least one eQTL at a similar location to those identified by cDNA-AFLP, while 3 other TDFs mapped an eQTL at a similar location but with opposite additive effect. In conclusion, cDNA-AFLP proved to be a cost-effective and highly transferable platform for genome-wide and population-wide gene expression profiling. Because TDFs are anonymous, further validation and interpretation (in silico analysis, qPCR gene profiling) of the eQTL and eQTL hotspots will be facilitated by the increasing availability of cDNA and genomic sequence resources in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Claverie
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier, France
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14
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Brill E, van Thournout M, White RG, Llewellyn D, Campbell PM, Engelen S, Ruan YL, Arioli T, Furbank RT. A novel isoform of sucrose synthase is targeted to the cell wall during secondary cell wall synthesis in cotton fiber. Plant Physiol 2011; 157:40-54. [PMID: 21757635 PMCID: PMC3165887 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) synthase (Sus) is the major enzyme of Suc breakdown for cellulose biosynthesis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber, an important source of fiber for the textile industry. This study examines the tissue-specific expression, relative abundance, and temporal expression of various Sus transcripts and proteins present in cotton. A novel isoform of Sus (SusC) is identified that is expressed at high levels during secondary cell wall synthesis in fiber and is present in the cell wall fraction. The phylogenetic relationships of the deduced amino acid sequences indicate two ancestral groups of Sus proteins predating the divergence of monocots and dicots and that SusC sequences form a distinct branch in the phylogeny within the dicot-specific clade. The subcellular location of the Sus isoforms is determined, and it is proposed that cell wall-localized SusC may provide UDP-glucose for cellulose and callose synthesis from extracellular sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert T. Furbank
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (E.B., R.G.W., D.L., Y.-L.R., R.T.F.); Bayer BioScience, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (M.v.T., S.E.); Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (P.M.C.); School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia (Y.-L.R.); Bayer CropScience, Lubbock, Texas 79423 (T.A.)
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15
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Llewellyn D, Brown GP, Thompson MB, Shine R. Behavioral Responses to Immune-System Activation in an Anuran (the Cane Toad, Bufo marinus): Field and Laboratory Studies. Physiol Biochem Zool 2011; 84:77-86. [DOI: 10.1086/657609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Lacape JM, Llewellyn D, Jacobs J, Arioli T, Becker D, Calhoun S, Al-Ghazi Y, Liu S, Palaï O, Georges S, Giband M, de Assunção H, Barroso PAV, Claverie M, Gawryziak G, Jean J, Vialle M, Viot C. Meta-analysis of cotton fiber quality QTLs across diverse environments in a Gossypium hirsutum x G. barbadense RIL population. BMC Plant Biol 2010; 10:132. [PMID: 20584292 PMCID: PMC3017793 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton fibers (produced by Gossypium species) are the premier natural fibers for textile production. The two tetraploid species, G. barbadense (Gb) and G. hirsutum (Gh), differ significantly in their fiber properties, the former having much longer, finer and stronger fibers that are highly prized. A better understanding of the genetics and underlying biological causes of these differences will aid further improvement of cotton quality through breeding and biotechnology. We evaluated an inter-specific Gh x Gb recombinant inbred line (RIL) population for fiber characteristics in 11 independent experiments under field and glasshouse conditions. Sites were located on 4 continents and 5 countries and some locations were analyzed over multiple years. RESULTS The RIL population displayed a large variability for all major fiber traits. QTL analyses were performed on a per-site basis by composite interval mapping. Among the 651 putative QTLs (LOD > 2), 167 had a LOD exceeding permutation based thresholds. Coincidence in QTL location across data sets was assessed for the fiber trait categories strength, elongation, length, length uniformity, fineness/maturity, and color. A meta-analysis of more than a thousand putative QTLs was conducted with MetaQTL software to integrate QTL data from the RIL and 3 backcross populations (from the same parents) and to compare them with the literature. Although the global level of congruence across experiments and populations was generally moderate, the QTL clustering was possible for 30 trait x chromosome combinations (5 traits in 19 different chromosomes) where an effective co-localization of unidirectional (similar sign of additivity) QTLs from at least 5 different data sets was observed. Most consistent meta-clusters were identified for fiber color on chromosomes c6, c8 and c25, fineness on c15, and fiber length on c3. