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Kelly MC, Naisby J, Bell DJ. Physiotherapists clinical reasoning to prescribe exercise for patients with chronic pain: A qualitative study research protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295382. [PMID: 38039307 PMCID: PMC10691676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiotherapists' play a key role in the management of chronic pain, and as part of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, prescribe exercise to support patients with chronic pain. However, there is very limited evidence supporting physiotherapists on what type of exercise or dose of exercise should be prescribed. Physiotherapists' therefore have more onus on their ability to clinically reason how to prescribe exercise. At present, there is no research investigating how physiotherapists' working with patients that have chronic pain, clinically reason when prescribing exercise. This study proposes to investigate how physiotherapists experienced in pain management prescribe exercise, to understand what the key influences are on their reasoning, and how these impact on clinical practice. METHODS This will be a qualitative study, utilising semi-structured individual interviews. Participants will be Health and Care Professions Council registered physiotherapists, working predominantly with patients that have chronic pain. Recruitment will focus on physiotherapists working within the United Kingdom (UK). Up to twenty participants will be recruited. The study, including the interview guide, will be supported by a steering group consisting of academics and physiotherapists experienced in chronic pain. The data will be analysed using framework analysis. RESULTS The study will be reported using the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines. The findings of the study will be disseminated through publication in a peer reviewed journal. CONCLUSION This study will provide novel insight into how physiotherapists experienced working with and managing chronic pain patients, prescribe exercise, and will gain new insight into clinical practice to help inform future research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Kelly
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Naisby
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Bell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Riley BB, Duthie CA, Corbishley A, Mason C, Bowen JM, Bell DJ, Haskell MJ. Intrinsic calf factors associated with the behavior of healthy pre-weaned group-housed dairy-bred calves. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1204580. [PMID: 37601764 PMCID: PMC10435862 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1204580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Technology-derived behaviors are researched for disease detection in artificially-reared calves. Whilst existing studies demonstrate differences in behaviors between healthy and diseased calves, intrinsic calf factors (e.g., sex and birthweight) that may affect these behaviors have received little systematic study. This study aimed to understand the impact of a range of calf factors on milk feeding and activity variables of dairy-bred calves. Calves were group-housed from ~7 days to 39 days of age. Seven liters of milk replacer was available daily from an automatic milk feeder, which recorded feeding behaviors and live-weight. Calves were health scored daily and a tri-axial accelerometer used to record activity variables. Healthy calves were selected by excluding data collected 3 days either side of a poor health score or a treatment event. Thirty-one calves with 10 days each were analyzed. Mixed models were used to identify which of live-weight, age, sex, season of birth, age of inclusion into the group, dam parity, birthweight, and sire breed type (beef or dairy), had a significant influence on milk feeding and activity variables. Heavier calves visited the milk machine more frequently for shorter visits, drank faster and were more likely to drink their daily milk allowance than lighter calves. Older calves had a shorter mean standing bout length and were less active than younger calves. Calves born in summer had a longer daily lying time, performed more lying and standing bouts/day and had shorter mean standing bouts than those born in autumn or winter. Male calves had a longer mean lying bout length, drank more slowly and were less likely to consume their daily milk allowance than their female counterparts. Calves that were born heavier had fewer lying and standing bouts each day, a longer mean standing bout length and drank less milk per visit. Beef-sired calves had a longer mean lying bout length and drank more slowly than their dairy sired counterparts. Intrinsic calf factors influence different healthy calf behaviors in different ways. These factors must be considered in the design of research studies and the field application of behavior-based disease detection tools in artificially reared calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth B. Riley
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Clinical Sciences, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander Corbishley
- Dairy Herd Health and Productivity Service, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Mason
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna M. Bowen
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Bell
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Peng H, Chen R, Shaw WM, Hapeta P, Jiang W, Bell DJ, Ellis T, Ledesma-Amaro R. Modular Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Coculture Strategies for the Production of Aromatic Compounds in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1739-1749. [PMID: 37218844 PMCID: PMC10278174 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbial-derived aromatics provide a sustainable and renewable alternative to petroleum-derived chemicals. In this study, we used the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce aromatic molecules by exploiting the concept of modularity in synthetic biology. Three different modular approaches were investigated for the production of the valuable fragrance raspberry ketone (RK), found in raspberry fruits and mostly produced from petrochemicals. The first strategy used was modular cloning, which enabled the generation of combinatorial libraries of promoters to optimize the expression level of the genes involved in the synthesis pathway of RK. The second strategy was modular pathway engineering and involved the creation of four modules, one for product formation: RK synthesis module (Mod. RK); and three for precursor synthesis: aromatic amino acid synthesis module (Mod. Aro), p-coumaric acid synthesis module (Mod. p-CA), and malonyl-CoA synthesis module (Mod. M-CoA). The production of RK by combinations of the expression of these modules was studied, and the best engineered strain produced 63.5 mg/L RK from glucose, which is the highest production described in yeast, and 2.1 mg RK/g glucose, which is the highest yield reported in any organism without p-coumaric acid supplementation. The third strategy was the use of modular cocultures to explore the effects of division of labor on RK production. Two two-member communities and one three-member community were created, and their production capacity was highly dependent on the structure of the synthetic community, the inoculation ratio, and the culture media. In certain conditions, the cocultures outperformed their monoculture controls for RK production, although this was not the norm. Interestingly, the cocultures showed up to 7.5-fold increase and 308.4 mg/L of 4-hydroxy benzalacetone, the direct precursor of RK, which can be used for the semi-synthesis of RK. This study illustrates the utility of modularity in synthetic biology tools and their applications to the synthesis of products of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Peng
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- College
of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - William M. Shaw
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Piotr Hapeta
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - David J. Bell
- SynbiCITE
Innovation and Knowledge Centre, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Tom Ellis
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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Wynberg E, Commons RJ, Humphreys G, Ashurst H, Burrow R, Adjei GO, Adjuik M, Anstey NM, Anvikar A, Baird KJ, Barber BE, Barennes H, Baudin E, Bell DJ, Bethell D, Binh TQ, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Chu CS, Daher A, D’Alessandro U, Das D, Davis TME, de Vries PJ, Djimde AA, Dondorp AM, Dorsey G, Faucher JFF, Fogg C, Gaye O, Grigg M, Hatz C, Kager PA, Lacerda M, Laman M, Mårtensson A, Menan HIE, Monteiro WM, Moore BR, Nosten F, Ogutu B, Osorio L, Penali LK, Pereira DB, Rahim AG, Ramharter M, Sagara I, Schramm B, Seidlein L, Siqueira AM, Sirima SB, Starzengruber P, Sutanto I, Taylor WR, Toure OA, Utzinger J, Valea I, Valentini G, White NJ, William T, Woodrow CJ, Richmond CL, Guerin PJ, Price RN, Stepniewska K. Variability in white blood cell count during uncomplicated malaria and implications for parasite density estimation: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network individual patient data meta-analysis. Malar J 2023; 22:174. [PMID: 37280686 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that when peripheral malarial parasitaemia is quantified by thick film microscopy, an actual white blood cell (WBC) count from a concurrently collected blood sample is used in calculations. However, in resource-limited settings an assumed WBC count is often used instead. The aim of this study was to describe the variability in WBC count during acute uncomplicated malaria, and estimate the impact of using an assumed value of WBC on estimates of parasite density and clearance. METHODS Uncomplicated malaria drug efficacy studies that measured WBC count were selected from the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network data repository for an individual patient data meta-analysis of WBC counts. Regression models with random intercepts for study-site were used to assess WBC count variability at presentation and during follow-up. Inflation factors for parasitaemia density, and clearance estimates were calculated for methods using assumed WBC counts (8000 cells/µL and age-stratified values) using estimates derived from the measured WBC value as reference. RESULTS Eighty-four studies enrolling 27,656 patients with clinically uncomplicated malaria were included. Geometric mean WBC counts (× 1000 cells/µL) in age groups < 1, 1-4, 5-14 and ≥ 15 years were 10.5, 8.3, 7.1, 5.7 and 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0 for individuals with falciparum (n = 24,978) and vivax (n = 2678) malaria, respectively. At presentation, higher WBC counts were seen among patients with higher parasitaemia, severe anaemia and, for individuals with vivax malaria, in regions with shorter regional relapse periodicity. Among falciparum malaria patients, using an assumed WBC count of 8000 cells/µL resulted in parasite density underestimation by a median (IQR) of 26% (4-41%) in infants < 1 year old but an overestimation by 50% (16-91%) in adults aged ≥ 15 years. Use of age-stratified assumed WBC values removed systematic bias but did not improve precision of parasitaemia estimation. Imprecision of parasite clearance estimates was only affected by the within-patient WBC variability over time, and remained < 10% for 79% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Using an assumed WBC value for parasite density estimation from a thick smear may lead to underdiagnosis of hyperparasitaemia and could adversely affect clinical management; but does not result in clinically consequential inaccuracies in the estimation of the prevalence of prolonged parasite clearance and artemisinin resistance.
