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Ribes S, Zacke L, Nessler S, Saiepour N, Avendaño-Guzmán E, Ballüer M, Hanisch UK, Nau R. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs are effective immunostimulants against pneumococcal meningitis in the immunocompetent and neutropenic host. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:39. [PMID: 33531028 PMCID: PMC7852218 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial meningitis is a fatal disease with a mortality up to 30% and neurological sequelae in one fourth of survivors. Available vaccines do not fully protect against this lethal disease. Here, we report the protective effect of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG ODN) against the most frequent form of bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS Three days prior to the induction of meningitis by intracerebral injection of S. pneumoniae D39, wild-type and Toll-like receptor (TLR9)-/- mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 100 μg CpG ODN or vehicle. To render mice neutropenic, anti-Ly-6G monoclonal antibody was daily administrated starting 4 days before infection with a total of 7 injections. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and bacteriological studies, in which mice were sacrificed 24 h and 36 h after infection, were performed. RESULTS Pre-treatment with 100 μg CpG ODN prolonged survival of immunocompetent and neutropenic wild-type mice but not of TLR9-/- mice. There was a trend towards lower mortality in CpG ODN-treated immunocompetent and neutropenic wild-type mice. CpG ODN caused an increase of IL-12/IL-23p40 levels in the spleen and serum in uninfected animals. The effects of CpG ODN on bacterial concentrations and development of clinical symptoms were associated with an increased number of microglia in the CNS during the early phase of infection. Elevated concentrations of IL-12/IL-23p40 and MIP-1α correlated with lower bacterial concentrations in the blood and spleen during infection. CONCLUSIONS Pre-conditioning with CpG ODN strengthened the resistance of neutropenic and immunocompetent mice against S. pneumoniae meningitis in the presence of TLR9. Administration of CpG ODN decreased bacterial burden in the cerebellum and reduced the degree of bacteremia. Systemic administration of CpG ODN may help to prevent or slow the progression to sepsis of bacterial CNS infections in healthy and immunocompromised individuals even after direct inoculation of bacteria into the intracranial compartments, which can occur after sinusitis, mastoiditis, open head trauma, and surgery, including placement of an external ventricular drain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - L Zacke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - N Saiepour
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E Avendaño-Guzmán
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Ballüer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany
| | - U K Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Protestant Hospital Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany
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Ribes S, Arcilla C, Ott M, Schütze S, Hanisch UK, Nessler S, Nau R. Pre-treatment with the viral Toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly(I:C) modulates innate immunity and protects neutropenic mice infected intracerebrally with Escherichia coli. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:24. [PMID: 31952519 PMCID: PMC6969464 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with impaired immunity are more susceptible to infections than immunocompetent subjects. No vaccines are currently available to induce protection against E. coli meningoencephalitis. This study evaluated the potential of poly(I:C) pre-treatment to induce trained immunity. Poly(I:C) was administered as a non-specific stimulus of innate immune responses to protect immunocompetent and neutropenic wild-type mice from a subsequent challenge by the intracranial injection of E. coli K1. METHODS Three days prior to infection, mice received an intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C) or vehicle. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analyzed. In short-term experiments, bacterial titers and the inflammatory response were characterized in the blood, cerebellum, and spleen homogenates. NK cell subpopulations in the brain and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. Numbers of microglia and activation scores were evaluated by histopathology. RESULTS Pre-treatment with 200 μg poly(I:C) increased survival time, reduced mortality, and enhanced bacterial clearance in the blood, cerebellum, and spleen at early infection in neutropenic mice. Poly(I:C)-mediated protection correlated with an augmented number of NK cells (CD45+NK1.1+CD3-) and Iba-1+ microglial cells and a higher production of IFN-γ in the brain. In the spleen, levels of CCL5/RANTES and IFN-γ were increased and sustained in surviving poly(I:C)-treated animals for 14 days after infection. In immunocompetent animals, survival time was not significantly prolonged in poly(I:C)-treated animals although poly(I:C) priming reduced brain bacterial concentrations compared with vehicle-injected animals at early infection. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with the viral TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) modulated innate immune responses and strengthened the resistance of neutropenic mice against E. coli K1 meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christa Arcilla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Ott
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Schütze
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Diesselberg C, Ribes S, Seele J, Kaufmann A, Redlich S, Bunkowski S, Hanisch UK, Michel U, Nau R, Schütze S. Activin A increases phagocytosis of Escherichia coli K1 by primary murine microglial cells activated by toll-like receptor agonists. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:175. [PMID: 29880000 PMCID: PMC5992782 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is associated with high mortality and long-term neurological sequelae. Increasing the phagocytic activity of microglia could improve the resistance of the CNS against infections. We studied the influence of activin A, a member of the TGF-β family with known immunoregulatory and neuroprotective effects, on the functions of microglial cells in vitro. Methods Primary murine microglial cells were treated with activin A (0.13 ng/ml–13 μg/ml) alone or in combination with agonists of TLR2, 4, and 9. Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli K1 as well as release of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1, and NO was assessed. Results Activin A dose-dependently enhanced the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli K1 by microglial cells activated by agonists of TLR2, 4, and 9 without further increasing NO and proinflammatory cytokine release. Cell viability of microglial cells was not affected by activin A. Conclusions Priming of microglial cells with activin A could increase the elimination of bacteria in bacterial CNS infections. This preventive strategy could improve the resistance of the brain to infections, particularly in elderly and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Diesselberg
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, An der Lutter 24, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annika Kaufmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Redlich
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bunkowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, An der Lutter 24, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Schütze
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Geriatrics, AGAPLESION Frankfurter Diakonie Kliniken, Wilhelm-Epstein-Str. 4, 60431, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Döring C, Regen T, Gertig U, van Rossum D, Winkler A, Saiepour N, Brück W, Hanisch UK, Janova H. A presumed antagonistic LPS identifies distinct functional organization of TLR4 in mouse microglia. Glia 2017; 65:1176-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Döring
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz; Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Ulla Gertig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Denise van Rossum
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Sartorius-Stedim Biotech GmbH; Göttingen 37079 Germany
| | - Anne Winkler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Nasrin Saiepour
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Hana Janova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
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5
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Yin Z, Raj D, Saiepour N, Van Dam D, Brouwer N, Holtman I, Eggen B, Hanisch UK, Hol E, Kamphuis W, Bayer T, Deyn PP, Boddeke E. P1‐156: Abeta Plaque‐Associated Microglia Priming in Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Yin
- University Medical Center GroningenGoningenNetherlands
- Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Divya Raj
- University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | | | - Debby Van Dam
- University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Institute Born-BungeAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Inge Holtman
- University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Bart Eggen
- University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | | | - Elly Hol
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceUtrechtNetherlands
| | | | | | - Peter Paul Deyn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center GroningenNetherlands
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Erik Boddeke
- University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
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Ribes S, Abdullah MR, Saleh M, Hanisch UK, Nau R, Hammerschmidt S. Thioredoxins and Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in the Pathophysiology of Pneumococcal Meningitis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:953-61. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kramann N, Menken L, Hayardeny L, Hanisch UK, Brück W. Laquinimod prevents cuprizone-induced demyelination independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016; 3:e233. [PMID: 27231712 PMCID: PMC4871804 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To test whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays a key role for reduced nuclear factor B (NF-κB) activation after laquinimod treatment in the model of cuprizone-induced demyelination, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, inflammation, and axonal damage. Methods: Ten-week-old C57BL/6J, TLR4−/−, and MyD88−/− mice received 0.25% cuprizone for 6 weeks and were treated daily with 25 mg/kg laquinimod or vehicle. After 6 weeks of demyelination, extent of demyelination, oligodendrocyte density, microglia infiltration, and axonal damage were analyzed in the corpus callosum. Additionally, we analyzed primary mouse astrocytes from C57BL/6J, TLR4−/−, MyD88−/−, and TRIF−/− mice for alteration in NF-κB signaling. Results: Vehicle-treated controls from C57BL/6J, TLR4−/−, and MyD88−/− mice displayed extensive callosal demyelination as well as microglial activation. In contrast, mice treated with 25 mg/kg laquinimod showed mainly intact callosal myelin. The demyelination score was significantly higher in all untreated mice compared to mice treated with laquinimod. There were significantly fewer APP-positive axonal spheroids, Mac3-positive macrophages/microglia, and less oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the corpus callosum of laquinimod-treated mice in comparison to untreated controls. Stimulated primary mouse astrocytes from laquinimod-treated groups show reduced NF-κB activation compared to vehicle-treated controls. Conclusions: Our results confirm that laquinimod prevents demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model for multiple sclerosis via downregulation of NF-κB activation. This laquinimod effect, however, does not involve upstream Toll-like receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kramann