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis provided a reliable means of integrating phenotypic and genetic mapping data across multiple populations and environments for complex fiber traits. The consistent chromosomal regions contributing to fiber quality traits constitute good candidates for the further dissection of the genetic and genomic factors underlying important fiber characteristics, and for marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Lacape
- UMR-DAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- CSIRO Plant Industry, P.O. Box 1600 Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John Jacobs
- Bayer BioScience N.V., Technologiepark 38, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tony Arioli
- Bayer CropScience, BioScience research, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David Becker
- Bayer CropScience, BioScience research, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Steve Calhoun
- Bayer CropScience, BioScience research, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yves Al-Ghazi
- CSIRO Plant Industry, P.O. Box 1600 Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shiming Liu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, P.O. Box 1600 Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oumarou Palaï
- IRAD, Centre Régional de Recherche Agricole de Maroua, BP 33 Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Sophie Georges
- IRAD, Centre Régional de Recherche Agricole de Maroua, BP 33 Maroua, Cameroon
- UPR-SCA, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marc Giband
- UMR-DAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- EMBRAPA Algodão, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143, Centenario, 58.428-095 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Henrique de Assunção
- EMBRAPA Algodão, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143, Centenario, 58.428-095 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Claverie
- UMR-DAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gérard Gawryziak
- UPR-SCA, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Janine Jean
- UPR-SCA, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michèle Vialle
- UPR-SCA, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Christopher Viot
- UMR-DAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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17
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Hinz M, Wilson IW, Yang J, Buerstenbinder K, Llewellyn D, Dennis ES, Sauter M, Dolferus R. Arabidopsis RAP2.2: an ethylene response transcription factor that is important for hypoxia survival. Plant Physiol 2010; 153:757-72. [PMID: 20357136 PMCID: PMC2879770 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RAP2.2 (At3g14230) is an APETALA2/ethylene response factor-type transcription factor that belongs to the same subfamily as the rice (Oryza sativa) submergence tolerance gene SUB1A. RAP2.2 is expressed at constitutively high levels in the roots and at lower levels in the shoots, where it is induced by darkness. Effector studies and analysis of ethylene signal transduction mutants indicate that RAP2.2 is induced in shoots by ethylene and functions in an ethylene-controlled signal transduction pathway. Overexpression of RAP2.2 resulted in improved plant survival under hypoxia (low-oxygen) stress, whereas lines containing T-DNA knockouts of the gene had poorer survival rates than the wild type. This indicates that RAP2.2 is important in a plant's ability to resist hypoxia stress. Observation of the expression pattern of 32 low-oxygen and ethylene-associated genes showed that RAP2.2 affects only part of the low-oxygen response, particularly the induction of genes encoding sugar metabolism and fermentation pathway enzymes, as well as ethylene biosynthesis genes. Our results provide a new insight on the regulation of gene expression under low-oxygen conditions. Lighting plays an important regulatory role and is intertwined with hypoxia conditions; both stimuli may act collaboratively to regulate the hypoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margret Sauter
- Physiologie und Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (M.H., K.B., M.S.); and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (I.W.W., J.Y., D.L., E.S.D., R.D.)