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Gafar F, Wasmann RE, McIlleron HM, Aarnoutse RE, Schaaf HS, Marais BJ, Agarwal D, Antwi S, Bang ND, Bekker A, Bell DJ, Chabala C, Choo L, Davies GR, Day JN, Dayal R, Denti P, Donald PR, Engidawork E, Garcia-Prats AJ, Gibb D, Graham SM, Hesseling AC, Heysell SK, Idris MI, Kabra SK, Kinikar A, Kumar AKH, Kwara A, Lodha R, Magis-Escurra C, Martinez N, Mathew BS, Mave V, Mduma E, Mlotha-Mitole R, Mpagama SG, Mukherjee A, Nataprawira HM, Peloquin CA, Pouplin T, Ramachandran G, Ranjalkar J, Roy V, Ruslami R, Shah I, Singh Y, Sturkenboom MGG, Svensson EM, Swaminathan S, Thatte U, Thee S, Thomas TA, Tikiso T, Touw DJ, Turkova A, Velpandian T, Verhagen LM, Winckler JL, Yang H, Yunivita V, Taxis K, Stevens J, Alffenaar JWC. Global estimates and determinants of antituberculosis drug pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:2201596. [PMID: 36328357 PMCID: PMC9996834 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01596-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suboptimal exposure to antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs has been associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes. We aimed to investigate estimates and determinants of first-line anti-TB drug pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents at a global level. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science (1990-2021) for pharmacokinetic studies of first-line anti-TB drugs in children and adolescents. Individual patient data were obtained from authors of eligible studies. Summary estimates of total/extrapolated area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h post-dose (AUC0-24) and peak plasma concentration (C max) were assessed with random-effects models, normalised with current World Health Organization-recommended paediatric doses. Determinants of AUC0-24 and C max were assessed with linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Of 55 eligible studies, individual patient data were available for 39 (71%), including 1628 participants from 12 countries. Geometric means of steady-state AUC0-24 were summarised for isoniazid (18.7 (95% CI 15.5-22.6) h·mg·L-1), rifampicin (34.4 (95% CI 29.4-40.3) h·mg·L-1), pyrazinamide (375.0 (95% CI 339.9-413.7) h·mg·L-1) and ethambutol (8.0 (95% CI 6.4-10.0) h·mg·L-1). Our multivariate models indicated that younger age (especially <2 years) and HIV-positive status were associated with lower AUC0-24 for all first-line anti-TB drugs, while severe malnutrition was associated with lower AUC0-24 for isoniazid and pyrazinamide. N-acetyltransferase 2 rapid acetylators had lower isoniazid AUC0-24 and slow acetylators had higher isoniazid AUC0-24 than intermediate acetylators. Determinants of C max were generally similar to those for AUC0-24. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the most comprehensive estimates of plasma exposures to first-line anti-TB drugs in children and adolescents. Key determinants of drug exposures were identified. These may be relevant for population-specific dose adjustment or individualised therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajri Gafar
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland E Wasmann
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen M McIlleron
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rob E Aarnoutse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Simon Schaaf
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ben J Marais
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dipti Agarwal
- Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, Lucknow, India
| | - Sampson Antwi
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Department of Child Health, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Child Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Adrie Bekker
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - David J Bell
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Infectious Diseases Unit, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chishala Chabala
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Lusaka, Zambia
- University Teaching Hospitals - Children's Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Louise Choo
- University College London, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Geraint R Davies
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Clinical Department, Blantyre, Malawi
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeremy N Day
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajeshwar Dayal
- Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Agra, India
| | - Paolo Denti
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter R Donald
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anthony J Garcia-Prats
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Diana Gibb
- University College London, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Stephen M Graham
- University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Scott K Heysell
- University of Virginia, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Misgana I Idris
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sushil K Kabra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, New Delhi, India
| | - Aarti Kinikar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Agibothu K Hemanth Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Awewura Kwara
- University of Florida, Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Nilza Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y Del Ambiente, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Binu S Mathew
- Christian Medical College and Hospital, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Vellore, India
| | - Vidya Mave
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Estomih Mduma
- Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Center for Global Health Research, Haydom, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Aparna Mukherjee
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, New Delhi, India
| | - Heda M Nataprawira
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health, Division of Paediatric Respirology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Thomas Pouplin
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Geetha Ramachandran
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Jaya Ranjalkar
- Christian Medical College and Hospital, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Vellore, India
| | - Vandana Roy
- Maulana Azad Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ira Shah
- Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Pediatric TB Clinic, Mumbai, India
| | - Yatish Singh
- Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Agra, India
| | - Marieke G G Sturkenboom
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elin M Svensson
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- World Health Organization, Public Health Division, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urmila Thatte
- Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Mumbai, India
| | - Stephanie Thee
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania A Thomas
- University of Virginia, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tjokosela Tikiso
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daan J Touw
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Turkova
- University College London, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr R.P. Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Lilly M Verhagen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Stellenbosch University, Family Centre for Research with UBUNTU, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jana L Winckler
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Hongmei Yang
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Vycke Yunivita
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Katja Taxis
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Stevens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Both authors contributed equally and shared senior authorship
| | - Jan-Willem C Alffenaar
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Both authors contributed equally and shared senior authorship
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Bell DJ, Vigors B, Duthie CA, Bartram DJ, Hancock A, Odeyemi I, Penny C, Haskell MJ. Developing a tool to assess the health-related quality of life in calves with respiratory disease: content validation. Animal 2023; 17:100702. [PMID: 36680850 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major welfare and productivity issue for calves. Despite the extensive negative impacts on calf welfare and performance, BRD remains challenging to detect and treat effectively. However, the clinical signs of disease are only one aspect of the disease that is experienced by the individual. The assessment of emotional experience in animals is not straightforward, but it is increasingly recognised that the quality of behaviour and demeanour of an individual is a reflection of their internal emotional state. The aim of the present study was to complete the content validation stage of the development process for a health-related quality of life (HRQOL) tool. This was based around indicators from an existing conceptual framework containing twenty-three indicators in two domains (clinical signs and behavioural expression). The content validation stage involves engaging with key stakeholders. For this study, this took the form of a survey and discussions with focus groups, which are standard methods in this field. A survey and stakeholder focus groups were conducted to assess the usefulness of each indicator and its relevance for inclusion within a HRQOL tool. In the survey, participants were asked to rate the usefulness of each of the indicators using a 4-point scale which were then dichotomised into 'useful' and 'less useful'. Based on the 'useful' result, each indicator within the domains was ranked. A similar approach was taken with the responses from the focus groups. Focus group participants were asked to select indicators that they felt were of use and the result of this was used to rank each of the indicators. The ranks of the indicators from both the survey and the focus groups along with the transcripts from the focus groups were used to determine the indicators from each domain to include within the HRQOL tool. Indicators within the clinical signs domain that were included were nasal discharge, cough, respiratory effort, ocular appearance (discharge and vibrancy), body and head posture and ear carriage. For the domain of behavioural expression, the indicators included were movement to feed, responsiveness, spatial proximity, volume of feed intake, motivation at feed and vigour. The next stage will be to validate the construction of the HRQOL tool through its use in practice. The inclusion of indicators that allow the experiential aspects of disease to be recorded in health assessments will likely increase the ability of farmers and others to detect respiratory disease in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), West Mains, Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom.
| | - B Vigors
- SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), West Mains, Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - C-A Duthie
- SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), West Mains, Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - D J Bartram
- Outcomes Research, Zoetis, Loughlinstown, County Dublin D18 T3Y1, Ireland
| | - A Hancock
- Outcomes Research, Zoetis, Loughlinstown, County Dublin D18 T3Y1, Ireland
| | - I Odeyemi
- Outcomes Research, Zoetis, Loughlinstown, County Dublin D18 T3Y1, Ireland
| | - C Penny
- Zoetis UK Ltd., First Floor, Birchwood Building, Springfield Drive, Leatherhead KT22 7LP, United Kingdom
| | - M J Haskell
- SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), West Mains, Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
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7
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Mansoor R, Commons RJ, Douglas NM, Abuaku B, Achan J, Adam I, Adjei GO, Adjuik M, Alemayehu BH, Allan R, Allen EN, Anvikar AR, Arinaitwe E, Ashley EA, Ashurst H, Asih PBS, Bakyaita N, Barennes H, Barnes KI, Basco L, Bassat Q, Baudin E, Bell DJ, Bethell D, Bjorkman A, Boulton C, Bousema T, Brasseur P, Bukirwa H, Burrow R, Carrara VI, Cot M, D’Alessandro U, Das D, Das S, Davis TME, Desai M, Djimde AA, Dondorp AM, Dorsey G, Drakeley CJ, Duparc S, Espié E, Etard JF, Falade C, Faucher JF, Filler S, Fogg C, Fukuda M, Gaye O, Genton B, Ghulam Rahim A, Gilayeneh J, Gonzalez R, Grais RF, Grandesso F, Greenwood B, Grivoyannis A, Hatz C, Hodel EM, Humphreys GS, Hwang J, Ishengoma D, Juma E, Kachur SP, Kager PA, Kamugisha E, Kamya MR, Karema C, Kayentao K, Kazienga A, Kiechel JR, Kofoed PE, Koram K, Kremsner PG, Lalloo DG, Laman M, Lee SJ, Lell B, Maiga AW, Mårtensson A, Mayxay M, Mbacham W, McGready R, Menan H, Ménard D, Mockenhaupt F, Moore BR, Müller O, Nahum A, Ndiaye JL, Newton PN, Ngasala BE, Nikiema F, Nji AM, Noedl H, Nosten F, Ogutu BR, Ojurongbe O, Osorio L, Ouédraogo JB, Owusu-Agyei S, Pareek A, Penali LK, Piola P, Plucinski M, Premji Z, Ramharter M, Richmond CL, Rombo L, Roper C, Rosenthal PJ, Salman S, Same-Ekobo A, Sibley C, Sirima SB, Smithuis FM, Somé FA, Staedke SG, Starzengruber P, Strub-Wourgaft N, Sutanto I, Swarthout TD, Syafruddin D, Talisuna AO, Taylor WR, Temu EA, Thwing JI, Tinto H, Tjitra E, Touré OA, Tran TH, Ursing J, Valea I, Valentini G, van Vugt M, von Seidlein L, Ward SA, Were V, White NJ, Woodrow CJ, Yavo W, Yeka A, Zongo I, Simpson JA, Guerin PJ, Stepniewska K, Price RN. Haematological consequences of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network pooled analysis of individual patient data. BMC Med 2022; 20:85. [PMID: 35249546 PMCID: PMC8900374 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with anaemia-related morbidity, attributable to host, parasite and drug factors. We quantified the haematological response following treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria to identify the factors associated with malarial anaemia. METHODS Individual patient data from eligible antimalarial efficacy studies of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, available through the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network data repository prior to August 2015, were pooled using standardised methodology. The haematological response over time was quantified using a multivariable linear mixed effects model with nonlinear terms for time, and the model was then used to estimate the mean haemoglobin at day of nadir and day 7. Multivariable logistic regression quantified risk factors for moderately severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 7 g/dL) at day 0, day 3 and day 7 as well as a fractional fall ≥ 25% at day 3 and day 7. RESULTS A total of 70,226 patients, recruited into 200 studies between 1991 and 2013, were included in the analysis: 50,859 (72.4%) enrolled in Africa, 18,451 (26.3%) in Asia and 916 (1.3%) in South America. The median haemoglobin concentration at presentation was 9.9 g/dL (range 5.0-19.7 g/dL) in Africa, 11.6 g/dL (range 5.0-20.0 g/dL) in Asia and 12.3 g/dL (range 6.9-17.9 g/dL) in South America. Moderately severe anaemia (Hb < 7g/dl) was present in 8.4% (4284/50,859) of patients from Africa, 3.3% (606/18,451) from Asia and 0.1% (1/916) from South America. The nadir haemoglobin occurred on day 2 post treatment with a mean fall from baseline of 0.57 g/dL in Africa and 1.13 g/dL in Asia. Independent risk factors for moderately severe anaemia on day 7, in both Africa and Asia, included moderately severe anaemia at baseline (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 16.10 and AOR = 23.00, respectively), young age (age < 1 compared to ≥ 12 years AOR = 12.81 and AOR = 6.79, respectively), high parasitaemia (AOR = 1.78 and AOR = 1.58, respectively) and delayed parasite clearance (AOR = 2.44 and AOR = 2.59, respectively). In Asia, patients treated with an artemisinin-based regimen were at significantly greater risk of moderately severe anaemia on day 7 compared to those treated with a non-artemisinin-based regimen (AOR = 2.06 [95%CI 1.39-3.05], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, the nadir haemoglobin occurs 2 days after starting treatment. Although artemisinin-based treatments increase the rate of parasite clearance, in Asia they are associated with a greater risk of anaemia during recovery.