- Institute of Neuropathology (N.K., L.M., U.-K.H., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (L.H.), Netanya, Israel
| | - Lena Menken
- Institute of Neuropathology (N.K., L.M., U.-K.H., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (L.H.), Netanya, Israel
| | - Liat Hayardeny
- Institute of Neuropathology (N.K., L.M., U.-K.H., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (L.H.), Netanya, Israel
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology (N.K., L.M., U.-K.H., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (L.H.), Netanya, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology (N.K., L.M., U.-K.H., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (L.H.), Netanya, Israel
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Rietkötter E, Bleckmann A, Bayerlová M, Menck K, Chuang HN, Wenske B, Schwartz H, Erez N, Binder C, Hanisch UK, Pukrop T. Anti-CSF-1 treatment is effective to prevent carcinoma invasion induced by monocyte-derived cells but scarcely by microglia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15482-93. [PMID: 26098772 PMCID: PMC4558165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytic system is categorized in three major groups: monocyte-derived cells (MCs), dendritic cells and resident macrophages. During breast cancer progression the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) can reprogram MCs into tumor-promoting macrophages in the primary tumor. However, the effect of CSF-1 during colonization of the brain parenchyma is largely unknown. Thus, we analyzed the outcome of anti-CSF-1 treatment on the resident macrophage population of the brain, the microglia, in comparison to MCs, alone and in different in vitro co-culture models. Our results underline the addiction of MCs to CSF-1 while surprisingly, microglia were not affected. Furthermore, in contrast to the brain, the bone marrow did not express the alternative ligand, IL-34. Yet treatment with IL-34 and co-culture with carcinoma cells partially rescued the anti-CSF-1 effects on MCs. Further, MC-induced invasion was significantly reduced by anti-CSF-1 treatment while microglia-induced invasion was reduced to a lower extend. Moreover, analysis of lung and breast cancer brain metastasis revealed significant differences of CSF-1 and CSF-1R expression. Taken together, our findings demonstrate not only differences of anti-CSF-1 treatment on MCs and microglia but also in the CSF-1 receptor and ligand expression in brain and bone marrow as well as in brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rietkötter
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Bayerlová
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Menck
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Han-Ning Chuang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Wenske
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hila Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, 69978 Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, 69978 Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Clinic Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Janova H, Böttcher C, Holtman IR, Regen T, van Rossum D, Götz A, Ernst AS, Fritsche C, Gertig U, Saiepour N, Gronke K, Wrzos C, Ribes S, Rolfes S, Weinstein J, Ehrenreich H, Pukrop T, Kopatz J, Stadelmann C, Salinas-Riester G, Weber MS, Prinz M, Brück W, Eggen BJ, Boddeke HW, Priller J, Hanisch UK. CD14 is a key organizer of microglial responses to CNS infection and injury. Glia 2015; 64:635-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Inge R. Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz; Mainz 55131 Germany
| | - Denise van Rossum
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Sartorius-Stedim Biotech GmbH; Göttingen 37079 Germany
| | - Alexander Götz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Ernst
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Christin Fritsche
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Ulla Gertig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Nasrin Saiepour
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Konrad Gronke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Claudia Wrzos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Simone Rolfes
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | | | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Jens Kopatz
- Department of Neural Regeneration; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn; Bonn 53127 Germany
| | | | | | - Martin S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology and BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling, University of Freiburg; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Bart J.L. Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus W.G.M. Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience; Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen 9713AW The Netherlands
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen; Göttingen 37075 Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04103 Germany
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10
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Schütze S, Ribes S, Kaufmann A, Manig A, Scheffel J, Redlich S, Bunkowski S, Hanisch UK, Brück W, Nau R. Higher mortality and impaired elimination of bacteria in aged mice after intracerebral infection with E. coli are associated with an age-related decline of microglia and macrophage functions. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12573-92. [PMID: 25528768 PMCID: PMC4350342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence and mortality of bacterial meningitis are strongly increased in aged compared to younger adults demanding new strategies to improve prevention and therapy of bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections the elderly. Here, we established a geriatric mouse model for an intracerebral E. coli infection which reflects the clinical situation in aged patients: After intracerebral challenge with E. coli K1, aged mice showed a higher mortality, a faster development of clinical symptoms, and a more pronounced weight loss. Elimination of bacteria and systemic inflammatory response were impaired in aged mice, however, the number of infiltrating leukocytes and microglial cells in the CNS of aged and young mice did not differ substantially. In vitro, primary microglial cells and peritoneal macrophages from aged mice phagocytosed less E. coli and released less NO and cyto-/chemokines compared to cells from young mice both without activation and after stimulation by agonists of TLR 2, 4, and 9. Our results suggest that the age-related decline of microglia and macrophage functions plays an essential role for the higher susceptibility of aged mice to intracerebral infections. Strategies to improve the phagocytic potential of aged microglial cells and macrophages appear promising for prevention and treatment of CNS infections in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schütze
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. Department of Geriatrics, Agaplesion Diakonissen Krankenhaus, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annika Kaufmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Manig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Redlich
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bunkowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Mitkovski M, Dahm L, Heinrich R, Monnheimer M, Gerhart S, Stegmüller J, Hanisch UK, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin dampens injury-induced microglial motility. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1233-6. [PMID: 25966953 PMCID: PMC4527993 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury causes progressive brain atrophy and cognitive decline. Surprisingly, an early treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) prevents these consequences of secondary neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms have remained obscure. Here we show by advanced imaging and innovative analytical tools that recombinant human EPO, a clinically established and neuroprotective growth factor, dampens microglial activity, as visualized also in vivo by a strongly attenuated injury-induced cellular motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Dahm
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathieu Monnheimer
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Gerhart
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Stegmüller
- 1] Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany [2] Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- 1] Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany [2] Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- 1] Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany [2] Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Menzfeld C, John M, van Rossum D, Regen T, Scheffel J, Janova H, Götz A, Ribes S, Nau R, Borisch A, Boutin P, Neumann K, Bremes V, Wienands J, Reichardt HM, Lühder F, Tischner D, Waetzig V, Herdegen T, Teismann P, Greig I, Müller M, Pukrop T, Mildner A, Kettenmann H, Brück W, Prinz M, Rotshenker S, Weber MS, Hanisch UK. Tyrphostin AG126 exerts neuroprotection in CNS inflammation by a dual mechanism. Glia 2015; 63:1083-99. [PMID: 25731696 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The putative protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 has proven beneficial in various models of inflammatory disease. Yet molecular targets and cellular mechanisms remained enigmatic. We demonstrate here that AG126 treatment has beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. AG126 alleviates the clinical symptoms, diminishes encephalitogenic Th17 differentiation, reduces inflammatory CNS infiltration as well as microglia activation and attenuates myelin damage. We show that AG126 directly inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a PTK associated with B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, BTK inhibition cannot account for the entire activity spectrum. Effects on TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in microglia involve AG126 hydrolysis and conversion of its dinitrile side chain to malononitrile (MN). Notably, while liberated MN can subsequently mediate critical AG126 features, full protection in EAE still requires delivery of intact AG126. Its anti-inflammatory potential and especially interference with TLR signaling thus rely on a dual mechanism encompassing BTK and a novel MN-sensitive target. Both principles bear great potential for the therapeutic management of disturbed innate and adaptive immune functions.
