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Blazquez R, Rietkötter E, Wenske B, Wlochowitz D, Sparrer D, Vollmer E, Müller G, Seegerer J, Sun X, Dettmer K, Barrantes-Freer A, Stange L, Utpatel K, Bleckmann A, Treiber H, Bohnenberger H, Lenz C, Schulz M, Reimelt C, Hackl C, Grade M, Büyüktas D, Siam L, Balkenhol M, Stadelmann C, Kube D, Krahn MP, Proescholdt MA, Riemenschneider MJ, Evert M, Oefner PJ, Klein CA, Hanisch UK, Binder C, Pukrop T. LEF1 supports metastatic brain colonization by regulating glutathione metabolism and increasing ROS resistance in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:3170-3183. [PMID: 31626715 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than half of all brain metastases show infiltrating rather than displacing growth at the macro-metastasis/organ parenchyma interface (MMPI), a finding associated with shorter survival. The lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF1) is an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor that is commonly overexpressed in brain-colonizing cancer cells. Here, we overexpressed LEF1 in an in vivo breast cancer brain colonization model. It shortened survival, albeit without engaging EMT at the MMPI. By differential proteome analysis, we identified a novel function of LEF1 as a regulator of the glutathione (GSH) system, the principal cellular redox buffer. LEF1 overexpression also conferred resistance against therapeutic GSH depletion during brain colonization and improved management of intracellular ROS. We conclude that besides EMT, LEF1 facilitates metastasis by improving the antioxidative capacity of epithelial breast cancer cells, in particular during colonization of the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Blazquez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Rietkötter
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Wenske
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Darius Wlochowitz
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Sparrer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elena Vollmer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Seegerer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xueni Sun
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lena Stange
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Treiber
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christof Lenz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulz
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Reimelt
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Hackl
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marian Grade
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deram Büyüktas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laila Siam
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marko Balkenhol
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Kube
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Chistoph A Klein
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Project Group "Personalized Tumour Therapy", Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe K Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Rietkötter E, Bleckmann A, Bayerlová M, Menck K, Chuang HN, Wenske B, Schwartz H, Erez N, Binder C, Hanisch UK, Pukrop T. Anti-CSF-1 treatment is effective to prevent carcinoma invasion induced by monocyte-derived cells but scarcely by microglia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15482-93. [PMID: 26098772 PMCID: PMC4558165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytic system is categorized in three major groups: monocyte-derived cells (MCs), dendritic cells and resident macrophages. During breast cancer progression the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) can reprogram MCs into tumor-promoting macrophages in the primary tumor. However, the effect of CSF-1 during colonization of the brain parenchyma is largely unknown. Thus, we analyzed the outcome of anti-CSF-1 treatment on the resident macrophage population of the brain, the microglia, in comparison to MCs, alone and in different in vitro co-culture models. Our results underline the addiction of MCs to CSF-1 while surprisingly, microglia were not affected. Furthermore, in contrast to the brain, the bone marrow did not express the alternative ligand, IL-34. Yet treatment with IL-34 and co-culture with carcinoma cells partially rescued the anti-CSF-1 effects on MCs. Further, MC-induced invasion was significantly reduced by anti-CSF-1 treatment while microglia-induced invasion was reduced to a lower extend. Moreover, analysis of lung and breast cancer brain metastasis revealed significant differences of CSF-1 and CSF-1R expression. Taken together, our findings demonstrate not only differences of anti-CSF-1 treatment on MCs and microglia but also in the CSF-1 receptor and ligand expression in brain and bone marrow as well as in brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rietkötter
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Bayerlová
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Menck
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Han-Ning Chuang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Wenske