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8
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Wong G, Lim LR, Tan YQ, Go MK, Bell DJ, Freemont PS, Yew WS. Reconstituting the complete biosynthesis of D-lysergic acid in yeast. Nat Commun 2022; 13:712. [PMID: 35132076 PMCID: PMC8821704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ergot alkaloids are a class of natural products known for their pharmacologically privileged molecular structure that are used in the treatment of neurological ailments, such as Parkinsonism and dementia. Their synthesis via chemical and biological routes are therefore of industrial relevance, but suffer from several challenges. Current chemical synthesis methods involve long, multi-step reactions with harsh conditions and are not enantioselective; biological methods utilizing ergot fungi, produce an assortment of products that complicate product recovery, and are susceptible to strain degradation. Reconstituting the ergot alkaloid pathway in a strain strongly amenable for liquid fermentation, could potentially resolve these issues. In this work, we report the production of the main ergoline therapeutic precursor, D-lysergic acid, to a titre of 1.7 mg L−1 in a 1 L bioreactor. Our work demonstrates the proof-of-concept for the biological production of ergoline-derived compounds from sugar in an engineered yeast chassis. The ergot alkaloids are a class of natural products known for their pharmacologically privileged molecular structure that are used in the treatment of neurological ailments. Here the authors report on the production of the ergot (fungus)-derived therapeutic precursor, D-lysergic acid (DLA), in baker’s yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Wong
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Li Rong Lim
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yong Quan Tan
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Maybelle Kho Go
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - David J Bell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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9
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Bowen JM, Haskell MJ, Miller GA, Mason CS, Bell DJ, Duthie CA. Early prediction of respiratory disease in preweaning dairy calves using feeding and activity behaviors. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12009-12018. [PMID: 34454762 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) represents one of the major disease challenges affecting preweaning dairy-bred calves. Previous studies have shown that differences in feeding and activity behaviors exist between healthy and diseased calves affected by BRD. The aim of this study was to develop and assess the accuracy of models designed to predict BRD from feeding and activity behaviors. Feeding and activity behaviors were recorded for 100 male preweaning calves between ~8 to 42 d of age. Calves were group housed with ad libitum access to milk via automatic milk feeders, water, starter diet, and straw. Activity was monitored via a leg-mounted accelerometer. Health status of individual calves was monitored daily using an adapted version of the Wisconsin Scoring System to identify BRD. Three models were created to predict disease: (1) deviation from normal lying time based on moving averages (MA); (2) random forest (RF), a machine learning technique based on feeding and activity variables; and (3) a combination of RF and MA output. For the MA model, lying time was predicted based on behavior over previous days (3- and 7-d MA) and the expected value for the current day (based on calf age; measured using accelerometers). Data were not split into training and test data sets. Occasions when the actual lying time increased >9% of predicted lying time were classified as a deviation from normal and a disease alert was provided. Both feeding and activity behaviors were included within the RF model. Data were split into training (70%) and test (30%) data sets based on disease events. Events were classified as 2 d before, the day(s) of the disease event, and 2 d after the event. Accuracy of models was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, balanced accuracy, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). If a positive disease prediction agreed with an actual disease event within a 3-d rolling window, it was classified as a true positive. Stand-alone models (RF; MA) showed high specificity (0.95; 0.97), moderate sensitivity (0.35; 0.43), balanced accuracy (0.65; 0.64), and MCC (0.25; 0.29). Combining outputs increased accuracy (specificity = 0.95, sensitivity = 0.54, balanced accuracy = 0.75, MCC = 0.36). The work presented is the first to demonstrate the use of modeling data derived from precision livestock farming techniques that monitor feeding and activity behaviors for early detection of BRD in preweaning calves, offering a significant advance in health management of youngstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bowen
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom.
| | - M J Haskell
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Team, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - G A Miller
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - C S Mason
- SRUC Veterinary Services, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - D J Bell
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Team, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - C-A Duthie
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
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10
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Duthie CA, Bowen JM, Bell DJ, Miller GA, Mason C, Haskell MJ. Feeding behaviour and activity as early indicators of disease in pre-weaned dairy calves. Animal 2020; 15:100150. [PMID: 33573932 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the industry, there is large variation in health status of dairy calves and as a result, disease incidence and antibiotic use is high. This has significant implications for animal welfare, productivity and profitability of dairy and dairy-beef production systems. Technology-based early detection systems could alleviate these issues; however, methods of early detection of disease in dairy calves have not been widely explored. This study aimed to determine whether changes in activity and feeding behaviour can be used as early warning indicators of respiratory disease in calves. In total, 100 pre-weaned male Holstein calves (age: ~8-42 days) were used. Calves were group-housed and provided with starter diet, straw bedding and ad libitum water. Calves were fed milk replacer ad libitum through an automatic calf feeder, and each calf was fitted with a leg-mounted activity monitor. Daily activity and feeding behaviour variables were calculated for each calf. Each calf was assessed daily using a modified version of the Wisconsin Scoring System to assess respiratory disease status. Calves were classed as 'Diseased', 'Intermediate' or 'Healthy' based on their cumulative health score. The peak day of the most extreme illness event was identified for each calf. Data from Diseased and Healthy calves were paired for analysis based on age and BW. Data were compared for the day of peak illness, and for the 3 days previous and post. Compared to healthy calves, diseased calves lay for longer and tended to have longer lying bouts (daily lying: 17.6 ± 0.3 vs 16.7 ± 0.2 h, P < 0.01; bout length: 74.8 ± 10.6 vs 56.0 ± 3.7 min, P = 0.09 for diseased and healthy calves, respectively). Diseased calves fed for a shorter time and had fewer feeder visits (with intake) each day compared to healthy calves (feeding time (min): 19.3 ± 1.4 vs 22.8 ± 1.5; P < 0.05; visits: 2.1 ± 0.2 vs 3.2 ± 0.4; P < 0.05). Importantly, differences between diseased and healthy calves were evident in both activity and feeding behaviour on the days prior to the peak day of disease. Lying bout length was greater in diseased calves for the 2 days prior to the peak day (P < 0.05), lying time was longer on day -1 (P < 0.05) and feeder visits with milk intake were less frequent on day -3 (P < 0.05). Thus, measurement of feeding and activity using precision technology within early detection systems could facilitate early intervention and optimized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-A Duthie
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - J M Bowen
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - D J Bell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Team, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - G A Miller
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - C Mason
- SRUC Veterinary Services, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - M J Haskell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Team, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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11
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Abstract
HIV-1 infects an estimated 37 million people worldwide, while the rarer HIV-2 infects 1–2 million worldwide. HIV-2 is mainly restricted to West African countries. The majority of patients in Scotland are diagnosed with HIV-1, but in 2013 the West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre (WoSSVC) diagnosed Scotland’s first HIV-2 positive case in a patient from Côte d’Ivoire. HIV-2 differs from HIV-1 in terms of structural viral proteins, viral transmissibility, prolonged period of latency, intrinsic resistance to certain antivirals and how to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Over the course of 5 years the patient has required several changes in treatment due to both side effects and pill burden. This case highlights the complexity of HIV-2 patient management over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Shepherd
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Level 5 New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER, UK
| | - C Sykes
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - C Jackson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Level 5 New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER, UK
| | - D J Bell
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - R N Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Level 5 New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER, UK
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12
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Moore SJ, Lai HE, Kelwick RJR, Chee SM, Bell DJ, Polizzi KM, Freemont PS. Correction to EcoFlex: A Multifunctional MoClo Kit for E. coli Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1225. [PMID: 32301602 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Bell DJ, Macrae AI, Mitchell MA, Mason CS, Jennings A, Haskell MJ. Comparison of thermal imaging and rectal temperature in the diagnosis of pyrexia in pre-weaned calves using on farm conditions. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:259-265. [PMID: 32442726 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Measuring core body temperature is used as part of the diagnostic process in assessing the health of animals. Typically in calves, this is carried out using a rectal thermometer which can be time consuming, stressful to the calf and is invasive by nature. A non-invasive technique that is gaining recognition is thermal imaging. This study investigated the use of thermal imaging as a technique to assess core body temperature in pre-weaned artificially reared calves. A total of 125 male and female calves had rectal temperatures measured daily from day 7 until day 40 of life, and at the same time had a thermal image taken of the area around the medial canthus of the eye. A weak correlation (r = 0.28) was found between calf rectal temperature and thermal image temperature. A multivariable predictive model for core body temperature increased the correlation (r = 0.32) when including the environmental parameters of air temperature (p < .001) and wind speed (p < .001) as well as reconstituted milk replacer consumption (p < .01). The effectiveness of a predictive model including these parameters for the detection of calves with a core body temperature ≥ 39.5 °C was examined and found to have a sensitivity of 0% and a specificity of 100%. The results of this study demonstrate the need to take thermal environmental parameters into consideration when using thermal imaging to assess body temperature. However, the results suggest that accurate measures of core body temperature using thermal imaging cannot be achieved under commercial farm conditions. Further research is needed to determine what other factors could be measured to increase predictive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9JG, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - A I Macrae
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9JG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - M A Mitchell
- Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - C S Mason
- Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - A Jennings
