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Bian Y, Walter DL, Zhang C. Efficiency of Interferon-γ in Activating Dendritic Cells and Its Potential Synergy with Toll-like Receptor Agonists. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051198. [PMID: 37243284 DOI: 10.3390/v15051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a cytokine that plays an important role in immune regulation, especially in the activation and differentiation of immune cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors that sense structural motifs related to pathogens and alert immune cells to the invasion. Both IFN-γ and TLR agonists have been used as immunoadjuvants to augment the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases or psychoactive compounds. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of IFN-γ and TLR agonists being applied simultaneously to boost dendritic cell activation and the subsequent antigen presentation. In brief, murine dendritic cells were treated with IFN-γ and/or the TLR agonists, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), or resiquimod (R848). Next, the dendritic cells were stained for an activation marker, a cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), and the percentage of CD86-positive cells was measured by flow cytometry. From the cytometric analysis, IFN-γ efficiently stimulated a considerable number of the dendritic cells, while the TLR agonists by themselves could merely activate a few compared to the control. The combination of IFN-γ with poly I:C or R848 triggered a higher amount of dendritic cell activation than IFN-γ alone. For instance, 10 ng/mL IFN-γ with 100 µg/mL poly I:C achieved 59.1% cell activation, which was significantly higher than the 33.4% CD86-positive cells obtained by 10 ng/mL IFN-γ. These results suggested that IFN-γ and TLR agonists could be applied as complementary systems to promote dendritic cell activation and antigen presentation. There might be a synergy between the two classes of molecules, but further investigation is warranted to ascertain the interaction of their promotive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Bian
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences & College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Debra L Walter
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences & College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences & College of Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Benner SE, Walter DL, Thuma JR, Courreges M, James CBL, Schwartz FL, McCall KD. Toll-Like Receptor 3 Is Critical to the Pancreatic Islet Milieu That Is Required for Coxsackievirus B4-Induced Type 1 Diabetes in Female Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Pancreas 2022; 51:48-55. [PMID: 35195595 PMCID: PMC8865205 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic and environmental influences play a role as triggers of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are useful for studying T1DM as they spontaneously develop T1DM, which can be accelerated by some viruses. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is believed to play a critical role in viral-induced T1DM and β-cell destruction, because female Tlr3 knockout (Tlr3-/-) NOD mice are protected from Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4)-induced acceleration of T1DM. However, the exact role(s) TLR3 plays in the pathogenesis of CVB4-induced T1DM remain unknown. METHODS This longitudinal study used immunostaining, laser capture microdissection, and reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction of islets from female uninfected and CVB4-infected Tlr3+/+ and Tlr3-/- NOD mice. RESULTS Islets isolated from female Tlr3+/+ NOD mice 4 to 8 weeks of age had higher amounts of insulitis, Cxcl10, Il1b, Tnfa, and Tgfb1 expression compared with Tlr3-/- NOD mice. After CVB4 infection, Tlr3+/+ NOD mice had higher amounts of insulitis and T-cell infiltration at 3 days after infection compared with Tlr3-/- CVB4-infected NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 3 is necessary for establishment of a pancreatic islet inflammatory microenvironment by increasing insulitis and cytokine expression that facilitates CVB4-induced T1DM in female NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Benner
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences
| | - Debra L. Walter
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences
| | | | | | - Calvin B. L. James
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Biomedical Sciences
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH
| | - Frank L. Schwartz
- Departments of Specialty Medicine
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH
| | - Kelly D. McCall
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences
- Departments of Specialty Medicine
- Biomedical Sciences
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH
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Walter DL, Benner SE, Oaks RJ, Thuma JR, Malgor R, Schwartz FL, Coschigano KT, McCall KD. Coxsackievirus B4 Exposure Results in Variable Pattern Recognition Response in the Kidneys of Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Before Establishment of Diabetes. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:494-506. [PMID: 32352894 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is described by four primary diagnoses, diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney disease, all of which have viruses implicated as causative agents. Enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus (CV), are a common genus of viruses that have been implicated in both diabetes and cystic kidney disease; however, little is known about how CVs cause kidney injury and ESRD or predispose individuals with a genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) to kidney injury. This study evaluated kidney injury resulting from coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) inoculation of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice to glean a better understanding of how viral exposure may predispose individuals with a genetic susceptibility to T1D to kidney injury. The objectives were to assess acute and chronic kidney damage in CVB4-inoculated NOD mice without diabetes. Results indicated the presence of CVB4 RNA in the kidney for at least 14 days post-CVB4 inoculation and a coordinated pattern recognition receptor response, but the absence of an immune response or cytotoxicity. CVB4-inoculated NOD mice also had a higher propensity to develop an increase in mesangial area 17 weeks post-CVB4 inoculation. These studies identified initial gene expression changes in the kidney resulting from CVB4 exposure that may predispose to ESRD. Thus, this study provides an initial characterization of kidney injury resulting from CVB4 inoculation of mice that are genetically susceptible to developing T1D that may one day provide better therapeutic options and predictive measures for patients who are at risk for developing kidney disease from T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Walter
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Rosemary J Oaks
- Program in Biological Sciences, Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean R Thuma
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramiro Malgor
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank L Schwartz
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen T Coschigano
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective July 1997, the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) established a research pathway to certification to encourage research training of general internists and subspecialists. OBJECTIVE To document the current status of research training in six selected subspecialty programs, to examine opportunities available for trainees to undertake formal course work, and to report the percentage of subspecialty programs that might accept research pathway fellows. DESIGN National Study of Graduate Education in Internal Medicine questionnaires from 1996-1997 and 1997-1998. SETTING Programs in internal medicine subspecialties accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. PARTICIPANTS 1163 (84%) and 1094 (79%) directors of internal medicine subspecialty programs in 1996-1997 and 1997-1998, respectively. MEASUREMENTS Survey questions on the amount of time fellows usually spend conducting research and available opportunities to pursue course work leading to an advanced degree. RESULTS On average, during their last year of training, fellows enrolled in infectious disease, nephrology, endocrinology, and rheumatology programs spent 40% to 50% of their time conducting research, whereas fellows in gastroenterology and cardiology spent 25% to 30% of their time conducting research. Compared with programs sponsored by major teaching hospitals, a greater percentage of programs sponsored by academic medical center hospitals planned to accept persons interested in pursuing the new ABIM Research Pathway (28% vs. 8%) and to provide opportunities for fellows to obtain an advanced degree (60% vs. 14%). CONCLUSIONS Few internal medicine subspecialty programs are currently designed to provide adequate research training as defined by the Institute of Medicine and the ABIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Whitcomb
- Division of Medical Education, Association of American Medical Colleges, 2450 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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