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13
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Djukic M, Sostmann N, Bertsch T, Mecke M, Nessler S, Manig A, Hanisch UK, Triebel J, Bollheimer LC, Sieber C, Nau R. Vitamin D deficiency decreases survival of bacterial meningoencephalitis in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:208. [PMID: 25563481 PMCID: PMC4302429 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningoencephalitis caused by Escherichia coli is associated with high rates of mortality and risk of neurological sequelae in newborns and infants and in older or immunocompromised adults. A high prevalence of neurological disorders has been observed in geriatric populations at risk of hypovitaminosis D. Methods In vivo, we studied the effects of vitamin D3 on survival and the host’s immune response in experimental bacterial meningoencephalitis in mice after intracerebral E. coli infection. To produce different systemic vitamin D3 concentrations, mice received a low, standard, or high dietary vitamin D3 supplementation. Bacterial titers in blood, spleen, and brain homogenates were determined. Leukocyte infiltration was assessed by histological scores, and tissue cytokine or chemokine concentrations were measured. Results Mice fed a diet with low vitamin D3 concentration died earlier than control animals after intracerebral infection. Vitamin D deficiency did not inhibit leukocyte recruitment into the subarachnoid space and did not lead to an increased density of bacteria in blood, spleen, or brain homogenates. The release of proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 was decreased and the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was increased in mice fed a diet with high vitamin D3 supplementation. Conclusion Our observations suggest a detrimental role of vitamin D deficiency in bacterial central nervous system infections. Vitamin D may exert immune regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Djukic
- Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropathology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Nadine Sostmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Marianne Mecke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Anja Manig
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jakob Triebel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - L Cornelius Bollheimer
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging (IBA), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany. .,Hospital of the Order of St. John of God, Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging (IBA), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany. .,Hospital of the Order of St. John of God, Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Roland Nau
- Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropathology, University Medical School Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Immig K, Gericke M, Menzel F, Merz F, Krueger M, Schiefenhövel F, Lösche A, Jäger K, Hanisch UK, Biber K, Bechmann I. CD11c-positive cells from brain, spleen, lung, and liver exhibit site-specific immune phenotypes and plastically adapt to new environments. Glia 2014; 63:611-25. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Immig
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Felicitas Merz
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Andreas Lösche
- IZKF-FACS-Core Unit; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Kathrin Jäger
- IZKF-FACS-Core Unit; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Knut Biber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Section of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany,
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16
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Schäfer S, Berger JV, Deumens R, Goursaud S, Hanisch UK, Hermans E. Influence of intrathecal delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on spinal inflammation and pain hypersensitivity in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:157. [PMID: 25212534 PMCID: PMC4172959 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multipotent mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) have been credited with immunomodulative properties, supporting beneficial outcomes when transplanted into a variety of disease models involving inflammation. Potential mechanisms include the secretion of paracrine factors and the establishment of a neurotrophic microenvironment. To test the hypothesis that MSCs release soluble mediators that can attenuate local inflammation, we here analysed the influence of MSCs on the activation of microglia cells, as well as on inflammatory parameters and pain behaviour in a surgical rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods We focussed on an experimental model of partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL), characterised by a rapid and persistent inflammation in the dorsal lumbar spinal cord where sensory inputs from the sciatic nerve are processed. Via indwelling intrathecal catheters, MSCs were repetitively grafted into the intrathecal lumbar space. Animals were evaluated for mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity over a period of 21 days after PSNL. Afterwards, spinal cords were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of the microglial marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and quantification of inflammatory markers in ipsilateral dorsal horns. We hypothesised that injections on postsurgical days 2 to 4 would interfere with microglial activation, leading to a reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and amelioration of pain behaviour. Results PSNL-induced mechanical allodynia or heat hyperalgesia were not influenced by MSC transplantation, and spinal cord inflammatory processes remained largely unaffected. Indeed, the early microglial response to PSNL characterised by increased Iba1 expression in the lumbar dorsal horn was not significantly altered and cytokine levels in the spinal cord at 21 days after surgery were similar to those found in vehicle-injected animals. Grafted MSCs were detected close to the pia mater, but were absent within the spinal cord parenchyma. Conclusions We conclude that intrathecal administration is not an appropriate route to deliver cells for treatment of acute spinal cord inflammation as it leads to entrapment of grafted cells within the pia mater. We propose that the early inflammatory response triggered by PSNL in the lumbar spinal cord failed to effectively recruit MSCs or was insufficient to disturb the tissue integrity so as to allow MSCs to penetrate the spinal cord parenchyma.
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17
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Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident innate immune cells of the CNS. Their contributions to the normal development of the CNS, the maintenance and plasticity of neuronal networks and the safeguarding of proper functionality are becoming more and more evident. Microglia also survey the tissue homeostasis to respond rapidly to exogenous and endogenous threats, primarily with a protective outcome. However, excessive acute activation, chronic activity or an improper adaptation of their functional performance can foster neuropathologies. A key to the versatile response behavior of these cells is their ability to commit to reactive phenotypes, which reveal enormous complexity. Yet the respective profiles of induced genes and installed functions may build up on heterogeneous contributions of cellular subsets. Here, we discuss findings and concepts that consider the variety of microglial activities and response options as being based-at least in part-on a diversity of the engaged cells. Whether it is the production of proinflammatory cytokines, clearance of tissue debris, antigen presentation or the ability to sense neurotransmitters, microglial cells present with an unanticipated heterogeneity of their constitutive and inducible features. While the organizational principles of this heterogeneity are still largely unknown, functional implications are already perceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Gertig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Kuhn SA, Martin M, Brodhun M, Kratzsch T, Hanisch UK, Haberl H. Overexpression of protease-activated receptor type 1 (PAR-1) in glioblastoma multiforme WHO IV cells and blood vessels revealed by NCAM-assisted glioblastoma border labeling. Neurol Res 2014; 36:709-21. [PMID: 24620969 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are neuroepithelial tumors with lost cellular differentiation and tenfold increased growth rates compared to low-grade gliomas. Despite of very aggressive treatment options based on surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of affected patients has remained poor and showed only slight improvements during the last 30 years. Research on glioblastoma border zone was hindered by the tumor's intense invasion into the brain parenchyma and the lack of suitable tumor cell markers. Nevertheless, the compact tumor mass and tumor invasion zone are composed of distinct cell types that need to be distinguished from each other to be addressed selectively. As the isoform 140 of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-140) was recently demonstrated to be lost in human gliomas with rising WHO grade, human multiform glioblastomas were characterized as a NCAM-140 negative entity displaying three main distinct invasion patterns. Evaluation of putative therapy targets within the tumor tissue and tumor invasion zone has been made possible through NCAM-140 negativity. In the present study, brain tissue controls and human glioblastoma samples with compact tumor mass and invasion areas were analyzed for their vascularization at the tumor border and the expression of thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor type 1 (PAR-1) within tumor tissue and vascular vessel walls. Use of NCAM-140 enabled the identification of the tumor invasion zone and its experimental investigation. Tissue vascularization was found to be significantly increased in the compact tumor mass of glioblastomas compared to their invasion zone and tumor-free controls with a significantly high and specific overexpression of PAR-1 within tumor cells and within tumor blood vessels depending upon the tumor area. This suggests thereby a functional role of the thrombin receptor PAR-1 in glioma cell malignancy and glioblastoma neoangiogenesis.