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9JG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - M J Haskell
- Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, United Kingdom
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14
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Hillson N, Caddick M, Cai Y, Carrasco JA, Chang MW, Curach NC, Bell DJ, Feuvre RL, Friedman DC, Fu X, Gold ND, Herrgård MJ, Holowko MB, Johnson JR, Johnson RA, Keasling JD, Kitney RI, Kondo A, Liu C, Martin VJJ, Menolascina F, Ogino C, Patron NJ, Pavan M, Poh CL, Pretorius IS, Rosser SJ, Scrutton NS, Storch M, Tekotte H, Travnik E, Vickers CE, Yew WS, Yuan Y, Zhao H, Freemont PS. Author Correction: Building a global alliance of biofoundries. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3132. [PMID: 31296848 PMCID: PMC6624256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Caddick
- GeneMill, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Yizhi Cai
- SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jose A Carrasco
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Natalie C Curach
- Bioplatforms Australia, Research Park Drive, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - David J Bell
- London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 WoodLane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Rosalind Le Feuvre
- SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Douglas C Friedman
- Engineering Biology Research Consortium (EBRC), Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Xiongfei Fu
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicholas D Gold
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Markus J Herrgård
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maciej B Holowko
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - James R Johnson
- GeneMill, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Richard A Johnson
- Global Helix LLC, BioBricks Foundation, and Engineering Biology Research Consortium (EBRC), Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Richard I Kitney
- London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 WoodLane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chenli Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Vincent J J Martin
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Filippo Menolascina
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FF, UK
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nicola J Patron
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Marilene Pavan
- DAMP Lab, Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | | | - Susan J Rosser
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FF, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Marko Storch
- London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 WoodLane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Hille Tekotte
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FF, UK
| | - Evelyn Travnik
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (MOE), TianjinUniversity, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Illinois Biological Foundry for Advanced Biomanufacturing (iBioFAB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul S Freemont
- London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 WoodLane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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15
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Goldstein EJ, Bell DJ, Gunson RN. Yellow fever vaccine-associated neurological disease: it is not just the silver generation at risk. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/5/e229558. [PMID: 31088820 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 35-year-old man presented to his optician with sudden onset diplopia and a 1-week history of headaches. He was noted to have sixth nerve palsy. The following day he was admitted to hospital with confusion and expressive dysphasia. He had been due to travel to Ghana on business and had received yellow fever (YF) vaccination 18 days prior to onset of headaches. His initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed elevated protein, increased white cell count but was PCR negative for standard viral pathogens. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 was detected by PCR in CSF at a very low level from a second lumbar puncture performed 6 days later, and the patient was treated for HSV meningoencephalitis. However, retrospective investigation for yellow fever vaccine-associated neurological disease revealed increasing titres of YF IgG in three serial CSF samples, and no evidence of HSV antibodies in CSF or plasma, ruling out HSV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Goldstein
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Bell
- Infectious Diseases, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rory N Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
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16
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Hillson N, Caddick M, Cai Y, Carrasco JA, Chang MW, Curach NC, Bell DJ, Le Feuvre R, Friedman DC, Fu X, Gold ND, Herrgård MJ, Holowko MB, Johnson JR, Johnson RA, Keasling JD, Kitney RI, Kondo A, Liu C, Martin VJJ, Menolascina F, Ogino C, Patron NJ, Pavan M, Poh CL, Pretorius IS, Rosser SJ, Scrutton NS, Storch M, Tekotte H, Travnik E, Vickers CE, Yew WS, Yuan Y, Zhao H, Freemont PS. Building a global alliance of biofoundries. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2040. [PMID: 31068573 PMCID: PMC6506534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofoundries provide an integrated infrastructure to enable the rapid design, construction, and testing of genetically reprogrammed organisms for biotechnology applications and research. Many biofoundries are being built and a Global Biofoundry Alliance has recently been established to coordinate activities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Caddick
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36GeneMill, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
| | - Yizhi Cai
- 0000000121662407grid.5379.8SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Matthew Wook Chang
- 0000 0001 2180 6431grid.4280.eNUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Natalie C. Curach
- 0000 0001 2158 5405grid.1004.5Bioplatforms Australia, Research Park Drive, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - David J. Bell
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ UK
| | - Rosalind Le Feuvre
- 0000000121662407grid.5379.8SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Xiongfei Fu
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eShenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nicholas D. Gold
- 0000 0004 1936 8630grid.410319.eCentre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Markus J. Herrgård
- 0000 0001 2181 8870grid.5170.3The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maciej B. Holowko
- grid.1016.6CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia ,0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,0000 0001 2158 5405grid.1004.5Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - James R. Johnson
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36GeneMill, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
| | - Richard A. Johnson
- grid.487833.3Global Helix LLC, BioBricks Foundation, and Engineering Biology Research Consortium (EBRC), Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | | | - Richard I. Kitney
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ UK
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- 0000 0001 1092 3077grid.31432.37Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Chenli Liu
- 0000000119573309grid.9227.eShenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- 0000 0004 1936 8630grid.410319.eCentre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Filippo Menolascina
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FF UK
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- 0000 0001 1092 3077grid.31432.37Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | | | - Marilene Pavan
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1DAMP Lab, Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- 0000 0001 2180 6431grid.4280.eNUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Isak S. Pretorius
- 0000 0001 2158 5405grid.1004.5Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Susan J. Rosser
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FF UK
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- 0000000121662407grid.5379.8SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Marko Storch
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ UK
| | - Hille Tekotte
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93FF UK
| | - Evelyn Travnik
- 0000 0001 2181 8870grid.5170.3The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claudia E. Vickers
- grid.1016.6CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia ,0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- 0000 0001 2180 6431grid.4280.eNUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- 0000 0004 1761 2484grid.33763.32Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- 0000 0004 1936 9991grid.35403.31Illinois Biological Foundry for Advanced Biomanufacturing (iBioFAB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Paul S. Freemont
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2London DNA Foundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ UK
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17
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Jackson C, Gunson RN, Bradley-Stewart A, Bennett S, Black H, Kennedy N, Bell DJ. Epidemiology and patient characteristics of hepatitis D virus infection in the West of Scotland 2011-2016. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:1395-1396. [PMID: 29851188 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Jackson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.,The Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - R N Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Bradley-Stewart
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - S Bennett
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - H Black
- Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK
| | | | - D J Bell
- The Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Barr DA, Coussens AK, Irvine S, Ritchie ND, Herbert K, Choo-Kang B, Raeside D, Bell DJ, Seaton RA. Paradoxical upgrading reaction in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: association with vitamin D therapy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:677-683. [PMID: 28482963 PMCID: PMC5424669 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING: Glasgow, Scotland, UK. BACKGROUND: Paradoxical reactions in tuberculosis (TB) are a notable example of our incomplete understanding of host-pathogen interactions during anti-tuberculosis treatment. OBJECTIVES: To determine risk factors for a TB paradoxical reaction, and specifically to assess for an independent association with vitamin D use. DESIGN: Consecutive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative adult patients treated for extra-pulmonary TB were identified from an Extended Surveillance of Mycobacterial Infections database. In our setting, vitamin D was variably prescribed for newly diagnosed TB patients. A previously published definition of paradoxical TB reaction was retrospectively applied to, and data on all previously described risk factors were extracted from, centralised electronic patient records. The association with vitamin D use was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 249 patients included, most had TB adenopathy; 222/249 had microbiologically and/or histologically confirmed TB. Vitamin D was prescribed for 57/249 (23%) patients; 37/249 (15%) were classified as having paradoxical reactions. Younger age, acid-fast bacilli-positive invasive samples, multiple disease sites, lower lymphocyte count and vitamin D use were found to be independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: We speculate that vitamin D-mediated signalling of pro-inflammatory innate immune cells, along with high antigenic load, may mediate paradoxical reactions in anti-tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Barr
- Wellcome Trust Liverpool Glasgow Centre for Global Health Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A K Coussens
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Irvine
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - N D Ritchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | | | - B Choo-Kang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow
| | | | - D J Bell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - R A Seaton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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19