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18
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Lacape JM, Jacobs J, Arioli T, Derijcker R, Forestier-Chiron N, Llewellyn D, Jean J, Thomas E, Viot C. A new interspecific, Gossypium hirsutum x G. barbadense, RIL population: towards a unified consensus linkage map of tetraploid cotton. Theor Appl Genet 2009; 119:281-92. [PMID: 19387609 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a new interspecific cotton recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 140 lines deriving from an interspecific cross between Gossypium hirsutum (Gh) and G. barbadense (Gb), using the same two parents that have served for the construction of a BC(1) map and for the marker-assisted backcross selection program underway at CIRAD. Two marker systems, microsatellites and AFLPs, were used. An important feature of the RIL population was its marked segregation distortion with a genome-wide bias to Gh alleles (parental genome ratio is 71/29). The RIL map displays an excellent colinearity with the BC(1) map, although it is severely contracted in terms of map size. Existence of 255 loci in common (between 6 and 14 per chromosome) allowed the integration of the two data sets. A consensus BC(1)-RIL map based upon 215 individuals (75 BC1 + 140 RIL) was built. It consisted of 1,745 loci, spanned 3,637 cM, intermediate between the sizes of the two component maps, and constituted a solid framework to cross align cotton maps using common markers. The new RIL population will be further exploited for fiber property QTL mapping and eQTL mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Lacape
- CIRAD, UMR DAP, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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19
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Abstract
The current tools of enquiry into the structure and operation of the plant genome have provided us with an understanding of plant development and function far beyond the state of knowledge that we had previously. We know about key genetic controls repressing or stimulating the cascades of gene expression that move a plant through stages in its life cycle, facilitating the morphogenesis of vegetative and reproductive tissues and organs. The new technologies are enabling the identification of key gene activity responses to the range of biotic and abiotic challenges experienced by plants. In the past, plant breeders produced new varieties with changes in the phases of development, modifications of plant architecture and improved levels of tolerance and resistance to environmental and biotic challenges by identifying the required phenotypes in a few plants among the large numbers of plants in a breeding population. Now our increased knowledge and powerful gene sequence-based diagnostics provide plant breeders with more precise selection objectives and assays to operate in rationally planned crop improvement programmes. We can expect yield potential to increase and harvested product quality portfolios to better fit an increasing diversity of market requirements. The new genetics will connect agriculture to sectors beyond the food, feed and fibre industries; agri-business will contribute to public health and will provide high-value products to the pharmaceutical industry as well as to industries previously based on petroleum feedstocks and chemical modification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - W.J Peacock
- CSIRO Plant IndustryGPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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20
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Rungis D, Llewellyn D, Dennis ES, Lyon BR. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers reveal low levels of polymorphism between cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ar04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1980s microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been widely used in many species to generate relatively dense genetic maps or framework maps on which to anchor more abundant, but anonymous, markers such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). They are typically highly polymorphic, robust, and often portable, particularly among different mapping populations or crosses and often to related species. They have been useful in species where low levels of genetic diversity limit the use of other markers. Cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has a history of genetic bottlenecks that have considerably reduced its diversity, with the consequence that most molecular marker genetic linkage studies are done with inter-specific crosses. In this study we evaluated the potential for SSR markers to be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding in cotton by quantifying the level of polymorphism detected with a set of commercially available SSR markers between and within a collection of cotton cultivars being used in our breeding programs. Although the majority of these markers are polymorphic between the 2 tetraploid species of cotton, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, they are not highly polymorphic (~5%) either among or within G. hirsutum cultivars. However, 6 of the 8 cultivars studied were found to be segregating for alleles of these SSR markers. This suggests that where polymorphisms exist, heterozygosity within cultivars is maintained by the breeding strategies adopted by many modern cotton breeders. Although SSRs clearly have utility in genetic studies using inter-specific crosses or in the introgression of wild germplasm, they will be more difficult to use for standard cotton breeding until greater numbers are available. The utility of some markers may be reduced in some breeding populations where heterozygosity remains in the parental material.
