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Lam AK, Mulcrone PL, Frabutt D, Zhang J, Chrzanowski M, Arisa S, Munoz M, Li X, Biswas M, Markusic D, Herzog RW, Xiao W. Comprehensive Comparison of AAV Purification Methods: Iodixanol Gradient Centrifugation vs. Immuno-Affinity Chromatography. Adv Cell Gene Ther 2023; 2023:2339702. [PMID: 38130431 PMCID: PMC10735247 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2339702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have emerged as a widely used gene delivery platform for both basic research and human gene therapy. To ensure and improve the safety profile of AAV vectors, substantial efforts have been dedicated to the vector production process development using suspension HEK293 cells. Here, we studied and compared two downstream purification methods, iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation versus immuno-affinity chromatography (POROS™ CaptureSelect™ AAVX column). We tested multiple vector batches that were separately produced (including AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9 serotypes). To account for batch-to-batch variability, each batch was halved for subsequent purification by either iodixanol gradient centrifugation or affinity chromatography. In parallel, purified vectors were characterized, and transduction was compared both in vitro and in vivo in mice (using multiple transgenes: Gaussia luciferase, eGFP, and human factor IX). Each purification method was found to have its own advantages and disadvantages regarding purity, viral genome (vg) recovery, and relative empty particle content. Differences in transduction efficiency were found to reflect batch-to-batch variability rather than disparities between the two purification methods, which were similarly capable of yielding potent AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh K. Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Patrick L. Mulcrone
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dylan Frabutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matthew Chrzanowski
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sreevani Arisa
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maite Munoz
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David Markusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Rosenberg AS, Tourdot S, Markusic D. Editorial: Induction of immune tolerance: addressing unmet medical need in immune mediated diseases and immune responses to biologics. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219854. [PMID: 37675115 PMCID: PMC10478208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Markusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Gene and Cell Therapy Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Bradbury A, Markusic D, Muhuri M, Ou L. Editorial: Immunogenicity and toxicity of AAV gene therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227231. [PMID: 37426652 PMCID: PMC10325706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Bradbury
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David Markusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Li Ou
- Department of Research & Discovery, Genemagic Biosciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Herzog R, Markusic D. Editorial overview: Host-viral vector interactions. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 21:vii-viii. [PMID: 27916284 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Herzog
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - David Markusic
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Markusic D, Palaschak B, Zolotukhin I, Herzog R. 688. Supplemental Immune Suppression Is Required for AAV-F8 ITI in Hemophilia A Mice with Pre-Existing Inhibitors. Mol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Nolasco D, Van Vliet K, Markusic D, Ling C, Huang LY, Agbandje-McKenna M, Srivastava A, Aslanidi G. 315. Optimization of the Capsid of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 6 (AAV6) Vectors for Liver-, and Muscle-Directed Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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May T, Butueva M, Bantner S, Markusic D, Seppen J, MacLeod RAF, Weich H, Hauser H, Wirth D. Synthetic gene regulation circuits for control of cell expansion. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:441-52. [PMID: 19705962 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A major drawback in the analysis of primary cells and in regenerative sciences concerns the limited number and homogeneity of cells. This limitation could be overcome by in vitro cell expansion that retains the properties of the cell types of interest. However, for most primary differentiated cells the proliferation capacity is finite and/or proliferation is associated with dedifferentiation of cells. We have developed a flexible cell expansion strategy that allows strict and reliable control of cell proliferation. This system relies on synthetic gene modules that employ positive feedback loops based on Tetracycline control. These gene modules were constructed and transduced by lentiviral vectors. We succeeded in the generation of murine and importantly also of human endothelial cell lines. The key feature of the established cell lines is that their proliferation status can be strictly controlled while the expression of relevant markers is maintained. This strict control of proliferation was observed in cell clones and in cell pools and was even maintained when two independent immortalizing genes were simultaneously employed. Thus, this strategy is flexible, easy to handle, and reliable. Most importantly, it allows expansion of human cells with a primary-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias May
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, HZI-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are a powerful tool to achieve regulated expression of transgenes in vivo and in vitro. The doxycycline-inducible system is well characterized and can be used to regulate expression mediated by lentiviral vectors. Because many different doxycycline-inducible lentiviral vectors have been described, choosing the best vector system can be difficult. This chapter can be used as a guide to select the optimal system for a particular application.