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19
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Ribes S, Meister T, Ott M, Redlich S, Janova H, Hanisch UK, Nessler S, Nau R. Intraperitoneal prophylaxis with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides protects neutropenic mice against intracerebral Escherichia coli K1 infection. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:14. [PMID: 24456653 PMCID: PMC3906862 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylaxis with unmethylated cytosine phosphate guanidine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) protects against several systemic experimental infections. Escherichia coli is a major cause of Gram-negative neonatal bacterial meningitis and also causes meningitis and meningoencephalitis in older and immunocompromised patients. Methods Wild-type (wt) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-deficient mice were rendered neutropenic by intraperitoneal administration of the anti-Ly-6G monoclonal antibody. Immunocompetent and neutropenic mice received intraperitoneal CpG ODN or vehicle 72 h prior to induction of E. coli K1 meningoencephalitis. Results Pre-treatment with CpG ODN significantly increased survival of neutropenic wt mice from 33% to 75% (P = 0.0003) but did not protect neutropenic TLR9-/- mice. The protective effect of CpG ODN was associated with an enhanced production of interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23p40 with sustained increased levels in serum and spleen at least for 17 days after conditioning compared to buffer-treated animals. CpG-treated neutropenic wt mice showed reduced bacterial concentrations and increased recruitment of Ly6ChighCCR2+ monocytes in brain and spleen 42 h after infection. The levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in spleen were higher 42 h after infection in CpG-treated compared to buffer-treated neutropenic animals. In immunocompetent mice, prophylaxis with CpG ODN did not significantly increase survival compared to the buffer group (60% vs. 45%, P = 0.2). Conclusions These findings suggest that systemic administration of CpG ODN may help to prevent bacterial CNS infections in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Tönges L, Günther R, Suhr M, Jansen J, Balck A, Saal KA, Barski E, Nientied T, Götz AA, Koch JC, Mueller BK, Weishaupt JH, Sereda MW, Hanisch UK, Bähr M, Lingor P. Rho kinase inhibition modulates microglia activation and improves survival in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glia 2013; 62:217-32. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Rene Günther
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Suhr
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Johannes Jansen
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Alexander Balck
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Kim-Ann Saal
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Elisabeth Barski
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tobias Nientied
- Molecular and Translational Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine; Hermann-Rein-Str. 3 Göttingen Germany
| | - Alexander A. Götz
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Bernhard K. Mueller
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Global Pharmaceutical Research & Development; Knollstrasse 50 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Jochen H. Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm Germany
| | - Michael W. Sereda
- Molecular and Translational Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine; Hermann-Rein-Str. 3 Göttingen Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); Göttingen Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Robert-Koch-Str. 40 Göttingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); Göttingen Germany
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Abstract
Patients with cerebral metastasis of carcinomas have a poor prognosis. However, the process at the metastatic site has barely been investigated, in particular the role of the resident (stromal) cells. Studies in primary carcinomas demonstrate the influence of the microenvironment on metastasis, even on prognosis1,2. Especially the tumor associated macrophages (TAM) support migration, invasion and proliferation3. Interestingly, the major target sites of metastasis possess tissue-specific macrophages, such as Kupffer cells in the liver or microglia in the CNS. Moreover, the metastatic sites also possess other tissue-specific cells, like astrocytes. Recently, astrocytes were demonstrated to foster proliferation and persistence of cancer cells4,5. Therefore, functions of these tissue-specific cell types seem to be very important in the process of brain metastasis6,7. Despite these observations, however, up to now there is no suitable in vivo/in vitro model available to directly visualize glial reactions during cerebral metastasis formation, in particular by bright field microscopy. Recent in vivo live imaging of carcinoma cells demonstrated their cerebral colonization behavior8. However, this method is very laborious, costly and technically complex. In addition, these kinds of animal experiments are restricted to small series and come with a substantial stress for the animals (by implantation of the glass plate, injection of tumor cells, repetitive anaesthesia and long-term fixation). Furthermore, in vivo imaging is thus far limited to the visualization of the carcinoma cells, whereas interactions with resident cells have not yet been illustrated. Finally, investigations of human carcinoma cells within immunocompetent animals are impossible8. For these reasons, we established a coculture system consisting of an organotypic mouse brain slice and epithelial cells embedded in matrigel (3D cell sphere). The 3D carcinoma cell spheres were placed directly next to the brain slice edge in order to investigate the invasion of the neighboring brain tissue. This enables us to visualize morphological changes and interactions between the glial cells and carcinoma cells by fluorescence and even by bright field microscopy. After the coculture experiment, the brain tissue or the 3D cell spheroids can be collected and used for further molecular analyses (e.g. qRT-PCR, IHC, or immunoblot) as well as for investigations by confocal microscopy. This method can be applied to monitor the events within a living brain tissue for days without deleterious effects to the brain slices. The model also allows selective suppression and replacement of resident cells by cells from a donor tissue to determine the distinct impact of a given genotype. Finally, the coculture model is a practicable alternative to in vivo approaches when testing targeted pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ning Chuang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Göttingen
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22
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König S, Regen T, Dittmann K, Engelke M, Wienands J, Schwendener R, Hanisch UK, Pukrop T, Hahn H. Empty liposomes induce antitumoral effects associated with macrophage responses distinct from those of the TLR1/2 agonist Pam3CSK 4 (BLP). Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1587-97. [PMID: 23917775 PMCID: PMC11028801 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are frequently used in cancer therapy to encapsulate and apply anticancer drugs. Here, we show that a systemic treatment of mice bearing skin tumors with empty phosphatidylcholine liposomes (PCL) resulted in inhibition of tumor growth, which was similar to that observed with the synthetic bacterial lipoprotein and TLR1/2 agonist Pam(3)CSK(4) (BLP). Both compounds led to a substantial decrease of macrophages in spleen and in the tumor-bearing skin. Furthermore, both treatments induced the expression of typical macrophage markers in the tumor-bearing tissue. As expected, BLP induced the expression of the M1 marker genes Cxcl10 and iNOS, whereas PCL, besides inducing iNOS, also increased the M2 marker genes Arg1 and Trem2. In vitro experiments demonstrated that neither PCL nor BLP influenced proliferation or survival of tumor cells, whereas both compounds inhibited proliferation and survival and increased the migratory capacity of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). However, in contrast to BLP, PCL did not activate cytokine secretion and induced a different BMDM phenotype. Together, the data suggest that similar to BLP, PCL induce an antitumor response by influencing the tumor microenvironment, in particular by functional alterations of macrophages, however, in a distinct manner from those induced by BLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone König
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tommy Regen
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Present Address: Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Dittmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Engelke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reto Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Hanisch UK. Proteins in microglial activation--inputs and outputs by subsets. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2013; 14:3-15. [PMID: 23441901 DOI: 10.2174/1389203711314010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia serve in the surveillance, maintenance and protection of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and functionality. The process of transformation from their house-keeping status to reactive phenotypes upon CNS challenges is known as microglial activation. It comes also with dramatic changes in protein expression and release. Activated microglia may thereby mount a rather homogenous response, with all cells of an affected local population simultaneously upregulating the same cell surface receptors or synthesizing an identical set of soluble messengers. Yet there is increasing evidence for a constitutive heterogeneity of microglia by and within CNS regions--largely being based on protein expression as well as activities and pointing to distinct functional capacities as to microglial subtypes. Inductions of proteins with key functions in antigen presentation and inflammation, like major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecules and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, reveal that among a pool of activated microglia individual cells can differ by actual contributions. While MHC I induction can be appropriately triggered as a panpopulational response, only a subset would organize for TNFα production. Similarly, MHC II expression seems to be confined to a microglial subpopulation, and disposal of myelin either under normal conditions or its removal upon CNS damage appear to be duties of specialized cells, partially with complementary distribution. Discrete synthesis of immunoregulatory proteins would thus assign a master control to certain microglia, while tasks in the clearance of endogenous material and in professional antigen presentation could be sequestered to avoid collision of incompatible functions.
