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Döring C, Regen T, Gertig U, van Rossum D, Winkler A, Saiepour N, Brück W, Hanisch UK, Janova H. A presumed antagonistic LPS identifies distinct functional organization of TLR4 in mouse microglia. Glia 2017; 65:1176-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Döring
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz; Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Ulla Gertig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Denise van Rossum
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Sartorius-Stedim Biotech GmbH; Göttingen 37079 Germany
| | - Anne Winkler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Nasrin Saiepour
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Hana Janova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
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Janova H, Böttcher C, Holtman IR, Regen T, van Rossum D, Götz A, Ernst AS, Fritsche C, Gertig U, Saiepour N, Gronke K, Wrzos C, Ribes S, Rolfes S, Weinstein J, Ehrenreich H, Pukrop T, Kopatz J, Stadelmann C, Salinas-Riester G, Weber MS, Prinz M, Brück W, Eggen BJ, Boddeke HW, Priller J, Hanisch UK. CD14 is a key organizer of microglial responses to CNS infection and injury. Glia 2015; 64:635-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Inge R. Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz; Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Denise van Rossum
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Sartorius-Stedim Biotech GmbH; Göttingen 37079 Germany
| | - Alexander Götz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Ernst
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Christin Fritsche
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Ulla Gertig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Nasrin Saiepour
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Konrad Gronke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Claudia Wrzos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Simone Rolfes
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | | | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Jens Kopatz
- Department of Neural Regeneration; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn; Bonn 53127 Germany
| | | | | | - Martin S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology and BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling, University of Freiburg; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Bart J.L. Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus W.G.M. Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04103 Germany
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Menzfeld C, John M, van Rossum D, Regen T, Scheffel J, Janova H, Götz A, Ribes S, Nau R, Borisch A, Boutin P, Neumann K, Bremes V, Wienands J, Reichardt HM, Lühder F, Tischner D, Waetzig V, Herdegen T, Teismann P, Greig I, Müller M, Pukrop T, Mildner A, Kettenmann H, Brück W, Prinz M, Rotshenker S, Weber MS, Hanisch UK. Tyrphostin AG126 exerts neuroprotection in CNS inflammation by a dual mechanism. Glia 2015; 63:1083-99. [PMID: 25731696 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The putative protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 has proven beneficial in various models of inflammatory disease. Yet molecular targets and cellular mechanisms remained enigmatic. We demonstrate here that AG126 treatment has beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. AG126 alleviates the clinical symptoms, diminishes encephalitogenic Th17 differentiation, reduces inflammatory CNS infiltration as well as microglia activation and attenuates myelin damage. We show that AG126 directly inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a PTK associated with B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, BTK inhibition cannot account for the entire activity spectrum. Effects on TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in microglia involve AG126 hydrolysis and conversion of its dinitrile side chain to malononitrile (MN). Notably, while liberated MN can subsequently mediate critical AG126 features, full protection in EAE still requires delivery of intact AG126. Its anti-inflammatory potential and especially interference with TLR signaling thus rely on a dual mechanism encompassing BTK and a novel MN-sensitive target. Both principles bear great potential for the therapeutic management of disturbed innate and adaptive immune functions.