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Wen KY, Cameron L, Chappell J, Jensen K, Bell DJ, Kelwick R, Kopniczky M, Davies JC, Filloux A, Freemont PS. A Cell-Free Biosensor for Detecting Quorum Sensing Molecules in P. aeruginosa-Infected Respiratory Samples. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2293-2301. [PMID: 28981256 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology designed cell-free biosensors are a promising new tool for the detection of clinically relevant biomarkers in infectious diseases. Here, we report that a modular DNA-encoded biosensor in cell-free protein expression systems can be used to measure a bacterial biomarker of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection from human sputum samples. By optimizing the cell-free system and sample extraction, we demonstrate that the quorum sensing molecule 3-oxo-C12-HSL in sputum samples from cystic fibrosis lungs can be quantitatively measured at nanomolar levels using our cell-free biosensor system, and is comparable to LC-MS measurements of the same samples. This study further illustrates the potential of modular cell-free biosensors as rapid, low-cost detection assays that can inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yan Wen
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Loren Cameron
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - James Chappell
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Kirsten Jensen
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,SynbiCITE, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - David J Bell
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,SynbiCITE, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Richard Kelwick
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Margarita Kopniczky
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jane C Davies
- Chronic Suppurative Lung Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust , London SW3 6NP, U.K
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,SynbiCITE, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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20
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Pertusi DA, O’Donnell G, Homsher MF, Solly K, Patel A, Stahler SL, Riley D, Finley MF, Finger EN, Adam GC, Meng J, Bell DJ, Zuck PD, Hudak EM, Weber MJ, Nothstein JE, Locco L, Quinn C, Amoss A, Squadroni B, Hartnett M, Heo MR, White T, May SA, Boots E, Roberts K, Cocchiarella P, Wolicki A, Kreamer A, Kutchukian PS, Wassermann AM, Uebele VN, Glick M, Rusinko A, Culberson JC. Prospective Assessment of Virtual Screening Heuristics Derived Using a Novel Fusion Score. SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 2017; 22:995-1006. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217706058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a widespread method in early drug discovery for identifying promising chemical matter that modulates a target or phenotype of interest. Because HTS campaigns involve screening millions of compounds, it is often desirable to initiate screening with a subset of the full collection. Subsequently, virtual screening methods prioritize likely active compounds in the remaining collection in an iterative process. With this approach, orthogonal virtual screening methods are often applied, necessitating the prioritization of hits from different approaches. Here, we introduce a novel method of fusing these prioritizations and benchmark it prospectively on 17 screening campaigns using virtual screening methods in three descriptor spaces. We found that the fusion approach retrieves 15% to 65% more active chemical series than any single machine-learning method and that appropriately weighting contributions of similarity and machine-learning scoring techniques can increase enrichment by 1% to 19%. We also use fusion scoring to evaluate the tradeoff between screening more chemical matter initially in lieu of replicate samples to prevent false-positives and find that the former option leads to the retrieval of more active chemical series. These results represent guidelines that can increase the rate of identification of promising active compounds in future iterative screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante A. Pertusi
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Gregory O’Donnell
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michelle F. Homsher
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Kelli Solly
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Amita Patel
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Shannon L. Stahler
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Riley
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael F. Finley
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Eleftheria N. Finger
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Discovery & Preclinical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Juncai Meng
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - David J. Bell
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Paul D. Zuck
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Edward M. Hudak
- Discovery Sample Management, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Weber
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Nothstein
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Louis Locco
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Carissa Quinn
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Adam Amoss
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Brian Squadroni
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Hartnett
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Mee Ra Heo
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Tara White
- Discovery Sample Management, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - S. Alex May
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Evelyn Boots
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth Roberts
- Automation and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | | | - Alex Wolicki
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Kreamer
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Victor N. Uebele
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Meir Glick
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Rusinko
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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21
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Abstract
Golden Gate cloning is a prominent DNA assembly tool in synthetic biology for the assembly of plasmid constructs often used in combinatorial pathway optimization, with a number of assembly kits developed specifically for yeast and plant-based expression. However, its use for synthetic biology in commonly used bacterial systems such as Escherichia coli has surprisingly been overlooked. Here, we introduce EcoFlex a simplified modular package of DNA parts for a variety of applications in E. coli, cell-free protein synthesis, protein purification and hierarchical assembly of transcription units based on the MoClo assembly standard. The kit features a library of constitutive promoters, T7 expression, RBS strength variants, synthetic terminators, protein purification tags and fluorescence proteins. We validate EcoFlex by assembling a 68-part containing (20 genes) plasmid (31 kb), characterize in vivo and in vitro library parts, and perform combinatorial pathway assembly, using pooled libraries of either fluorescent proteins or the biosynthetic genes for the antimicrobial pigment violacein as a proof-of-concept. To minimize pathway screening, we also introduce a secondary module design site to simplify MoClo pathway optimization. In summary, EcoFlex provides a standardized and multifunctional kit for a variety of applications in E. coli synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Moore
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Hung-En Lai
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Richard J R Kelwick
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Soo Mei Chee
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - David J Bell
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Karen Marie Polizzi
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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22
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Jacobs M, Rodger A, Bell DJ, Bhagani S, Cropley I, Filipe A, Gifford RJ, Hopkins S, Hughes J, Jabeen F, Johannessen I, Karageorgopoulos D, Lackenby A, Lester R, Liu RSN, MacConnachie A, Mahungu T, Martin D, Marshall N, Mepham S, Orton R, Palmarini M, Patel M, Perry C, Peters SE, Porter D, Ritchie D, Ritchie ND, Seaton RA, Sreenu VB, Templeton K, Warren S, Wilkie GS, Zambon M, Gopal R, Thomson EC. Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report. Lancet 2016; 388:498-503. [PMID: 27209148 PMCID: PMC4967715 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are thousands of survivors of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in west Africa. Ebola virus can persist in survivors for months in immune-privileged sites; however, viral relapse causing life-threatening and potentially transmissible disease has not been described. We report a case of late relapse in a patient who had been treated for severe Ebola virus disease with high viral load (peak cycle threshold value 13.2). METHODS A 39-year-old female nurse from Scotland, who had assisted the humanitarian effort in Sierra Leone, had received intensive supportive treatment and experimental antiviral therapies, and had been discharged with undetectable Ebola virus RNA in peripheral blood. The patient was readmitted to hospital 9 months after discharge with symptoms of acute meningitis, and was found to have Ebola virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). She was treated with supportive therapy and experimental antiviral drug GS-5734 (Gilead Sciences, San Francisco, Foster City, CA, USA). We monitored Ebola virus RNA in CSF and plasma, and sequenced the viral genome using an unbiased metagenomic approach. FINDINGS On admission, reverse transcriptase PCR identified Ebola virus RNA at a higher level in CSF (cycle threshold value 23.7) than plasma (31.3); infectious virus was only recovered from CSF. The patient developed progressive meningoencephalitis with cranial neuropathies and radiculopathy. Clinical recovery was associated with addition of high-dose corticosteroids during GS-5734 treatment. CSF Ebola virus RNA slowly declined and was undetectable following 14 days of treatment with GS-5734. Sequencing of plasma and CSF viral genome revealed only two non-coding changes compared with the original infecting virus. INTERPRETATION Our report shows that previously unanticipated, late, severe relapses of Ebola virus can occur, in this case in the CNS. This finding fundamentally redefines what is known about the natural history of Ebola virus infection. Vigilance should be maintained in the thousands of Ebola survivors for cases of relapsed infection. The potential for these cases to initiate new transmission chains is a serious public health concern. FUNDING Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jacobs
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Alison Rodger
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Bell
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sanjay Bhagani
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian Cropley
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ana Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Farrah Jabeen
- Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ingolfur Johannessen
- Regional Virus Laboratory Specialist Virology Centre, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Angie Lackenby
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Rebecca Lester
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca S N Liu
- Department of Neurology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Tabitha Mahungu
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neal Marshall
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen Mepham
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Monika Patel
- High Containment Microbiology Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Colin Perry
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate Templeton
- Regional Virus Laboratory Specialist Virology Centre, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Warren
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Robin Gopal
- High Containment Microbiology Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
Postweaning development was monitored in domesticated rabbits reared in single- or mixed-sex groups at a commercial farm. The results suggest that sex composition of cage groups had no significant effect on weight gain, feed intake or mortality rates from weaning (35 days) to marketing (93 days). On sacrifice at 93 days, females from single- and mixed-sex groups showed no significant differences in plasma gonadotropin levels (LH and FSH) or weights of paunched carcase, ovaries, uterus, adrenals, kidneys or kidney fat. Evidence for within-cage dominance hierarchies was found at 63 days of age when 46% of the rabbits inspected showed signs of aggressive attack.