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Vinnakota K, Hu F, Ku MC, Georgieva PB, Szulzewsky F, Pohlmann A, Waiczies S, Waiczies H, Niendorf T, Lehnardt S, Hanisch UK, Synowitz M, Markovic D, Wolf SA, Glass R, Kettenmann H. Toll-like receptor 2 mediates microglia/brain macrophage MT1-MMP expression and glioma expansion. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1457-68. [PMID: 24014382 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas are the most aggressive primary brain tumors in humans. Microglia/brain macrophage accumulation in and around the tumor correlates with malignancy and poor clinical prognosis of these tumors. We have previously shown that microglia promote glioma expansion through upregulation of membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP). This upregulation depends on signaling via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). METHODS Using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo techniques, we identified TLR2 as the main TLR controlling microglial MT1-MMP expression and promoting microglia-assisted glioma expansion. RESULTS The implantation of mouse GL261 glioma cells into TLR2 knockout mice resulted in significantly smaller tumors, reduced MT1-MMP expression, and enhanced survival rates compared with wild-type control mice. Tumor expansion studied in organotypic brain slices depended on both parenchymal TLR2 expression and the presence of microglia. Glioma-derived soluble factors and synthetic TLR2 specific ligands induced MT1-MMP expression in microglia from wild-type mice, but no such change in MT1-MMP gene expression was observed in microglia from TLR2 knockout mice. We also found evidence that TLR1 and TLR6 cofunction with TLR2 as heterodimers in regulating MT1-MMP expression in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results thus show that activation of TLR2 along with TLRs 1 and/or 6 converts microglia into a glioma supportive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayni Vinnakota
- Corresponding Author: Prof Dr Helmut Kettenmann, PhD, Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Chuang HN, van Rossum D, Sieger D, Siam L, Klemm F, Bleckmann A, Bayerlová M, Farhat K, Scheffel J, Schulz M, Dehghani F, Stadelmann C, Hanisch UK, Binder C, Pukrop T. Carcinoma cells misuse the host tissue damage response to invade the brain. Glia 2013; 61:1331-46. [PMID: 23832647 PMCID: PMC3842117 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic colonization of the brain by carcinoma cells is still barely understood, in particular when considering interactions with the host tissue. The colonization comes with a substantial destruction of the surrounding host tissue. This leads to activation of damage responses by resident innate immune cells to protect, repair, and organize the wound healing, but may distract from tumoricidal actions. We recently demonstrated that microglia, innate immune cells of the CNS, assist carcinoma cell invasion. Here we report that this is a fatal side effect of a physiological damage response of the brain tissue. In a brain slice coculture model, contact with both benign and malignant epithelial cells induced a response by microglia and astrocytes comparable to that seen at the interface of human cerebral metastases. While the glial damage response intended to protect the brain from intrusion of benign epithelial cells by inducing apoptosis, it proved ineffective against various malignant cell types. They did not undergo apoptosis and actually exploited the local tissue reaction to invade instead. Gene expression and functional analyses revealed that the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and WNT signaling were involved in this process. Furthermore, CXCR4-regulated microglia were recruited to sites of brain injury in a zebrafish model and CXCR4 was expressed in human stroke patients, suggesting a conserved role in damage responses to various types of brain injuries. Together, our findings point to a detrimental misuse of the glial damage response program by carcinoma cells resistant to glia-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ning Chuang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Kannan V, Brouwer N, Hanisch UK, Regen T, Eggen BJL, Boddeke HWGM. Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress immune activation in primary mouse microglia. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1133-42. [PMID: 23686642 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is required for tissue clearance and repair after infections or insults. To prevent excessive damage, it is crucial to limit the extent of neuroinflammation and thereby the activation of its principal effector cell, microglia. The two main major innate immune cell types in the CNS are astrocytes and microglia. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in regulating the innate inflammatory response, and here we addressed their role in pure astrocyte and microglia cultures. Endogenous HDAC expression levels were determined in microglia and astrocytes and after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS and interferon γ (IFNγ). The relative expression level of HDACs was reduced in LPS- or LPS/IFNγ (with the exception of HDAC1 and -7)-stimulated astrocytes and increased in microglia after LPS treatment both in primary cultures and in microglia acutely isolated from LPS-treated mice, so we focused on the inflammatory response in microglia. Primary microglia cultures were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). Expression and release of inflammatory cytokines was determined by quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA. HDACi strongly suppressed LPS-induced cytokine expression and release by microglia. Furthermore, expression of M1- and M2-associated activation markers was suppressed, and the migratory behavior of microglia was attenuated. Our findings strongly suggest that HDACi suppress innate immune activation in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Kannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Microglia serve in the surveillance and maintenance, protection and restoration of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. By their parenchymal location they differ from other CNS-associated myeloid cells, and by origin as well as functional characteristics they are also–at least in part–distinct from extraneural tissue macrophages. Nevertheless, microglia themselves may not comprise a uniform cell type. CNS regions vary by cellular and chemical composition, including white matter (myelin) content, blood–brain barrier properties or prevailing neurotransmitters. Such a micromilieu could instruct as well as require local adaptions of microglial features. Yet even cells within circumscribed populations may reveal some specialization by subtypes, regarding house-keeping duties and functional capacities upon challenges. While diversity of reactive phenotypes has been established still little is known as to whether all activated cells would respond with the same program of induced genes and functions or whether responder subsets have individual contributions. Preferential synthesis of a key cytokine could asign a master control to certain cells among a pool of activated microglia. Critical functions could be sequestered to discrete microglial subtypes in order to avoid interference, such as clearance of endogenous material and presentation of antigens. Indeed, several and especially a number of recent studies provide evidence for the constitutive and reactive heterogeneity of microglia by and within CNS regions. While such a principle of “division of labor” would influence the basic notion of “the” microglia, it could come with the practival value of addressing separate microglia types in experimental and therapeutic manipulations.
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28
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Ribes S, Adam N, Schütze S, Regen T, Redlich S, Janova H, Borisch A, Hanisch UK, Nau R. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing-2 ligand muramyl dipeptide enhances phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli K1 by Toll-like receptor agonists in microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 252:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Dibaj P, Zschüntzsch J, Steffens H, Scheffel J, Göricke B, Weishaupt JH, Le Meur K, Kirchhoff F, Hanisch UK, Schomburg ED, Neusch C. Influence of methylene blue on microglia-induced inflammation and motor neuron degeneration in the SOD1(G93A) model for ALS. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43963. [PMID: 22952827 PMCID: PMC3428282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SOD1 cause hereditary variants of the fatal motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Pathophysiology of the disease is non-cell-autonomous, with toxicity deriving also from glia. In particular, microglia contribute to disease progression. Methylene blue (MB) inhibits the effect of nitric oxide, which mediates microglial responses to injury. In vivo 2P-LSM imaging was performed in ALS-linked transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice to investigate the effect of MB on microglia-mediated inflammation in the spinal cord. Local superfusion of the lateral spinal cord with MB inhibited the microglial reaction directed at a laser-induced axon transection in control and SOD1(G93A) mice. In vitro, MB at high concentrations inhibited cytokine and chemokine release from microglia of control and advanced clinical SOD1(G93A) mice. Systemic MB-treatment of SOD1(G93A) mice at early preclinical stages significantly delayed disease onset and motor dysfunction. However, an increase of MB dose had no additional effect on disease progression; this was unexpected in view of the local anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, in vivo imaging of systemically MB-treated mice also showed no alterations of microglia activity in response to local lesions. Thus although systemic MB treatment had no effect on microgliosis, instead, its use revealed an important influence on motor neuron survival as indicated by an increased number of lumbar anterior horn neurons present at the time of disease onset. Thus, potentially beneficial effects of locally applied MB on inflammatory events contributing to disease progression could not be reproduced in SOD1(G93A) mice via systemic administration, whereas systemic MB application delayed disease onset via neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Dibaj
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Scheffel J, Regen T, Van Rossum D, Seifert S, Ribes S, Nau R, Parsa R, Harris RA, Boddeke HWGM, Chuang HN, Pukrop T, Wessels JT, Jürgens T, Merkler D, Brück W, Schnaars M, Simons M, Kettenmann H, Hanisch UK. Toll-like receptor activation reveals developmental reorganization and unmasks responder subsets of microglia. Glia 2012; 60:1930-43. [PMID: 22911652 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The sentinel and immune functions of microglia require rapid and appropriate reactions to infection and damage. Their Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense both as threats. However, whether activated microglia mount uniform responses or whether subsets conduct selective tasks is unknown. We demonstrate that murine microglia reorganize their responses to TLR activations postnatally and that this process comes with a maturation of TLR4-organized functions. Although induction of MHCI for antigen presentation remains as a pan-populational feature, synthesis of TNFα becomes restricted to a subset, even within adult central nervous system regions. Response heterogeneity is evident ex vivo, in situ, and in vivo, but is not limited to TNFα production or to TLR-triggered functions. Also, clearance activities for myelin under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, IFNγ-enforced upregulation of MHCII, or challenged inductions of other proinflammatory factors reveal dissimilar microglial contributions. Notably, response heterogeneity is also confirmed in human brain tissue. Our findings suggest that microglia divide by constitutive and inducible capacities. Privileged production of inflammatory mediators assigns a master control to subsets. Sequestration of clearance of endogenous material versus antigen presentation in exclusive compartments can separate potentially interfering functions. Finally, subsets rather than a uniform population of microglia may assemble the reactive phenotypes in responses during infection, injury, and rebuilding, warranting consideration in experimental manipulation and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Hadas S, Spira M, Hanisch UK, Reichert F, Rotshenker S. Complement receptor-3 negatively regulates the phagocytosis of degenerated myelin through tyrosine kinase Syk and cofilin. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:166. [PMID: 22776089 PMCID: PMC3418574 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intact myelin, which normally surrounds axons, breaks down in Wallerian degeneration following axonal injury and during neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Clearance of degenerated myelin by phagocytosis is essential since myelin impedes repair and exacerbates damage. CR3 (complement receptor-3) is a principal phagocytic receptor in myelin phagocytosis. We studied how tyrosine kinase Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) and cofilin control phagocytosis of degenerated myelin by CR3 in microglia and macrophages. Syk is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that CR3 recruits to convey cellular functions. Cofilin is an actin-depolymerizing protein that controls F-actin (filamentous actin) remodeling (i.e., disassembly and reassembly) by shifting between active unphosphorylated and inactive phosphorylated states. RESULTS Syk was continuously activated during prolonged phagocytosis. Phagocytosis increased when Syk activity and expression were reduced, suggesting that normally Syk down regulates CR3-mediated myelin phagocytosis. Levels of inactive p-cofilin (phosphorylated cofilin) decreased transiently during prolonged phagocytosis. In contrast, p-cofilin levels decreased continuously when Syk activity and expression were continuously reduced, suggesting that normally Syk advances the inactive state of cofilin. Observations also revealed inverse relationships between levels of phagocytosis and levels of inactive p-cofilin, suggesting that active unphosphorylated cofilin advances phagocytosis. Active cofilin could advance phagocytosis by promoting F-actin remodeling, which supports the production of membrane protrusions (e.g., filopodia), which, as we also revealed, are instrumental in myelin phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS CR3 both activates and downregulates myelin phagocytosis at the same time. Activation was previously documented. We presently demonstrate that downregulation is mediated through Syk, which advances the inactive phosphorylated state of cofilin. Self-negative control of phagocytosis by the phagocytic receptor can be useful in protecting phagocytes from excessive phagocytosis (i.e., "overeating") during extended exposure to particles that are destined for ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Hadas
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem, 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Maya Spira
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem, 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Fanny Reichert
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem, 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem, 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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32
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Walter J, Handel LL, Brodhun M, van Rossum D, Hanisch UK, Liebmann L, Heppner F, Goldbrunner R, Koch A, Kuhn SA. Expression of coagulation factors and their receptors in tumor tissue and coagulation factor upregulation in peripheral blood of patients with cerebral carcinoma metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 138:141-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Fitzner D, Schnaars M, van Rossum D, Krishnamoorthy G, Dibaj P, Bakhti M, Regen T, Hanisch UK, Simons M. Selective transfer of exosomes from oligodendrocytes to microglia by macropinocytosis. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:447-58. [PMID: 21242314 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.074088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of antigens from oligodendrocytes to immune cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that oligodendrocytes secrete small membrane vesicles called exosomes, which are specifically and efficiently taken up by microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Internalisation of exosomes occurs by a macropinocytotic mechanism without inducing a concomitant inflammatory response. After stimulation of microglia with interferon-γ, we observe an upregulation of MHC class II in a subpopulation of microglia. However, exosomes are preferentially internalised in microglia that do not seem to have antigen-presenting capacity. We propose that the constitutive macropinocytotic clearance of exosomes by a subset of microglia represents an important mechanism through which microglia participate in the degradation of oligodendroglial membrane in an immunologically 'silent' manner. By designating the capacity for macropinocytosis and antigen presentation to distinct cells, degradation and immune function might be assigned to different subtypes of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Fitzner
- Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str., D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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34
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Regen T, van Rossum D, Scheffel J, Kastriti ME, Revelo NH, Prinz M, Brück W, Hanisch UK. CD14 and TRIF govern distinct responsiveness and responses in mouse microglial TLR4 challenges by structural variants of LPS. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:957-70. [PMID: 20951794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 responds to a range of agonists in infection and injury, but is best known for the recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Assembly in heterologous receptor complexes as well as signaling through both MyD88 and TRIF adaptor proteins, as unmatched by other TLRs, could underlie its versatile response options, probably also in a cell type-dependent manner. We show that microglia, the CNS macrophages, react to diverse LPS variants, including smooth (S) and rough (R) LPS chemotypes, with cytokine/chemokine induction, MHC I expression and suppression of myelin phagocytosis. The TLR4 co-receptor CD14 was shown in peritoneal macrophages to be essential for S-LPS effects and the link of both S- and R-LPS to TRIF signaling. In contrast, cd14(-/-) microglia readily respond to S- and R-LPS, suggesting an a priori high(er) sensitivity to both chemotypes, while CD14 confers increased S- and R-LPS potencies and compensates for their differences. Importantly, CD14 controls the magnitude and shapes the profile of cyto/chemokine production, this influence being itself regulated by critical LPS concentrations. Comparing reactive phenotypes of microglia with deficiencies in CD14, MyD88 and TRIF (cd14(-/-), myd88(-/-), and trif(lps2)), we found that distinct signaling routes organize for individual functions in either concerted or non-redundant fashion and that CD14 has contributions beyond the link to TRIF. Modulation of response profiles by key cytokines finally reveals that the microglial TLR4 can differentiate between the class of LPS structures and a self-derived agonist, fibronectin. It thus proves as a sophisticated decision maker in infectious and non-infectious CNS challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Regen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system, disseminate through the brain parenchyma, and acquire a specific ramified morphological phenotype termed "resting microglia." Recent studies indicate that even in the normal brain, microglia have highly motile processes by which they scan their territorial domains. By a large number of signaling pathways they can communicate with macroglial cells and neurons and with cells of the immune system. Likewise, microglial cells express receptors classically described for brain-specific communication such as neurotransmitter receptors and those first discovered as immune cell-specific such as for cytokines. Microglial cells are considered the most susceptible sensors of brain pathology. Upon any detection of signs for brain lesions or nervous system dysfunction, microglial cells undergo a complex, multistage activation process that converts them into the "activated microglial cell." This cell form has the capacity to release a large number of substances that can act detrimental or beneficial for the surrounding cells. Activated microglial cells can migrate to the site of injury, proliferate, and phagocytose cells and cellular compartments.
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van Neerven S, Nemes A, Imholz P, Regen T, Denecke B, Johann S, Beyer C, Hanisch UK, Mey J. Inflammatory cytokine release of astrocytes in vitro is reduced by all-trans retinoic acid. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 229:169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pukrop T, Dehghani F, Chuang HN, Lohaus R, Bayanga K, Heermann S, Regen T, Van Rossum D, Klemm F, Schulz M, Siam L, Hoffmann A, Trümper L, Stadelmann C, Bechmann I, Hanisch UK, Binder C. Microglia promote colonization of brain tissue by breast cancer cells in a Wnt-dependent way. Glia 2010; 58:1477-89. [PMID: 20549749 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that blood-derived macrophages support tumor progression, it is still unclear whether specialized resident macrophages, such as brain microglia, also play a prominent role in metastasis formation. Here, we show that microglia enhance invasion and colonization of brain tissue by breast cancer cells, serving both as active transporters and guiding rails. This is antagonized by inactivation of microglia as well as by the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-2. Proinvasive microglia demonstrate altered morphology, but neither upregulation of M2-like cytokines nor differential gene expression. Bacterial lipopolysacharide shifts tumor-educated microglia into a classical M1 phenotype, reduces their proinvasive function, and unmasks inflammatory and Wnt signaling as the most strongly regulated pathways. Histological findings in human brain metastases underline the significance of these results. In conclusion, microglia are critical for the successful colonization of the brain by epithelial cancer cells, suggesting inhibition of proinvasive microglia as a promising antimetastatic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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van Neerven S, Regen T, Wolf D, Nemes A, Johann S, Beyer C, Hanisch UK, Mey J. Inflammatory chemokine release of astrocytes in vitro is reduced by all-trans retinoic acid. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1511-26. [PMID: 20557428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The production of chemokines by astrocytes constitutes an important component of neuroinflammatory processes in the brain. As the transcriptional activator retinoic acid (RA), used for chemotherapy and dermatological applications, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on monocytes and lymphocytes, we have tested whether the physiologically occurring isomer, all-trans RA, affects chemokine expression by astrocytes. Under control conditions, primary cultures of murine cortical astrocytes expressed no or very low levels of CCL and CXCL chemokines. After treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharides to simulate inflammation in vitro, we detected a strong increase in the release of CCL2 (to > 4 ng/mL in cell culture supernatant), CCL3 (> 20 ng/mL), CCL5 (> 25 ng/mL), CXCL1 (> 30 ng/mL) and CXCL2 (> 20 ng/mL). Although simultaneous exposure to RA did not significantly affect this response, 12 h pre-treatment with 0.1 microM all-trans RA strongly suppressed mRNA expression and protein release of all chemokines. The anti-inflammatory activity of RA engaged RA and retinoid X receptors and correlated with a decreased expression of the lipopolysaccharides co-receptor CD14. A minor reduction of nuclear NF-kappaB was observed but not significant, activation of Jun amino-terminal kinase, p38 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were not altered by RA. The results suggest that retinoids should be further investigated as candidates for the treatment of neuroinflammation.