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Chuang HN, van Rossum D, Sieger D, Siam L, Klemm F, Bleckmann A, Bayerlová M, Farhat K, Scheffel J, Schulz M, Dehghani F, Stadelmann C, Hanisch UK, Binder C, Pukrop T. Carcinoma cells misuse the host tissue damage response to invade the brain. Glia 2013; 61:1331-46. [PMID: 23832647 PMCID: PMC3842117 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic colonization of the brain by carcinoma cells is still barely understood, in particular when considering interactions with the host tissue. The colonization comes with a substantial destruction of the surrounding host tissue. This leads to activation of damage responses by resident innate immune cells to protect, repair, and organize the wound healing, but may distract from tumoricidal actions. We recently demonstrated that microglia, innate immune cells of the CNS, assist carcinoma cell invasion. Here we report that this is a fatal side effect of a physiological damage response of the brain tissue. In a brain slice coculture model, contact with both benign and malignant epithelial cells induced a response by microglia and astrocytes comparable to that seen at the interface of human cerebral metastases. While the glial damage response intended to protect the brain from intrusion of benign epithelial cells by inducing apoptosis, it proved ineffective against various malignant cell types. They did not undergo apoptosis and actually exploited the local tissue reaction to invade instead. Gene expression and functional analyses revealed that the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and WNT signaling were involved in this process. Furthermore, CXCR4-regulated microglia were recruited to sites of brain injury in a zebrafish model and CXCR4 was expressed in human stroke patients, suggesting a conserved role in damage responses to various types of brain injuries. Together, our findings point to a detrimental misuse of the glial damage response program by carcinoma cells resistant to glia-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ning Chuang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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Walter J, Handel LL, Brodhun M, van Rossum D, Hanisch UK, Liebmann L, Heppner F, Goldbrunner R, Koch A, Kuhn SA. Expression of coagulation factors and their receptors in tumor tissue and coagulation factor upregulation in peripheral blood of patients with cerebral carcinoma metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 138:141-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fitzner D, Schnaars M, van Rossum D, Krishnamoorthy G, Dibaj P, Bakhti M, Regen T, Hanisch UK, Simons M. Selective transfer of exosomes from oligodendrocytes to microglia by macropinocytosis. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:447-58. [PMID: 21242314 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.074088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of antigens from oligodendrocytes to immune cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that oligodendrocytes secrete small membrane vesicles called exosomes, which are specifically and efficiently taken up by microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Internalisation of exosomes occurs by a macropinocytotic mechanism without inducing a concomitant inflammatory response. After stimulation of microglia with interferon-γ, we observe an upregulation of MHC class II in a subpopulation of microglia. However, exosomes are preferentially internalised in microglia that do not seem to have antigen-presenting capacity. We propose that the constitutive macropinocytotic clearance of exosomes by a subset of microglia represents an important mechanism through which microglia participate in the degradation of oligodendroglial membrane in an immunologically 'silent' manner. By designating the capacity for macropinocytosis and antigen presentation to distinct cells, degradation and immune function might be assigned to different subtypes of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Fitzner
- Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str., D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Regen T, van Rossum D, Scheffel J, Kastriti ME, Revelo NH, Prinz M, Brück W, Hanisch UK. CD14 and TRIF govern distinct responsiveness and responses in mouse microglial TLR4 challenges by structural variants of LPS. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:957-70. [PMID: 20951794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 responds to a range of agonists in infection and injury, but is best known for the recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Assembly in heterologous receptor complexes as well as signaling through both MyD88 and TRIF adaptor proteins, as unmatched by other TLRs, could underlie its versatile response options, probably also in a cell type-dependent manner. We show that microglia, the CNS macrophages, react to diverse LPS variants, including smooth (S) and rough (R) LPS chemotypes, with cytokine/chemokine induction, MHC I expression and suppression of myelin phagocytosis. The TLR4 co-receptor CD14 was shown in peritoneal macrophages to be essential for S-LPS effects and the link of both S- and R-LPS to TRIF signaling. In contrast, cd14(-/-) microglia readily respond to S- and R-LPS, suggesting an a priori high(er) sensitivity to both chemotypes, while CD14 confers increased S- and R-LPS potencies and compensates for their differences. Importantly, CD14 controls the magnitude and shapes the profile of cyto/chemokine production, this influence being itself regulated by critical LPS concentrations. Comparing reactive phenotypes of microglia with deficiencies in CD14, MyD88 and TRIF (cd14(-/-), myd88(-/-), and trif(lps2)), we found that distinct signaling routes organize for individual functions in either concerted or non-redundant fashion and that CD14 has