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hila Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, 69978 Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, 69978 Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Clinic Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Bleckmann A, Conradi LC, Menck K, Schmick NA, Schubert A, Rietkötter E, Arackal J, Middel P, Schambony A, Liersch T, Homayounfar K, Beißbarth T, Klemm F, Binder C, Pukrop T. β-catenin-independent WNT signaling and Ki67 in contrast to the estrogen receptor status are prognostic and associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer liver metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:309-23. [PMID: 26862065 PMCID: PMC4799797 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver metastasis development in breast cancer patients is common and confers a poor prognosis. So far, the prognostic significance of surgical resection and clinical relevance of biomarker analysis in metastatic tissue have barely been investigated. We previously demonstrated an impact of WNT signaling in breast cancer brain metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the value of established prognostic markers and WNT signaling components in liver metastases. Overall N = 34 breast cancer liver metastases (with matched primaries in 19/34 cases) were included in this retrospective study. Primaries and metastatic samples were analyzed for their expression of the estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor, HER-2, Ki67, and various WNT signaling-components by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, β-catenin-dependent and -independent WNT scores were generated and analyzed for their prognostic value. Additionally, the influence of the alternative WNT receptor ROR on signaling and invasiveness was analyzed in vitro. ER positivity (HR 0.09, 95 % CI 0.01–0.56) and high Ki67 (HR 3.68, 95 % CI 1.12–12.06) in the primaries had prognostic impact. However, only Ki67 remained prognostic in the metastatic tissue (HR 2.46, 95 % CI 1.11–5.44). Additionally, the β-catenin-independent WNT score correlated with reduced overall survival only in the metastasized situation (HR 2.19, 95 % CI 1.02–4.69, p = 0.0391). This is in line with the in vitro results of the alternative WNT receptors ROR1 and ROR2, which foster invasion. In breast cancer, the value of prognostic markers established in primary tumors cannot directly be translated to metastases. Our results revealed β-catenin-independent WNT signaling to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Menck
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Annette Schmick
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Schubert
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Rietkötter
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jetcy Arackal
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Middel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Department Biology, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torsten Liersch
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kia Homayounfar
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Beißbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Klemm
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany. .,Clinic for Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Gamba P, Rietkötter E, Daniel RA, Hamoen LW. Tetracycline hypersensitivity of an ezrA mutant links GalE and TseB (YpmB) to cell division. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:346. [PMID: 25954268 PMCID: PMC4406074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in bacteria is initiated by the polymerization of FtsZ into a ring-like structure at midcell that functions as a scaffold for the other cell division proteins. In Bacillus subtilis, the conserved cell division protein EzrA is involved in modulation of Z-ring formation and coordination of septal peptidoglycan synthesis. Here, we show that an ezrA mutant is hypersensitive to tetracycline, even when the tetracycline efflux pump TetA is present. This effect is not related to the protein translation inhibiting activity of tetracycline. Overexpression of FtsL suppresses this phenotype, which appears to be related to the intrinsic low FtsL levels in an ezrA mutant background. A transposon screen indicated that the tetracycline effect can also be suppressed by overproduction of the cell division protein ZapA. In addition, tetracycline sensitivity could be suppressed by transposon insertions in galE and the unknown gene ypmB, which was renamed tseB (tetracycline sensitivity suppressor of ezrA). GalE is an epimerase using UDP-glucose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine as substrate. Deletion of this protein bypasses the synthetic lethality of zapA ezrA and sepF ezrA double mutations, indicating that GalE influences cell division. The transmembrane protein TseB contains an extracytoplasmic peptidase domain, and a GFP fusion shows that the protein is enriched at cell division sites. A tseB deletion causes a shorter cell phenotype, indicating that TseB plays a role in cell division. Why a deletion of ezrA renders B. subtilis cells hypersensitive for tetracycline remains unclear. We speculate that this phenomenon is related to the tendency of tetracycline analogs to accumulate into the lipid bilayer, which may destabilize certain membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gamba
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eva Rietkötter
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard A Daniel
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leendert W Hamoen