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Flatz L, Rieger T, Merkler D, Bergthaler A, Regen T, Schedensack M, Bestmann L, Verschoor A, Kreutzfeldt M, Brück W, Hanisch UK, Günther S, Pinschewer DD. T cell-dependence of Lassa fever pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000836. [PMID: 20360949 PMCID: PMC2847900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), is endemic in West Africa, accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality. In spite of ongoing research efforts, LF pathogenesis and mechanisms of LASV immune control remain poorly understood. While normal laboratory mice are resistant to LASV, we report that mice expressing humanized instead of murine MHC class I (MHC-I) failed to control LASV infection and develop severe LF. Infection of MHC-I knockout mice confirmed a key role for MHC-I-restricted T cell responses in controlling LASV. Intriguingly we found that T cell depletion in LASV-infected HHD mice prevented disease, irrespective of high-level viremia. Widespread activation of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, manifest through inducible NO synthase expression, and elevated IL-12p40 serum levels indicated a systemic inflammatory condition. The absence of extensive monocyte/macrophage activation in T cell-depleted mice suggested that T cell responses contribute to deleterious innate inflammatory reactions and LF pathogenesis. Our observations in mice indicate a dual role for T cells, not only protecting from LASV, but also enhancing LF pathogenesis. The possibility of T cell-driven enhancement and immunopathogenesis should be given consideration in future LF vaccine development. Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality in West Africa. Yet the mechanisms leading to disease remain poorly understood. Here we propose a concept whereby the body's immune defense either defeats LASV rapidly or, if unsuccessful, becomes an essential facilitator of disease. This latter paradoxical postulate stems from observations in genetically engineered (HHD) mice, which we found to be susceptible to LF. HHD mice differ from resistant wild type mice in that they have a humanized repertoire of T cells, a main component of the mammalian immune system. Counterintuitively, we could protect HHD mice against LF by experimentally removing their T cells. We further found that LF correlated with widespread activation of macrophages, which again depended on T cells. Similar to T cells, macrophages are important players in our body's defense system, but their inflammatory products are also candidate mediators of LF. Taken together, these findings suggest that LF may represent an inappropriate host response to infection. Specifically, our study demonstrates a two-faced role of T cell responses against LASV. Such detrimental aspects of immune defense need to be given consideration in future LF vaccine development, to avoid enhancement of disease in vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Flatz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toni Rieger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommy Regen
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Bestmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Unilabs Dr. Weber, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- W.H.O. Collaborating Center for Neonatal Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Ribes S, Ebert S, Regen T, Czesnik D, Scheffel J, Zeug A, Bunkowski S, Eiffert H, Hanisch UK, Hammerschmidt S, Nau R. Fibronectin stimulates Escherichia coli phagocytosis by microglial cells. Glia 2010; 58:367-76. [PMID: 19780198 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microglia express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize invading pathogens as well as endogenous proteins such as fibronectin under nonphysiological conditions. Here, we demonstrated that fibronectin stimulates murine microglia in culture in a dose-dependent manner: microglial cells secreted proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and increased phagocytosis of Escherichia coli DH5alpha and E. coli K1 strains. Low levels of fibronectin exerted a synergistic effect on the release of proinflammatory compounds by microglia co-stimulated with agonists for TLR1/2 (Pam(3)CSK(4)) or TLR9 (CpG DNA), but not in combination with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Phagocytosis of bacterial strains was moderately enhanced when microglia was co-stimulated with high concentrations of fibronectin and one pathogen-derived TLR agonist. In conclusion, fibronectin increased proinflammatory and phagocytotic functions in microglia and partially synergized with microbial TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ribes
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, Göttingen, Germany.
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Hoffmann A, Grimm C, Kraft R, Goldbaum O, Wrede A, Nolte C, Hanisch UK, Richter-Landsberg C, Brück W, Kettenmann H, Harteneck C. TRPM3 is expressed in sphingosine-responsive myelinating oligodendrocytes. J Neurochem 2010; 114:654-65. [PMID: 20163522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells of the CNS and guarantee proper nerve conduction. Sphingosine, one major component of myelin, has recently been identified to activate TRPM3, a member of the melastatin-related subfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRPM3 has been demonstrated to be expressed in brain with unknown cellular distribution. Here, we show for the first time that TRPM3 is expressed in oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. TRPM3 is present during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Immunohistochemistry of adult rat brain slices revealed staining of white matter areas, which co-localized with oligodendrocyte markers. Analysis of the developmental distribution revealed that, prior to myelination, TRPM3 channels are localized on neurons. On oligodendrocytes they are found after the onset of myelination. RT-PCR studies showed that the transcription of TRPM3 splice variants is also developmentally regulated in vitro. Ca(2+) imaging approaches revealed the presence of a sphingosine-induced Ca(2+) entry mechanism in oligodendrocytes - with a pharmacological profile similar to the profile published for heterologously expressed TRPM3. These findings indicate that TRPM3 participates as a Ca(2+)-permeable and sphingosine-activated channel in oligodendrocyte differentiation and CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hoffmann
- Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Max-Delbrück-Centrum, Berlin, Germany
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Wüst S, Tischner D, John M, Tuckermann JP, Menzfeld C, Hanisch UK, van den Brandt J, Lühder F, Reichardt HM. Therapeutic and adverse effects of a non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor ligand in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8202. [PMID: 19997594 PMCID: PMC2781169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dissociating glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands hold great promise for treating inflammatory disorders since it is assumed that they exert beneficial activities mediated by transrepression but avoid adverse effects of GR action requiring transactivation. Here we challenged this paradigm by investigating 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methyl-ethylammonium chloride (CpdA), a dissociating non-steroidal GR ligand, in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methodology/Principal Findings CpdA inhibited pro-inflammatory mediators in myelin-specific T cells and fibroblasts in a GR-dependent manner while gene activation was abolished. However, it also induced massive apoptosis in various cell types even in the absence of the GR by engaging a Bcl-2- and caspase-dependent pathway. 1H NMR spectroscopy corroborated these findings by revealing that CpdA dissolved in buffered solutions rapidly decomposes into aziridine intermediates known to act as alkylating pro-apoptotic agents. Importantly, the dichotomy of CpdA action also became evident in vivo. Administration of high-dose CpdA to mice was lethal while treatment of EAE with low to intermediate amounts of CpdA dissolved in water significantly ameliorated the disease. The beneficial effect of CpdA required expression of the GR in T cells and was achieved by down regulating LFA-1 and CD44 on peripheral Th cells and by repressing IL-17 production. Conclusions/Significance CpdA has significant therapeutic potential although adverse effects severely compromise its application in vivo. Hence, non-steroidal GR ligands require careful analysis prior to their translation into new therapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wüst
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Göttingen and Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Denise Tischner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael John
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan P. Tuckermann
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Menzfeld
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Göttingen and Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (HMR); (FL)
| | - Holger M. Reichardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (HMR); (FL)