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21
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Rungis D, Llewellyn D, Dennis ES, Lyon BR. Investigation of the chromosomal location of the bacterial blight resistance gene present in an Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1071/ar01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An early success of the CSIRO cotton breeding program was the incorporation of
resistance to the bacterial blight pathogen
Xanthomonas campestris pv.
malvacearum (Xcm ) into commercial
cultivars. Pedigree records suggest that the source of this resistance was a
set of related, so-called immune lines carrying the
B2B3B7 and
BSm genes. However, resistance to
Xcm race 18 segregates as a single dominant locus in at
least one Australian cultivar (CS50), so its true identity is unclear. Our
study uses mapped restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers to
investigate the chromosomal location of Xcm resistance
in an Australian cultivar of Gossypium hirsutum (CS50)
in an inter-specific cross with a blight-susceptible
Gossypium barbadense (Pima S-7). The mapping data
suggest that the resistance locus is not on chromosome 20 near either the
B2 or B3 genes, but co-segregates
with a marker on chromosome 14 known to be linked to the broad-spectrum
B12 resistance gene originally from African cotton
cultivars. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence
repeats (SSRs) were also used to search for novel markers linked to the
Xcm resistance locus to facilitate introgression of this
trait into G. barbadense through a program of
marker-assisted selection. The overall level of polymorphism between the 2
Gossypium species used in our mapping cross was low, but
one additional AFLP marker loosely linked to Xcm race 18
resistance in CS50 was found. The paucity of polymorphic loci may reflect a
high degree of gene exchange between these 2 species during the breeding of
the modern-day commercial Upland and Pima cultivars.
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22
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Cherrie JW, Sewell C, Ritchie P, McIntosh C, Tickner J, Llewellyn D. Retrospective collection of exposure data from industry: results from a feasibility study in the United Kingdom. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2001; 16:144-8. [PMID: 11217701 DOI: 10.1080/104732201460235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the United Kingdom the Health and Safety Executive for some years has stored chemical exposure data in their National Exposure Database. However, it has been difficult to persuade industry and other organizations to contribute to this resource. The aim of this project was to devise a cost-effective method of obtaining occupational exposure data on chemicals from U.K. industry and other sources. Five strategies were used to identify data for three different substances: toluene, acrylonitrile, and ethylene oxide. In total, 810 organizations were contacted and over 45 percent responded. However, only 40 had relevant exposure data. Almost equal numbers of acceptable measurements were identified for toluene and acrylonitrile (2,770 and 2,000 respectively) with lesser ethylene oxide data (800). These measurements were drawn from a wide range of industries and are probably representative of measurements made by U.K. industry, although most of the data were from companies employing more than 100 people. During the second phase of the project, more than 3,000 measurements and associated contextual information were collected (499 for toluene, 1,516 for acrylonitrile, and 17 for ethylene oxide, with a further 1,004 measurements for 1 of 27 substances collected simultaneously with one of the above). The costs of identifying and collecting exposure data ranged from ł7 to ł380 per valid measurement, depending on the source of the data. We suggest that, rather than trying to retrospectively collect data, it is likely to be more cost-effective to enlist a number of occupational hygiene consults and industrial organizations to prospectively provide anonymized exposure measurements for inclusion in the Health and Safety Executives National Exposure Database.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Cherrie
- University of Aberdeen and Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
Thionins are small cysteine-containing, amphipathic plant proteins found in seeds and vegetative tissues of a number of plant genera. Many of them have been shown to be toxic to microorganisms such as fungi, yeast, and bacteria and also to mammalian cells. It has been suggested that thionins are present in seeds to protect them, and the germinating seedling, from attack by phytopathogenic microorganisms, but the mechanism by which they kill cells remains unclear. Using electrophysiological measurements, we have shown that beta-purothionin from wheat flour can form cation-selective ion channels in artificial lipid bilayer membranes and in the plasmalemma of rat hippocampal neurons. We suggest that the generalized toxicity of thionins is due to their ability to generate ion channels in cell membranes, resulting in the dissipation of ion concentration gradients essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hughes
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Clunies Ross St., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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24