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Abstract
1.Malaria is the tropical disease most commonly imported into the UK, with 1300-1800 cases reported each year, and 2-11 deaths. 2. Approximately three quarters of reported malaria cases in the UK are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which is capable of invading a high proportion of red blood cells and rapidly leading to severe or life-threatening multi-organ disease. 3. Most non-falciparum malaria cases are caused by Plasmodium vivax; a few cases are caused by the other species of plasmodium: Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae or Plasmodium knowlesi. 4. Mixed infections with more than one species of parasite can occur; they commonly involve P. falciparum with the attendant risks of severe malaria. 5. There are no typical clinical features of malaria; even fever is not invariably present. Malaria in children (and sometimes in adults) may present with misleading symptoms such as gastrointestinal features, sore throat or lower respiratory complaints. 6. A diagnosis of malaria must always be sought in a feverish or sick child or adult who has visited malaria-endemic areas. Specific country information on malaria can be found at http://travelhealthpro.org.uk/. P. falciparum infection rarely presents more than six months after exposure but presentation of other species can occur more than a year after exposure. 7. Management of malaria depends on awareness of the diagnosis and on performing the correct diagnostic tests: the diagnosis cannot be excluded until more than one blood specimen has been examined. Other travel related infections, especially viral haemorrhagic fevers, should also be considered. 8. The optimum diagnostic procedure is examination of thick and thin blood films by an expert to detect and speciate the malarial parasites. P. falciparum and P. vivax (depending upon the product) malaria can be diagnosed almost as accurately using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) which detect plasmodial antigens. RDTs for other Plasmodium species are not as reliable. 9. Most patients treated for P. falciparum malaria should be admitted to hospital for at least 24 h as patients can deteriorate suddenly, especially early in the course of treatment. In specialised units seeing large numbers of patients, outpatient treatment may be considered if specific protocols for patient selection and follow up are in place. 10. Uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria should be treated with an artemisinin combination therapy (Grade 1A). Artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet(®)) is the drug of choice (Grade 2C) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (Eurartesim(®)) is an alternative. Quinine or atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone(®)) can be used if an ACT is not available. Quinine is highly effective but poorly-tolerated in prolonged treatment and should be used in combination with an additional drug, usually oral doxycycline. 11. Severe falciparum malaria, or infections complicated by a relatively high parasite count (more than 2% of red blood cells parasitized) should be treated with intravenous therapy until the patient is well enough to continue with oral treatment. Severe malaria is a rare complication of P. vivax or P. knowlesi infection and also requires parenteral therapy. 12. The treatment of choice for severe or complicated malaria in adults and children is intravenous artesunate (Grade 1A). Intravenous artesunate is unlicensed in the EU but is available in many centres. The alternative is intravenous quinine, which should be started immediately if artesunate is not available (Grade 1A). Patients treated with intravenous quinine require careful monitoring for hypoglycemia. 13. Patients with severe or complicated malaria should be managed in a high-dependency or intensive care environment. They may require haemodynamic support and management of: acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute kidney injury, seizures, and severe intercurrent infections including Gram-negative bacteraemia/septicaemia. 14. Children with severe malaria should also be treated with empirical broad spectrum antibiotics until bacterial infection can be excluded (Grade 1B). 15. Haemolysis occurs in approximately 10-15% patients following intravenous artesunate treatment. Haemoglobin concentrations should be checked approximately 14 days following treatment in those treated with IV artemisinins (Grade 2C). 16. Falciparum malaria in pregnancy is more likely to be complicated: the placenta contains high levels of parasites, stillbirth or early delivery may occur and diagnosis can be difficult if parasites are concentrated in the placenta and scanty in the blood. 17. Uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the second and third trimester of pregnancy should be treated with artemether-lumefantrine (Grade 2B). Uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the first trimester of pregnancy should usually be treated with quinine and clindamycin but specialist advice should be sought. Severe malaria in any trimester of pregnancy should be treated as for any other patient with artesunate preferred over quinine (Grade 1C). 18. Children with uncomplicated malaria should be treated with an ACT (artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine) as first line treatment (Grade 1A). Quinine with doxycycline or clindamycin, or atovaquone-proguanil at appropriate doses for weight can also be used. Doxycycline should not be given to children under 12 years. 19. Either an oral ACT or chloroquine can be used for the treatment of non-falciparum malaria. An oral ACT is preferred for a mixed infection, if there is uncertainty about the infecting species, or for P. vivax infection from areas where chloroquine resistance is common (Grade 1B). 20. Dormant parasites (hypnozoites) persist in the liver after treatment of P. vivax or P. ovale infection: the only currently effective drug for eradication of hypnozoites is primaquine (1A). Primaquine is more effective at preventing relapse if taken at the same time as chloroquine (Grade 1C). 21. Primaquine should be avoided or given with caution under expert supervision in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), in whom it may cause severe haemolysis. 22. Primaquine (for eradication of P. vivax or P. ovale hypnozoites) is contraindicated in pregnancy and when breastfeeding (until the G6PD status of child is known); after initial treatment for these infections a pregnant woman should take weekly chloroquine prophylaxis until after delivery or cessation of breastfeeding when hypnozoite eradication can be considered. 23. An acute attack of malaria does not confer protection from future attacks: individuals who have had malaria should take effective anti-mosquito precautions and chemoprophylaxis during future visits to endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Lalloo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Delane Shingadia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - David J Bell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Nicholas J Beeching
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christopher J M Whitty
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mortimer Market Centre, Capper Street off Tottenham Court Road, London WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - Peter L Chiodini
- Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Bell DJ, Radhakrishnan J. Salt at fault? Br J Anaesth 2016; 116:437-8. [PMID: 26865143 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Bell DJ, Kerr DJ. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the use of anticancer drugs during pregnancy: challenges and new developments. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1341-4. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1055247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Brawley D, MacConnachie A, Nandwani R, Bell DJ, Fargie F, Fox R, Peters E, Seaton RA, Winter A. Missed opportunities for HIV diagnosis: a three-year audit in the West of Scotland. Scott Med J 2014; 58:173-7. [PMID: 23960057 DOI: 10.1177/0036933013496965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND National specialty guidelines for HIV testing aim to increase diagnosis and reduce late presentation. An audit of new HIV diagnoses in Glasgow was performed to assess local performance against these guidelines and estimate the proportion of patients presenting who had previous missed opportunities for diagnosis. METHODS A retrospective case note review of 339 patients diagnosed from September 2008 to September 2011 was performed. Documented past medical history was assessed for HIV clinical indicator conditions prior to HIV diagnosis and prior review by medical services. RESULTS Ninety (26%) individuals had at least one documented clinical indicator condition prior to HIV diagnosis, of whom 80 had prior contact with at least one speciality. This group also had a lower mean nadir CD4 count (258 cells/cmm versus 393 cells/cmm, p = <0.005) and were more likely to be severely immunocompromised at diagnosis, with a CD4 count below 50 cells/cmm (31% versus 9%, p = <0.005). AIDS-defining illnesses were also more common (31% versus 8%, p ≤ 0.005) as was HIV-related mortality (p ≤ 0.005). CONCLUSION Additional support and training are required to increase adherence to HIV-testing guidelines within primary and secondary care in order to prevent ongoing late presentation with both individual clinical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brawley
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, UK.
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Behrens RH, Cramer JP, Jelinek T, Shaw H, von Sonnenburg F, Wilbraham D, Weinke T, Bell DJ, Asturias E, Pauwells HLE, Maxwell R, Paredes-Paredes M, Glenn GM, Dewasthaly S, Stablein DM, Jiang ZD, DuPont HL. Efficacy and safety of a patch vaccine containing heat-labile toxin from Escherichia coli against travellers' diarrhoea: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial in travellers from Europe to Mexico and Guatemala. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 14:197-204. [PMID: 24291168 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of travellers' diarrhoea. We investigated the efficacy and safety of a skin-patch vaccine containing the pathogen's heat-labile toxin (LT) in a population of travellers to Mexico and Guatemala. METHODS In this phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial, healthy adults (aged 18-64 years) travelling from Germany or the UK to Mexico or Guatemala were assigned in a 1:1 ratio by a dynamic electronic randomisation system to receive transcutaneous immunisation with a patch containing 37.5 μg of ETEC LT or a placebo patch. Participants, site staff, and the investigators who did the analyses were masked to group assignment. Participants were vaccinated before travel, with two patches given 14 days apart. In the destination country, participants tracked stool output in a diary and provided stool samples for pathogen identification if diarrhoea occurred. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants with at least one episode of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea (defined as four or more unformed stools in a 24 h period) in which either or both ETEC enterotoxins (LT and heat-stable toxin [ST]) were detected. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00993681. FINDINGS 2036 participants were recruited and randomly assigned between Oct 14, 2009, and Aug 13, 2010, with 1016 allocated to receive the LT patch and 1020 the placebo patch. 821 participants in the LT-patch group and 823 in the placebo group received both vaccinations and were analysed in the per-protocol population. 30 (3.7%, 95% CI 2.5-5.2) participants in the LT-patch group and 46 (5.6%, 4.1-7.4) in the placebo group had moderate or severe ETEC diarrhoea (vaccine efficacy 34.6%, -2.2 to 58.9; p=0.0621). 9333 local (ie, patch-site) adverse events (including erythema, rash, pruritus, hyperpigmentation, pain, hypopigmentation, and oedema) occurred in 943 (93%) of 1015 participants in the LT-patch group, compared with 1444 local adverse events in 574 (56%) of 1019 participants in the placebo group (p<0.0001). Serious adverse events occurred in 25 participants (14 in the LT-patch group and 11 in the placebo group), with all regarded as either unrelated or possibly related to treatment. Vaccine-induced hyperpigmentation persisted for at least 180 days after vaccination in 150 (18%) of the 849 participants who received both vaccinations and returned for final assessment in the LT-patch group, compared with none of the 842 participants in the placebo group. The vaccine was immunogenic, with a post-vaccination geometric mean titre of LT-specific serum immunoglobulin G of 3400.29, compared with 315.41 in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION Although the LT antigen was delivered effectively by the skin patch, the vaccine did not protect travellers against diarrhoea caused by ETEC or other organisms. Future vaccines against travellers' diarrhoea might need to include several antigens against various diarrhoeal pathogens, and might need to be able to generate mucosal and higher systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H Behrens
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jakob P Cramer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomas Jelinek
- Berlin Center for Travel & Tropical Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilary Shaw
- Synexus Thames Valley Clinical Research Centre, Reading, UK
| | - Frank von Sonnenburg
- Department for Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Weinke
- Clinics for Gastroenterology & Infectious Disease, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Edwin Asturias
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Donald M Stablein
- Mexican Institute of Clinical Research, Mexico City, Mexico; EMMES Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Dong Jiang
- Houston School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Herbert L DuPont
- Houston School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
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Barr DA, Aitken C, Bell DJ, Brown CS, Cropley I, Dawood N, Hopkins S, Jacobs M, Jeffs B, MacConnachie A, Mulvaney DW, Nicol E, Fox R. First confirmed case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the UK. Lancet 2013; 382:1458. [PMID: 24243135 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Barr
- Brownlee Centre for Infectious Diseases, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
International travel is increasing and a significant number of travellers will develop a febrile illness during or shortly after their return from the tropics. The differential diagnosis is broad and a systematic approach to the management of these patients is required in order to establish the diagnosis and to initiate prompt and effective treatment. Fever may be due to infectious agents found only in tropical countries, or due to infections unrelated to travel and found worldwide. Important infections that should be considered in all returning travellers include malaria, dengue, enteric fever, rickettsial infections, and HIV seroconversion. Other diagnoses will be considered after a detailed history including countries visited with dates, activities undertaken and symptoms. At a minimum, all travellers from countries where there is malaria transmission should be tested repeatedly for malaria as well as having several sets of blood cultures taken. Many tropical infections are diagnosed serologically at specialist reference laboratories. Specialist advice on the investigation and management of returning travellers should be sought from infectious diseases physicians and microbiologists. Patients with malaria or enteric fever may deteriorate rapidly and travellers should be advised to seek prompt medical attention if they become unwell after travel to the tropics. This review will focus on some of the more important imported infections, diagnostic clues from the history, examination and investigations, and important considerations in their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
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Bell DJ, Morrison R, Wood AM, Keenan A, Arthur C. Knee dislocation in touch rugby: a case study. J R Nav Med Serv 2011; 97:5-10. [PMID: 21714305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Bell DJ, Nyirongo SK, Mukaka M, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Ward SA. Population pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in Malawian children with malaria. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 89:268-75. [PMID: 21191379 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to parasite resistance, inadequate levels of exposure to antimalarial drugs may contribute to treatment failure. We developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) models to describe the distribution of sulfadoxine (SDX) and pyrimethamine (PYM) in children with uncomplicated malaria in Malawi. The concentration levels of antimalarial drugs in whole blood were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. We found no evidence of underdosing in children as compared with adults; the children had drug exposure levels similar to those described in adults. Treatment failure was more likely in children with lower PYM concentrations on day 14 (P = 0.024), and there was a trend for lower SDX concentrations on day 14 (P = 0.061). SDX and PYM concentrations at levels predictive of treatment failure have been identified at day 14. Less than one-third of the children displayed drug concentration levels above these thresholds after receiving the recommended SDX-pyrimethamine (SP) dose. Our findings suggest that PK factors contributed to the observed high rate of treatment failure, and we therefore recommend a higher SP dose for children under the age of 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Bell DJ, Wijegunasinghe D, Samarakoon S, Palipana H, Gunasekera S, de Silva HA, Lalloo DG, Ranawaka UK, de Silva HJ. Neurophysiological findings in patients 1 year after snake bite induced neurotoxicity in Sri Lanka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:351-6. [PMID: 20096908 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake bite causes significant morbidity and mortality in Sri Lanka. Snake venoms contain neurotoxins that block neuromuscular junction transmission. Presynaptic neurotoxicity most commonly causes destruction of nerve terminals with recovery by regrowth, whilst postsynaptic neurotoxicity usually involves competition at the acetylcholine receptor. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were long-term clinical or neurophysiological changes in snake bite survivors 1 year after their envenoming. Detailed neurophysiological tests and clinical examinations were performed on 26 snake bite victims who had presented with neurotoxicity 12 months previously, and their results were compared with controls recruited from the same communities. Significant differences were observed in some nerve conduction parameters in some snake bite victims compared with controls, predominantly in those thought to have elapid bites, including prolongation of sensory, motor and F-wave latencies and reduction of conduction velocities. There was no evidence of any residual deficits in neuromuscular junction transmission. These results suggest a possible demyelinating type polyneuropathy. None of the cases or controls had abnormalities on clinical examination. This is one of the few studies to report possible long-term neurological damage following systemic neurotoxicity after snake bite. The clinical significance of these neurophysiological abnormalities is uncertain and further studies are required to investigate whether the abnormalities persist and to see whether clinical consequences develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK.