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Brecht S, Waetzig V, Hidding U, Hanisch UK, Walther M, Herdegen T, Neiss WF. FK506 Protects Against Various Immune Responses and Secondary Degeneration Following Cerebral Ischemia. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1993-2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hoffmann A, Hofmann F, Just I, Lehnardt S, Hanisch UK, Brück W, Kettenmann H, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. Inhibition of Rho-dependent pathways by Clostridium botulinum C3 protein induces a proinflammatory profile in microglia. Glia 2008; 56:1162-75. [PMID: 18442097 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Successful regeneration in the central nervous system crucially depends on the adequate environment. Microglia as brain immune-competent cells importantly contribute to this task by producing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Any environmental change transforms these cells towards an activated phenotype, leading to major morphological, transcriptional and functional alterations. Rho GTPases affect multiple cellular properties, including the cytoskeleton, and C3 proteins are widely used to study their involvement. Especially C3bot from Clostridium botulinum has been considered to promote neuronal regeneration by changing Rho activity. Yet C3bot may exert cellular influences through alternative mechanisms. To determine the role of Rho-dependent pathways in microglia we investigated the influence of C3bot on functional properties of cultivated primary mouse microglial cells. Nanomolar concentrations of C3bot transformed microglia towards an activated phenotype and triggered the release of nitric oxide and several proinflammatory cyto- and chemokines. These inductions were not mediated by the ROCK-kinase pathway, since its selective inhibitors Y27632 and H1152 had no effect. C3-induced and Rho-mediated NO release was instead found to be under the control of NFkappaB, as revealed by treatment with the NFkappaB inhibitor PDTC. Thus, C3bot induces a proinflammatory response in microglia resembling the classical proinflammatory phenotype elicited by bacterial LPS. The findings are relevant for the use of C3bot in regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hoffmann
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universität Göttingen, Germany
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Prinz M, Schmidt H, Mildner A, Knobeloch KP, Hanisch UK, Raasch J, Merkler D, Detje C, Gutcher I, Mages J, Lang R, Martin R, Gold R, Becher B, Brück W, Kalinke U. Distinct and nonredundant in vivo functions of IFNAR on myeloid cells limit autoimmunity in the central nervous system. Immunity 2008; 28:675-86. [PMID: 18424188 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The action of type I interferons in the central nervous system (CNS) during autoimmunity is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate elevated interferon beta concentrations in the CNS, but not blood, of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for CNS autoimmunity. Furthermore, mice devoid of the broadly expressed type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) developed exacerbated clinical disease accompanied by a markedly higher inflammation, demyelination, and lethality without shifting the T helper 17 (Th17) or Th1 cell immune response. Whereas adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic T cells led to enhanced disease in Ifnar1(-/-) mice, newly created conditional mice with B or T lymphocyte-specific IFNAR ablation showed normal EAE. The engagement of IFNAR on neuroectodermal CNS cells had no protective effect. In contrast, absence of IFNAR on myeloid cells led to severe disease with an enhanced effector phase and increased lethality, indicating a distinct protective function of type I IFNs during autoimmune inflammation of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prinz
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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van Rossum D, Hilbert S, Strassenburg S, Hanisch UK, Brück W. Myelin-phagocytosing macrophages in isolated sciatic and optic nerves reveal a unique reactive phenotype. Glia 2008; 56:271-83. [PMID: 18069669 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key effectors in demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system by phagocytosing myelin and releasing immunoregulatory mediators. Here, we report on a distinct, a priori anti-inflammatory reaction of macrophages phagocytosing myelin upon contact with damaged nerve tissue. Macrophages rapidly invaded peripheral (sciatic) and central (optic) nerve tissues in vitro, readily incorporated myelin and expressed high levels of phagocytosis-associated molecules (e.g., Fc and scavenger receptors). In contrast, factors involved in antigen presentation (MHC class-II, CD80, CD86) revealed only a restricted expression. In parallel, a highly ordered appearance of cytokines and chemokines was detected. IL-10, IL-6, CCL22, and CXCL1 were immediately but transiently induced, whereas CCL2, CCL11, and TGFbeta revealed more persisting levels. Such a profile would attract neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and Th2 cells as well as bias for a Th2-supporting environment. Importantly, proinflammatory/Th1-supporting factors, such as TNFalpha, IL-12p70, CCL3, and CCL5, were not induced. Still the simultaneous presence of TGFbeta and IL-6 could assist Th17 development, further depending on yet not present IL-23. The release pattern was clearly distinct from reactive phenotypes induced in isolated macrophages and microglia upon treatment with IL-4, IL-13, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, IFNgamma, or purified myelin. Nerve-exposed macrophages thus commit to a unique functional orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise van Rossum
- Institute for Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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Hanisch UK, Johnson TV, Kipnis J. Toll-like receptors: roles in neuroprotection? Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS/endotoxin) is a potent immunologic stimulant. Many commercial-grade reagents used in research are not screened for LPS contamination. LPS induces a wide spectrum of proinflammatory responses in microglia, the immune cells of the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated that a broad range of endogenous factors including plasma-derived proteins and bioactive phospholipids can also activate microglia. However, few of these studies have reported either the LPS levels found in the preparations used or the effect of LPS inhibitors such as polymyxin B (PMX) on factor-induced responses. Here, we used the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay to screen a broad range of commercial- and pharmaceutical-grade proteins, peptides, lipids, and inhibitors commonly used in microglia research for contamination with LPS. We then characterized the ability of PMX to alter a representative set of factor-induced microglial activation parameters including surface antigen expression, metabolic activity/proliferation, and NO/cytokine/chemokine release in both the N9 microglial cell line and primary microglia. Significant levels of LPS contamination were detected in a number of commercial-grade plasma/serum- and nonplasma/serum-derived proteins, phospholipids, and synthetic peptide preparations, but not in pharmaceutical-grade recombinant proteins or pharmacological inhibitors. PMX had a significant inhibitory effect on the microglia-activating potential of a number of commercial-, but not pharmaceutical-grade, protein preparations. Novel PMX-resistant responses to alpha(2)-macroglobulin and albumin were incidentally observed. Our results indicate that LPS is a frequent and significant contaminant in commercial-grade preparations of previously reported microglia-activating factors. Careful attention to LPS levels and appropriate controls are necessary for future studies in the neuroinflammation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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50
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Goos M, Lange P, Hanisch UK, Prinz M, Scheffel J, Bergmann R, Ebert S, Nau R. Fibronectin is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from bacterial meningitis and enhances inflammation caused by bacterial products in primary mouse microglial cell cultures. J Neurochem 2007; 102:2049-2060. [PMID: 17561936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in the recognition of pathogenic organisms. Fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein, is considered a potent stimulator of the innate immune system through TLR4. In bacterial meningitis, several extracellular matrix proteins and bacterial compounds are elevated in the CSF. For this reason, we hypothesized that these molecules may jointly stimulate the innate immune system and increase neuronal damage in bacterial meningitis. Concentrations of fibronectin were elevated in the CSF of patients suffering from bacterial meningitis, but not in patients with multiple sclerosis, when compared with control patients without CSF abnormalities. In primary cultures of mouse microglial cells, co-administration of fibronectin at concentrations occurring in the CSF in bacterial meningitis (10 microg/mL) with defined TLR agonists [lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), the synthetic lipopeptide tripalmytoyl-cysteinyl-seryl-(lysyl)3-lysine (TLR2) and single-stranded unmethylated cytosine-guanosine oligodesoxynucleotide (TLR9)] led to an additive release of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha when compared with the release elicited by either compound alone. In conclusion, the inflammatory reaction to bacterial compounds can be aggravated by endogenous fibronectin at elevated levels during bacterial CNS infections. This additive or synergistic effect may contribute to neuronal damage during bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Goos
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Peter Lange
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Reiner Bergmann
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Sandra Ebert
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDade Behring, Eschborn, Germany
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