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25
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Owen MJ, Mant R, Parfitt E, Williams J, Asherson P, O'Mahoney G, Van Os J, Llewellyn D, Collier D, Gill M. No association between RFLPs at the porphobilinogen deaminase gene and schizophrenia. Hum Genet 1992; 90:131-2. [PMID: 1358782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00210756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An association study of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) gene and schizophrenia was conducted. RFLPs detected by MspI, PstI, ApaLI and BstNI in intron 1 of the gene were studied in 49 patients and 79 controls. There were no significant differences between the groups in allele frequencies, genotype counts or haplotype distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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26
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Woodson SA, Cech TR, Young M, Perriman R, Kelly L, Graf L, Llewellyn D, Gerlach W, Plückthun A, Collins J. Symposium 3: Non-enzymatic biocatalysts in nature and biotechnology. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1990; 337:12-14. [PMID: 32226232 PMCID: PMC7100648 DOI: 10.1007/bf00325711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woodson
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309-0215 Boulder, CO USA
| | - Thomas R Cech
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309-0215 Boulder, CO USA
| | - Mark Young
- 2Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Rhonda Perriman
- 2Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Lisa Kelly
- 2Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Linda Graf
- 2Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Danny Llewellyn
- 2Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne Gerlach
- 2Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- 3Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Genzentrum der Universität München, D-8033 Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - John Collins
- 4GBF - Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-3300 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany
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27
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Harrison PR, Plumb M, Frampton J, Llewellyn D, Chester J, Chambers I, MacLeod K, Fleming J, O'Prey J, Walker M. Regulation of erythroid cell-specific gene expression during erythropoiesis. Br J Cancer Suppl 1988; 9:46-51. [PMID: 3151147 PMCID: PMC2149114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our group's work over the past few years has been to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating erythroid cell-specific gene expression during erythroid cell differentiation. In addition to the alpha-globin gene, we have focussed on two non-globin genes of interest encoding the rabbit red cell-specific lipoxygenase (LOX) and the mouse glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX), an important seleno-enzyme responsible for protection against peroxide-damage. Characterisation of the GSHPX gene showed that the seleno-cysteine residue in the active site of the enzyme is encoded by UGA, which usually functions as a translation-termination codon. This novel finding has important implications regarding mRNA sequence context effects affecting codon recognition. The regulation of the GSHPX and red cell LOX genes has been investigated by functional transfection experiments. The 700 bp upstream of the GSHPX promoter seems to function equally well when linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene and transfected into mouse erythroid or fibroblast cell lines. However, the presence of tissue-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSS) in the 3' flanking region of the GSHPX gene suggests that such sites may be important in its regulation in the various cell types in which it is highly expressed, i.e., erythroid cells, liver and kidney. The transcription unit of the RBC LOX gene has also been defined and 5' and 3' flanking regions are being investigated for erythroid-specific regulatory elements: a region upstream of the LOX gene gives increased expression of a linked CAT gene when transfected into mouse erythroid cell lines compared to non-erythroid cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Harrison
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Landsmann J, Llewellyn D, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. Organ regulated expression of Parasponia andersonii haemoglobin gene in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol Gen Genet 1988; 214:68-73. [PMID: 3226425 DOI: 10.1007/bf00340181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant haemoglobin genes are known to occur in legume and non-legume families and in both nodulating (e.g., Parasponia andersonii) and non-nodulating species (e.g., Trema tomentosa). Their presence in non-nondulating plants raises the possibility that haemoglobins might serve a function in non-symbiotic tissues distinct from their role in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules induced by micro-organisms. We report here that a P. andersonii haemoglobin promoter can regulate expression of either the P. andersonii haemoglobin gene, or a hybrid construct with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat), in the non-symbiotic plant, Nicotiana tabacum. Expression is predominantly in the roots, implying that haemoglobins might have a function in roots of non-nodulated plants. We have also observed a low level of haemoglobin protein in non-nodulated P. andersonii roots, but not leaves, supporting this assertion. The expression in transgenic plants will allow further characterization of the promoter sequences essential for the organ-specific expression of haemoglobins in non-symbiotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Landsmann