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35
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Bell DJ, Wootton D, Mukaka M, Montgomery J, Kayange N, Chimpeni P, Hughes DA, Molyneux ME, Ward SA, Winstanley PA, Lalloo DG. Measurement of adherence, drug concentrations and the effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine, chlorproguanil-dapsone or sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Malawi. Malar J 2009; 8:204. [PMID: 19709418 PMCID: PMC2744923 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is the only single dose therapy for uncomplicated malaria, but there is widespread resistance. At the time of this study, artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and chlorproguanil-dapsone (CPD), both multi-dose regimes, were considered possible alternatives to SP in Malawi. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of poor adherence on the effectiveness of AL and CPD. Methods Children ≥12 months and adults with uncomplicated malaria were randomized to receive AL, CPD or SP. Adherence was measured using a questionnaire and electronic monitoring devices, MEMS™, pill bottles that recorded the date and time of opening. Day-7 plasma dapsone or lumefantrine concentrations were measured to examine their relationship with adherence and clinical response. Results 841 patients were recruited. The day-28 adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rates, using intention to treat analysis (missing data treated as failure), were AL 85.2%, CPD 63.7% and SP 50%. ACPR rates for AL were higher than CPD or SP on days 28 and 42 (p ≤ 0.002 for all comparisons). CPD was more effective than SP on day-28 (p = 0.01), but not day-42. Very high adherence was reported using the questionnaire, 100% for AL treated patients and 99.2% for the CPD group. Only three CPD participants admitted missing any doses. 164/181 (90.6%) of CPD treated patients took all their doses out of the MEMS™ container and they were more likely to have a day-28 ACPR than those who did not take all their medication out of the container, p = 0.024. Only 7/87 (8%) AL treated patients did not take all of their doses out of their MEMS™ container and none had treatment failure. Median day-7 dapsone concentrations were higher in CPD treated patients with ACPR than in treatment failures, p = 0.012. There were no differences in day-7 dapsone or lumefantrine concentrations between those who took all their doses from the MEMS™ container and those who did not. A day-7 lumefantrine concentration reported to be predictive of AL treatment failure in Thailand was not useful in this population; only one of 16 participants with a concentration below this threshold (175 ng/ml) had treatment failure. Conclusion This study provides reassurance of the effectiveness of AL, even with unsupervised dosing, as it is rolled out across sub-Saharan Africa. Self-reported adherence appears to be an unreliable measure of adherence in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bell
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK.
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Bell DJ, Suckling R, Rothburn MM, Blanchard T, Stoeter D, Michael B, Cooke RPD, Kneen R, Solomon T. Management of suspected herpes simplex virus encephalitis in adults in a U.K. teaching hospital. Clin Med (Lond) 2009; 9:231-5. [PMID: 19634384 PMCID: PMC4953608 DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.9-3-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is improved with prompt initiation of aciclovir treatment. Delays are common, but there is little understanding of why they occur. The case notes of 21 adults admitted with suspected HSV encephalitis over one year were reviewed. The median (range) duration of illness was 2.5 (1-99) days. Seventeen (81%) patients had a lumbar puncture (LP) performed, at a median (range) time of 24 (2-114) hours after encephalitis was suspected. Lumbar puncture was delayed for a computed tomography (CT) scan in 15 patients, but only one of these had contraindications to an immediate LP. The median (range) time from presentation to starting aciclovir was 48 (2-432) hours. HSV-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was requested on cerebrospinal fluid from 12 patients, one of whom was positive. Five (24%) patients were given the wrong dose of aciclovir. Overall the management of suspected HSV encephalitis was often sub-optimal, with delays in LP occurring due to unnecessary CT scans, and the wrong aciclovir dose administered. Guidelines for the management of suspected encephalitis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bell
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool
| | - Ruth Suckling
- Division of Neurology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool
- Brain Infections Group, Divisions of Neurological Science and Medical Microbiology and School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | - Michael M Rothburn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Aintree NHS Trust, Liverpool
| | - Tom Blanchard
- Department for Infectious Diseases, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester
| | - David Stoeter
- Brain Infections Group, Divisions of Neurological Science and Medical Microbiology and School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | - Benedict Michael
- Division of Neurology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool
- Brain Infections Group, Divisions of Neurological Science and Medical Microbiology and School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | - Richard PD Cooke
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Aintree NHS Trust, Liverpool
| | - Rachel Kneen
- The Roald Dahl EEG Unit, Royal Liverpool Children's NHS Trust, Liverpool
- Brain Infections Group, Divisions of Neurological Science and Medical Microbiology and School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | - Tom Solomon
- Division of Neurology, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool
- Brain Infections Group, Divisions of Neurological Science and Medical Microbiology and School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool
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Connor SEJ, Bell DJ, O'Gorman R, Fitzgerald-O'Connor A. CT and MR imaging cochlear distance measurements may predict cochlear implant length required for a 360 degrees insertion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:1425-30. [PMID: 19386728 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A preoperative prediction of the 360 degrees point insertion depth would aid the planning of electric acoustic stimulation (EAS) implantation. The purpose of this study was to establish whether the distance between the round window and the opposite cochlear wall on CT or MR imaging may be used to predict the length of a cochlear implant electrode array required to be inserted to the 360 degrees point of the basal turn. MATERIALS AND METHODS CT and MR imaging data were studied in 19 patients undergoing cochlear implantation. Distances were measured between the round window and the opposite outer cochlear wall on an oblique paracoronal reformatted image. Adjusted distance measurements were applied to a spiral function to estimate the length of an electrode array extending between the round window entry point and the 360 degrees point. This was compared with measurements of implant length to this insertion depth on postoperative CT. RESULTS Intraobserver reproducibility for each of the 2 observers was r = 0.85/0.55 for CT and r = 0.87/0.67 for MR imaging. Interobserver reproducibility was r = 0.68 for CT and r = 0.84 for MR imaging. There was no bias between CT and MR imaging measurements, with a mean difference of less than 0.1 mm. CT and MR imaging estimates markedly correlated with the actual length of the electrode array extending to the 360 degrees insertion depth (SD between the estimated and actual length was 0.84 mm for CT and 0.87 mm for MR imaging). CONCLUSIONS CT and MR imaging measures of cochlear distance (CD) were used to predict insertion depths to 360 degrees , and these were markedly concordant with the actual length of the electrode array required to reach this point. MR imaging measurements were more precise and similar in accuracy to those obtained with CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E J Connor
- Department of Radiology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Bell DJ, Dacombe R, Graham SM, Hicks A, Cohen D, Chikaonda T, French N, Molyneux ME, Zijlstra EE, Squire SB, Gordon SB. Simple measures are as effective as invasive techniques in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009; 13:99-104. [PMID: 19105886 PMCID: PMC2873674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Detection of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases is vital for tuberculosis (TB) control. Methods to augment sputum collection are available, but their additional benefit is uncertain in resource-limited settings. OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic yields using five methods to obtain sputum from adults diagnosed with smear-negative PTB in Malawi. DESIGN Self-expectorated sputum was collected under supervision for microscopy and mycobacterial culture in the study laboratory. Confirmed smear-negative patients provided physiotherapy-assisted sputum and induced sputum, followed the next morning by gastric washing and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. RESULTS A total of 150 patients diagnosed with smear-negative PTB by the hospital service were screened; 39 (26%) were smear-positive from supervised self-expectorated sputum examined in the study laboratory. The remaining 111 confirmed smear-negative patients were enrolled in the study; 89% were human immunodeficiency virus positive. Seven additional smear-positive cases were diagnosed using the augmented sputum collection techniques. No differences were observed in the numbers of cases detected using the different methods. Of the 46 smear-positive cases, 44 (95.6%) could be detected from self-expectorated and physiotherapy-assisted samples. CONCLUSIONS For countries such as Malawi, the best use of limited resources to detect smear-positive PTB cases would be to improve the quality of self-expectorated sputum collection and microscopy. The additional diagnostic yield using BAL after induced sputum is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
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Bunbury N, Stidworthy MF, Greenwood AG, Jones CG, Sawmy S, Cole RE, Edmunds K, Bell DJ. Causes of mortality in free-living Mauritian pink pigeons Columba mayeri, 2002–2006. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bell DJ, Nyirongo SK, Mukaka M, Zijlstra EE, Plowe CV, Molyneux ME, Ward SA, Winstanley PA. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-based combinations for malaria: a randomised blinded trial to compare efficacy, safety and selection of resistance in Malawi. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1578. [PMID: 18270569 PMCID: PMC2229666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Malawi, there has been a return of Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine (CQ) since sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) replaced CQ as first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. When used for prophylaxis, Amodiaquine (AQ) was associated with agranulocytosis but is considered safe for treatment and is increasingly being used in Africa. Here we compare the efficacy, safety and selection of resistance using SP or CQ+SP or artesunate (ART)+SP or AQ+SP for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Methodology and Findings 455 children aged 1–5 years were recruited into a double-blinded randomised trial comparing SP to the three combination therapies. Using intention to treat analysis with missing outcomes treated as successes, and without adjustment to distinguish recrudescence from new infections, the day 28 adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rate for SP was 25%, inferior to each of the three combination therapies (p<0.001). AQ+SP had an ACPR rate of 97%, higher than CQ+SP (81%) and ART+SP (70%), p<0.001. Nineteen children developed a neutropenia of ≤0.5×103 cells/µl by day 14, more commonly after AQ+SP (p = 0.03). The mutation pfcrt 76T, associated with CQ resistance, was detected in none of the pre-treatment or post-treatment parasites. The prevalence of the pfmdr1 86Y mutation was higher after treatment with AQ+SP than after SP, p = 0.002. Conclusions The combination AQ+SP was highly efficacious, despite the low efficacy of SP alone; however, we found evidence that AQ may exert selective pressure for resistance associated mutations many weeks after treatment. This study confirms the return of CQ sensitivity in Malawi and importantly, shows no evidence of the re-emergence of pfcrt 76T after treatment with CQ or AQ. Given the safety record of AQ when used as a prophylaxis, our observations of marked falls in neutrophil counts in the AQ+SP group requires further scrutiny. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN22075368