contributions beyond the link to TRIF. Modulation of response profiles by key cytokines finally reveals that the microglial TLR4 can differentiate between the class of LPS structures and a self-derived agonist, fibronectin. It thus proves as a sophisticated decision maker in infectious and non-infectious CNS challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Regen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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van Rossum D, Hilbert S, Strassenburg S, Hanisch UK, Brück W. Myelin-phagocytosing macrophages in isolated sciatic and optic nerves reveal a unique reactive phenotype. Glia 2008; 56:271-83. [PMID: 18069669 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key effectors in demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system by phagocytosing myelin and releasing immunoregulatory mediators. Here, we report on a distinct, a priori anti-inflammatory reaction of macrophages phagocytosing myelin upon contact with damaged nerve tissue. Macrophages rapidly invaded peripheral (sciatic) and central (optic) nerve tissues in vitro, readily incorporated myelin and expressed high levels of phagocytosis-associated molecules (e.g., Fc and scavenger receptors). In contrast, factors involved in antigen presentation (MHC class-II, CD80, CD86) revealed only a restricted expression. In parallel, a highly ordered appearance of cytokines and chemokines was detected. IL-10, IL-6, CCL22, and CXCL1 were immediately but transiently induced, whereas CCL2, CCL11, and TGFbeta revealed more persisting levels. Such a profile would attract neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and Th2 cells as well as bias for a Th2-supporting environment. Importantly, proinflammatory/Th1-supporting factors, such as TNFalpha, IL-12p70, CCL3, and CCL5, were not induced. Still the simultaneous presence of TGFbeta and IL-6 could assist Th17 development, further depending on yet not present IL-23. The release pattern was clearly distinct from reactive phenotypes induced in isolated macrophages and microglia upon treatment with IL-4, IL-13, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, IFNgamma, or purified myelin. Nerve-exposed macrophages thus commit to a unique functional orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise van Rossum
- Institute for Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Microglia--the macrophage equivalent of the CNS--safeguards and supports neuronal functions. Threats to the CNS homeostasis can trigger a rapid transformation of these cells from a normally "resting" into alerted and "activated" states. Microglia primarily serves the tissue defence and protection when participating in mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. On the contrary, excessive acute or chronic microglial activation can provoke severe neuronal and glial damage by carrying or fuelling destructive cascades. Several factors and conditions have already been identified that maintain the resting phenotype or organize and control the activation process. Cells are thereby able to recognize a dangerous signal as well as to sense functional disturbance. Microglial activation is also proving a much more variable and adaptive process than previously noticed. Aiming at microglia as a therapeutic target, research may focus on intracellular pathways that are probably common to activation scenarios as triggered by various receptor systems. Certain signalling elements may have key roles in the cytosolic integration of sensory inputs and a conversion into programs of executive performance. As the integrative aspect of microglial activation becomes illuminated hope builds up also on strategies for selective interference with harmful outcomes in favour of the--phylogenetically approved--beneficial potential of these fascinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise van Rossum
- Institute for Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Hanisch UK, van Rossum D, Xie Y, Gast K, Misselwitz R, Auriola S, Goldsteins G, Koistinaho J, Kettenmann H, Möller T. The microglia-activating potential of thrombin: the protease is not involved in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51880-7. [PMID: 15452111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408318200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease thrombin is known as a blood coagulation factor. Through limited cleavage of proteinase-activated receptors it can also control growth and functions in various cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia (brain macrophages). A number of previous studies indicated that thrombin induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from microglial cells, suggesting another important role for the protease beyond hemostasis. In the present report, we provide evidence that this effect is not mediated by any proteolytic or non-proteolytic mechanism involving thrombin proper. Inhibition of the enzymatic thrombin activity did not affect the microglial release response. Instead the cyto-/chemokine-inducing activity solely resided in a high molecular weight protein fraction that could be isolated in trace amounts even from apparently homogenous alpha- and gamma-thrombin preparations. High molecular weight material contained thrombin-derived peptides as revealed by mass spectrometry but was devoid of thrombin-like enzymatic activity. Separated from the high molecular weight fraction by fast protein liquid chromatography, enzymatically intact alpha- and gamma-thrombin failed to trigger any release. Our findings may force a revision of the notion that thrombin itself is a direct proinflammatory release signal for microglia. In addition, they could be relevant for the study of other cellular activities and their assignment to this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
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