- C.S.I.R.O. Division of Plant Industry, Canbera, A.C.T., Australia
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Harrison PR, Plumb M, Frampton J, Chambers I, Llewellyn D, Chester J, Macleod K, Fleming J, O'Prey J, Walker M. cis and trans control of erythroid cell-specific gene expression during erythropoiesis. J Cell Sci Suppl 1988; 10:145-55. [PMID: 3152055 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.1988.supplement_10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The overall aim of our group's work is to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating erythroid cell-specific gene expression during erythroid cell differentiation. We have been successful in cloning two non-globin genes of interest: the first encodes the rabbit red cell-specific lipoxygenase (LOX), which has a role in degrading mitochondrial lipids during maturation of the reticulocyte to the erythrocyte; and the second, mouse glutathione peroxidase (GSHPX), an important seleno-enzyme responsible for protection against peroxide-damage. Characterization of the GSHPX gene revealed that the seleno-cysteine residue in the active site of the enzyme is encoded by UGA, which usually functions as a translation-termination codon. This novel finding has important implications regarding the role of mRNA sequence context effects in codon recognition. In contrast with the beta-globin locus, very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the erythroid-specific expression of the alpha-globin genes. By a combination of functional transfection assays and studies of the interactions of nuclear sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins with promoter sequences in vitro, we have recently defined two regions upstream of the mouse alpha-globin gene involved in its erythroid-specific expression: one contains a sequence motif (GATAAG) that binds to a species-conserved and erythroid-specific factor both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, GATAAG motifs binding the same factor are found also in the mouse and chicken adult beta-globin gene promoters, the erythroid-specific promoter of the haem pathway enzyme, porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase and the chicken beta-globin 3' enhancer. We are now commencing purification of this erythroid-specific GATAAG-binding factor, investigating in more detail how it functions in relation to other globin gene control regions and determining whether GATAAG-like regions have a functional role in the erythroid-specific expression of other genes. We have begun to investigate the regulation of the GSHPX and red cell LOX genes. The presence of tissue-specific 3' DNAse I-hypersensitive sites (DHSS) suggests that different 3' flanking regions of the GSHPX gene may be important in its regulation in the various cell types in which it is highly expressed, i.e. erythroid cells, liver and kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Harrison
- Beaston Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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Gerlach WL, Llewellyn D, Haseloff J. Construction of a plant disease resistance gene from the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus. Nature 1987. [DOI: 10.1038/328802a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dennis ES, Gerlach WL, Pryor AJ, Bennetzen JL, Inglis A, Llewellyn D, Sachs MM, Ferl RJ, Peacock WJ. Molecular analysis of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) gene of maize. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:3983-4000. [PMID: 6328449 PMCID: PMC318805 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.9.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone of maize Adh1 which contains the entire protein coding region of the gene has been constructed. The protein sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence is in agreement with limited protein sequencing data for the ADH1 enzyme. An 11.5 kb genomic fragment containing the Adh1 gene has been isolated using the cDNA clone as a probe, and the gene region fully sequenced. The gene is interrupted by 9 introns, their junction sequences fitting the animal gene consensus sequence. Within the gene there is a triplication of a segment (104 bp) spanning an intron-exon junction. Presumptive promoter elements have been identified and are similar in nucleotide sequence and location, relative to the start of transcription, to those of other plant and animal genes. No recognizable poly(A+) addition signal is evident. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the cDNA (derived from an Adh1 -F allele) and genomic (derived from an Adh1 -S allele) clones has identified an amino acid difference consistent with the observed difference in electrophoretic mobility of the two enzymes. The maize ADH1 amino acid sequence is 50% homologous to that of horse liver ADH but is only 20% homologous to yeast ADH.
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