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Bell
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *E-mail:
| | - Suzgo K. Nyirongo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ed E. Zijlstra
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Christopher V. Plowe
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Malcolm E. Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Steve A. Ward
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Winstanley
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Bell DJ, Kapitao Y, Sikwese R, van Oosterhout JJ, Lalloo DG. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients receiving free treatment from a government hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:560-3. [PMID: 17558333 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180decadb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare 3 measures of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive adults receiving free treatment from a public hospital in Malawi. METHODS Adherence was measured over 1 month by pill count (PC), self-report, and a medication event monitoring system RESULTS Data from 80 patients were available for analysis. The mean patient age was 38.6 years, and 57.5% were female. The mean adherence using the MEMS cap (MC) was 88.1%. Forty-six (57.5%) patients had MC adherence > or =95%, and 13 (16.2%) had <80% adherence. There was no association between MC adherence and time on ART. Mean PC adherence was 98.6%, significantly higher than MC adherence (P < 0.001). There was no clear relation between PC and MC adherence: 4 patients had MC adherence <20% but PC adherence of 100%. Self-reports of missing a tablet did not correlate with poor MC adherence. CONCLUSIONS The study shows the complexities of measuring adherence and probable overestimation of adherence by PC and self-report. Because these are the main methods used in developing countries, this raises concerns about the development of drug resistance. Improved methods are needed to detect nonadherence in developing countries, and validation of MC data with drug levels and virologic outcome in this setting is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bell
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Abstract
Although well known as a widespread parasitic disease of columbids and birds of prey, there have been few studies of trichomonosis in populations of wild birds. In Mauritius, trichomonosis has been highlighted as a major threat to an endangered endemic, the Pink Pigeon (Neosoenas [Columba] mayeri). In this study, we examined the role that populations of other columbids in Mauritius might be playing as infectious reservoirs of the causal flagellate protozoan, Trichomonas gallinae. We screened 296 wild individuals of three columbid species (Madagascan Turtle Dove [Streptopelia picturata], Spotted Dove [Streptopelia chinensis], and Zebra Dove [Geopelia striata]) between September 2002 and April 2004. Prevalence varied significantly among species (ranging from 19% in S. chinensis to 59% in G. striata) and between S. picturata sampled from upland and coastal sites; S. picturata from upland sites (>500 m) were significantly less likely to be infected with T. gallinae than those from lowland sites (<50 m; 62% and 27% prevalence, respectively). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of T. gallinae at sites where Pink Pigeons were also present compared to those sampled at sites without Pink Pigeons. We show that T. gallinae infection prevalence is higher at sites and times of warmer temperatures and lower rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Abstract
Malaria continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity in tropical countries. Infection with Plasmodium falciparum may be asymptomatic, cause an uncomplicated febrile illness or give rise to severe disease complicated by coma, acidosis or severe anemia. Treatment of the febrile illness with two drugs--preferably in the form of an artemisinin-containing combination therapy--is now widely recommended, both for greater efficacy and in order to delay the evolution of drug resistance. The clinical picture of severe malaria differs according to the age and immune status of the individual; treatment requires a range of supportive measures, as well as an efficacious antimalarial drug. Insecticide-treated bednets and presumptive treatment programs are increasingly deployed in malaria control programs, while vaccines are showing promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bell
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Bell DJ, Nyirongo SK, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Ward SA. Practical HPLC methods for the quantitative determination of common antimalarials in Africa. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 847:231-6. [PMID: 17098484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes high-performance liquid chromatographic assays for the quantification of sulfadoxine (SDX), pyrimethamine (PYM), chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AQ) and desethylamodiaquine (AQM) from whole blood. All four assays were set up and validated in Malawi using a common high-performance liquid chromatography platform and column and involved the use of simple mobile phase and extraction reagents. Calibration curves were linear (r(2)>0.95) in the ranges 5-100microg/ml, 50-1000, 150-1500, 100-1000 and 100-1000ng/ml for SDX, PYM, CQ, AQ and AQM, respectively. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <15% at 3 points spanning the concentration range and <20% at the lower limit of quantification. The assays were specific with no interference from the other antimalarials described in this report. All four assays use liquid-liquid extraction, reversed-phase chromatography and UV detection and require between 50 and 200microl of blood. Because the assays share common instruments and reagents, they are cost-efficient and could be used to optimise antimalarial drug therapies in other resource poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Sun Y, Potasek DP, Bell DJ, Fry SN, Nelson BJ. Drosophila flight force measurements using a MEMS micro force sensor. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2004:2014-7. [PMID: 17272113 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1403593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a MEMS micro force sensor with differential tri-plate comb drives. Bulk micromachining is utilized to construct the high aspect ratio devices. The sensor has a high sensitivity, good linearity, and a large bandwidth, which are required for characterizing flight behavior of fruit flies (Drosophila). The technique allows instantaneous flight forces, which result from the combination of aerodynamic forces and inertial forces, to be captured in real time, providing valuable data for understanding flight biomechanics in Drosophila. The integration of the MEMS micro force sensors into flight simulators will provide a novel and efficient experimental paradigm for further insect neurophysiology studies. The potential impact of this research extends beyond gathering flight data on Drosophila by demonstrating how MEMS technology can be used to provide valuable tools for biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zurich, Switzerland
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Bunbury N, Barton E, Jones CG, Greenwood AG, Tyler KM, Bell DJ. Avian blood parasites in an endangered columbid: Leucocytozoon marchouxi in the Mauritian Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri. Parasitology 2007; 134:797-804. [PMID: 17201998 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that pathogens can play a significant role in species decline. This study of a complete free-living species reveals a cost of blood parasitism to an endangered host, the Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri, endemic to Mauritius. We investigated the prevalence and effect of infection of the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon marchouxi, in the free-living Pink Pigeon population. Overall, L. marchouxi infection prevalence detected was 18.3%. Juveniles were more likely to be infected than older birds and there was geographical variation in infection prevalence. Survival of birds infected with L. marchouxi was lower than that of uninfected birds to 90 days post-sampling. This study suggests that while common haematozoa are well tolerated in healthy adults, these parasites may have greater pathogenic potential in susceptible juveniles. The study is unusual given its completeness of species sampling (96%) within a short time-period, the accurate host age data, and its focus on blood parasites in a threatened bird species. Species for which long-term life-history data are available for every individual serve as valuable models for dissecting the contribution of particular pathogens to species decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of East Anglia, UK.
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Wietek C, Cleaver CS, Ludbrook V, Wilde J, White J, Bell DJ, Lee M, Dickson M, Ray KP, O'Neill LAJ. IkappaB kinase epsilon interacts with p52 and promotes transactivation via p65. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34973-81. [PMID: 17003035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607018200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the NF-kappaB transcription factor family are key regulators of gene expression in the immune response. Different combinations of NF-kappaB subunits not only diverge in timing to induce transcription but also recognize varying sequences of the NF-kappaB-binding site of their target genes. The p52 subunit is generated as a result of processing of NF-kappaB2 p100. Here, we demonstrate that the non-canonical IkappaB kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) directly interacts with p100. In a transactivation assay, IKKepsilon promoted the ability of p52 to transactivate gene expression. This effect was indirect, requiring p65, which was shown to be part of the IKKepsilon-p52 complex and to be phosphorylated by IKKepsilon. These novel interactions reveal a hitherto unknown function of IKKepsilon in the regulation of the alternative NF-kappaB activation pathway involving p52 and p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wietek
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- The Physiological Laboratory, Marischal College, the University of Aberdeen
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bell
- The Biochemical Laboratory, Cambridge
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