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Markusic D, van Til N, Kanitz A, Hiralall J, Oude-Elferink R, Seppen J. 465. Pseudotyping Lentiviral Vectors with a Modified GP64 Envelope Proteins Redirects Gene Transfer In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.08.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Markusic D, Oude-Elferink R, Das AT, Berkhout B, Seppen J. Comparison of single regulated lentiviral vectors with rtTA expression driven by an autoregulatory loop or a constitutive promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e63. [PMID: 15809225 PMCID: PMC1074399 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated expression of a therapeutic gene is crucial for safe and efficacious gene therapy. Many inducible regulatory systems use a constitutive promoter to express a regulatory protein, such as rtTA in the Tet-On system, which may restrict their use because of cytotoxicity and immunogenicity. Autoregulatory expression of rtTA provides extremely low levels of rtTA when transgene expression is off, with rapid transgene induction upon addition of doxycycline. Lentiviral vectors efficiently transfer genes to dividing and non-dividing cells with long-term gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. We compared regulatory function in a single lentiviral vector where rtTA was either expressed from a constitutive promoter or placed in an autoregulatory loop. Autoregulatory expression of rtTA was superior to constitutive promoter expression, resulting in higher viral titers, undetectable levels of both rtTA and transgene expression in the absence of doxycycline, improved induction kinetics and increased induction levels in all cells tested. We further expanded the utility of the autoregulatory vector by using an improved rtTA variant with an increased sensitivity to doxycycline. This lentiviral vector with doxycycline-regulated transgene expression may be useful for gene therapy applications and in experimental settings where strict temporal expression of a transgene is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Markusic
- AMC Liver Center S1-172, Meibergdreef 69, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Graf WD, Marin-Garcia J, Gao HG, Pizzo S, Naviaux RK, Markusic D, Barshop BA, Courchesne E, Haas RH. Autism associated with the mitochondrial DNA G8363A transfer RNA(Lys) mutation. J Child Neurol 2000; 15:357-61. [PMID: 10868777 DOI: 10.1177/088307380001500601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a family with a heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders associated with the mitochondrial DNA G8363A transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA)Lys mutation. The phenotype of one child in the family was consistent with autism. During his second year of life, he lost previously acquired language skills and developed marked hyperactivity with toe-walking, abnormal reciprocal social interaction, stereotyped mannerisms, restricted interests, self-injurious behavior, and seizures. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and repeated serum lactate studies were normal. His older sister developed signs of Leigh syndrome with progressive ataxia, myoclonus, seizures, and cognitive regression. Her laboratory studies revealed increased MRI T2-weighted signal in the putamen and posterior medulla, elevated lactate in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and absence of cytochrome c oxidase staining in muscle histochemistry. Molecular analysis in her revealed the G8363A mutation of the mitochondrial transfer RNA(Lys) gene in blood (82% mutant mitochondrial DNA) and muscle (86%). The proportions of mutant mitochondrial DNA from her brother with autism were lower (blood 60%, muscle 61%). It is likely that the origin of his autism phenotype is the pathogenic G8363A mitochondrial DNA mutation. This observation suggests that certain mitochondrial point mutations could be the basis for autism in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Graf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Naviaux RK, Markusic D, Barshop BA, Nyhan WL, Haas RH. Sensitive assay for mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma. Clin Chem 1999; 45:1725-33. [PMID: 10508117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is the principal polymerase required for mitochondrial DNA replication. Primary or secondary deficiencies in the activity of DNA polymerase gamma may lead to mitochondrial DNA depletion. We describe a sensitive and robust clinical assay for this enzyme. METHODS The assay was performed on mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies. High-molecular weight polynucleotide reaction products were captured on ion-exchange paper, examined qualitatively by autoradiography, and quantified by scintillation counting. RESULTS Kinetic analysis of DNA polymerase gamma by this method showed a K(m) for dTTP of 1.43 micromol/L and a K(i) for azidothymidine triphosphate of 0.861 micromol/L. The assay was linear from 0.1 to 2 microgram of mitochondrial protein. The detection limit was 30 units (30 fmol dTMP incorporated in 30 min). The linear dynamic range was three orders of magnitude; 30-30 000 units. Imprecision (CV) was 6.4% within day and 12% between days. Application of this assay to a mixed population of 38 patients referred for evaluation of mitochondrial disease revealed a distribution with a range of 0-2506 U/microgram, reflecting extensive biologic variation among patients with neuromuscular disease. CONCLUSION This assay provides a useful adjunct to current laboratory methods for the evaluation of patients with suspected mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractBackground: The mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ is the principal polymerase required for mitochondrial DNA replication. Primary or secondary deficiencies in the activity of DNA polymerase γ may lead to mitochondrial DNA depletion. We describe a sensitive and robust clinical assay for this enzyme.Methods: The assay was performed on mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies. High-molecular weight polynucleotide reaction products were captured on ion-exchange paper, examined qualitatively by autoradiography, and quantified by scintillation counting.Results: Kinetic analysis of DNA polymerase γ by this method showed a Km for dTTP of 1.43 μmol/L and a Ki for azidothymidine triphosphate of 0.861 μmol/L. The assay was linear from 0.1 to 2 μg of mitochondrial protein. The detection limit was 30 units (30 fmol dTMP incorporated in 30 min). The linear dynamic range was three orders of magnitude; 30–30 000 units. Imprecision (CV) was 6.4% within day and 12% between days. Application of this assay to a mixed population of 38 patients referred for evaluation of mitochondrial disease revealed a distribution with a range of 0–2506 U/μg, reflecting extensive biologic variation among patients with neuromuscular disease.Conclusion: This assay provides a useful adjunct to current laboratory methods for the evaluation of patients with suspected mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - David Markusic
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosciences, 200 West Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - Bruce A Barshop
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, 200 West Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - William L Nyhan
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, 200 West Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92103-8467
| | - Richard H Haas
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosciences, 200 West Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92103-8467
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, 200 West Arbor Dr., San Diego, CA 92103-8467
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Abstract
Deficiency of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma activity was found in a patient with mtDNA depletion and Alpers' syndrome. Metabolic evaluation revealed fasting hypoglycemia, dicarboxylic aciduria, and reduced activity of the electron transport chain in skeletal muscle. The patient died in early childhood of fulminant hepatic failure, refractory epilepsy, lactic acidemia, and coma. mtDNA content was 30% of normal in skeletal muscle and 25% in the liver. The activity of mtDNA polymerase gamma was undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Naviaux
- Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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