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ; Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Bleckmann A, Siam L, Klemm F, Rietkötter E, Wegner C, Kramer F, Beissbarth T, Binder C, Stadelmann C, Pukrop T. Nuclear LEF1/TCF4 correlate with poor prognosis but not with nuclear β-catenin in cerebral metastasis of lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:471-82. [PMID: 23224985 PMCID: PMC3616220 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An essential function of the transcription factors LEF1/TCF4 in cerebral metastases of lung adenocarcinomas has been described in mouse models, suggesting a WNT/β-catenin effect as potential mechanism. Their role in humans is still unclear, thus we analyzed LEF1, TCF4, β-catenin, and early stage prognostic markers in 25 adenocarcinoma brain metastases using immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC revealed nuclear TCF4 in all adenocarcinoma samples, whereas only 36 % depicted nuclear LEF1 and nuclear β-catenin signals. Samples with nuclear LEF1 as well as high TCF4 (++++) expression were associated with a shorter survival (p = 0.01, HR = 6.68), while nuclear β-catenin had no significant impact on prognosis and did not significantly correlate with nuclear LEF1. High proliferation index Ki67 was associated with shorter survival in late-stage disease (p = 0.03, HR 3.27). Additionally, we generated a LEF1/TCF4 as well as an AXIN2 signature, the latter as representative of WNT/β-catenin activity, following a bioinformatics approach with a gene expression dataset of cerebral metastases in lung adenocarcinoma. To analyze the prognostic relevance in primary lung adenocarcinomas, we applied both signatures to a microarray dataset of 58 primary lung adenocarcinomas. Only the LEF1/TCF4 signature was able to separate clusters with impact on survival (p = 0.01, HR = 0.32). These clusters displayed diverging enrichment patterns of the cell cycle pathway. In conclusion, our data show that LEF1/TCF4, but not β-catenin, have prognostic relevance in primary and cerebrally metastasized human lung adenocarcinomas. In contrast to the previous in vivo findings, these results indicate that LEF1/TCF4 act independently of β-catenin in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - L. Siam
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F. Klemm
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Rietkötter
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chr. Wegner
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F. Kramer
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - T. Beissbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Binder
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chr. Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - T. Pukrop
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
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Klemm F, Bleckmann A, Siam L, Chuang H, Rietkötter E, Behme D, Schulz M, Schaffrinski M, Schindler S, Trümper L, Kramer F, Beissbarth T, Stadelmann C, Binder C, Pukrop T. β-catenin-independent WNT signaling in basal-like breast cancer and brain metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:434-42. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
The extracellular presence of antibiotics is a common threat in microbial life. Their sensitive detection and subsequent induction of appropriate resistance mechanisms is therefore a prerequisite for survival. The bacitracin stress response network of Bacillus subtilis consists of four signal-transducing systems, the two-component systems (TCS) BceRS, YvcPQ and LiaRS, and the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor sigma(M). Here, we investigated the mechanism of bacitracin perception and the response hierarchy within this network. The BceRS-BceAB TCS/ABC transporter module is the most sensitive and efficient bacitracin resistance determinant. The ABC transporter BceAB not only acts as a bacitracin detoxification pump, but is also crucial for bacitracin sensing, indicative of a novel mechanism of stimulus perception, conserved in Firmicutes bacteria. The Bce system seems to respond to bacitracin directly (drug sensing), whereas the LiaRS TCS and sigma(M) respond only at higher concentrations and indirectly to bacitracin action (damage sensing). The YvcPQ-YvcRS system is subject to cross-activation via the paralogous Bce system, and is therefore only indirectly induced by bacitracin. The bacitracin stress response network is optimized to respond to antibiotic gradients in a way that maximizes the gain and minimizes the costs of this stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rietkötter
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Jordan S, Rietkötter E, Strauch MA, Kalamorz F, Butcher BG, Helmann JD, Mascher T. LiaRS-dependent gene expression is embedded in transition state regulation in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:2530-2540. [PMID: 17660417 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/006817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining envelope integrity is crucial for the survival of any bacterial cell, especially those living in a complex and ever-changing habitat such as the soil ecosystem. The LiaRS two-component system is part of the regulatory network orchestrating the cell-envelope stress response in Bacillus subtilis. It responds to perturbations of the cell envelope, especially the presence of antibiotics that interfere with the lipid II cycle, such as bacitracin or vancomycin. LiaRS-dependent regulation is strictly repressed by the membrane protein LiaF in the absence of inducing conditions. Here, it is shown that the LiaR-dependent liaI promoter is induced at the onset of stationary phase without addition of exogenous stresses. Its activity is embedded in the complex regulatory cascade governing adaptation at the onset of stationary phase. The liaI promoter is directly repressed by the transition state regulator AbrB and responds indirectly to the activity of Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation. The activity of the liaI promoter is therefore tightly regulated by at least five regulators to ensure an appropriate level of liaIH expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Jordan
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Rietkötter
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark A Strauch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Falk Kalamorz
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bronwyn G Butcher
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA
| | - Thorsten Mascher
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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