Pharmacological HDAC3 inhibition alters memory updating in young and old mice

Long-term memories are not stored in a stable state but must be flexible and dynamic to maintain relevance in response to new information. Existing memories are thought to be updated through the process of reconsolidation, in which memory retrieval initiates destabilization and updating to incorporate new information. Memory updating is impaired in old age, yet little is known about the mechanisms that go awry. One potential mechanism is the repressive histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), which is a powerful negative regulator of memory formation that contributes to age-related impairments in memory formation. Here, we tested whether HDAC3 also contributes to age-related impairments in memory updating using the Objects in Updated Locations (OUL) paradigm. We show that blocking HDAC3 immediately after updating with the pharmacological inhibitor RGFP966 ameliorated age-related impairments in memory updating in 18-m.o. mice. Surprisingly, we found that post-update HDAC3 inhibition in young (3-m.o.) mice had no effect on memory updating but instead impaired memory for the original information, suggesting that the original and updated information may compete for expression at test and HDAC3 helps regulate which information is expressed. To test this idea, we next assessed whether HDAC3 inhibition would improve memory updating in young mice given a weak, subthreshold update. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that HDAC3 blockade strengthened the subthreshold update without impairing memory for the original information, enabling balanced expression of the original and updated information. Together, this research suggests that HDAC3 may contribute to age-related impairments in memory updating and may regulate the strength of a memory update in young mice, shifting the balance between the original and updated information at test.

The clock gene Per1 may exert diurnal control over hippocampal memory consolidation

The circadian system influences many different biological processes, including memory performance. While the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as the brain's central pacemaker, downstream "satellite clocks" may also regulate local functions based on the time of day. Within the dorsal hippocampus (DH), for example, local molecular oscillations may contribute to time-of-day effects on memory. Here, we used the hippocampus-dependent Object Location Memory task to determine how memory is regulated across the day/night cycle in mice. First, we systematically determined which phase of memory (acquisition, consolidation, or retrieval) is modulated across the 24 h day. We found that mice show better long-term memory performance during the day than at night, an effect that was specifically attributed to diurnal changes in memory consolidation, as neither memory acquisition nor memory retrieval fluctuated across the day/night cycle. Using RNA-sequencing we identified the circadian clock gene Period1 (Per1) as a key mechanism capable of supporting this diurnal fluctuation in memory consolidation, as learning-induced Per1 oscillates in tandem with memory performance in the hippocampus. We then show that local knockdown of Per1 within the DH impairs spatial memory without affecting either the circadian rhythm or sleep behavior. Thus, Per1 may independently function within the DH to regulate memory in addition to its known role in regulating the circadian system within the SCN. Per1 may therefore exert local diurnal control over memory consolidation within the DH.

Investigating Memory Updating in Mice Using the Objects in Updated Locations Task

In the laboratory, memory is typically studied as a de novo experience, in which a naïve animal is exposed to a discrete learning event that is markedly different from its past experiences. Most real-world memories, however, are updates-modifications or additions-to existing memories. This is particularly true in the aging, experienced brain. To better understand memory updating, we have developed a new behavioral paradigm called the objects in updated locations (OUL) task. OUL relies on hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and has the advantage of being able to test both the original memory and the updated information in a single test session. Further, OUL relies on incidental learning that avoids unnecessary stress that might hinder the performance of aging animals. In OUL, animals first learn the location of two identical objects in a familiar context. This memory is then updated by moving one object to a new location. Finally, to assess the animals' memory for the original and the updated information, all animals are given a test session in which they are exposed to four copies of the object: two in the original training locations, one in the updated location, and one in a novel location. By comparing exploration of the novel location to the familiar locations, we can infer whether the animal remembers the original and updated object locations. OUL is a simple but powerful task that could provide new insights into the cellular, circuit-level, and molecular mechanisms that support memory updating. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The first observation of the [Cp3Mn]- anion; structures of hexagonal [(eta 2-Cp)3MnK.1.5thf] and ion-separated [(eta 2-Cp)3Mn]2[Mg(thf)6].2thf

Hexagonal [(eta 2-Cp)3MnK.1.5thf] 1 and ion-separated [(eta 2-Cp)3Mn]2[Mg(thf)6].2thf 2 are obtained from reactions of CpK and Cp2Mg, respectively, with manganocene, Cp2Mn; they are the first complexes to be structurally characterised containing the [Cp3Mn]- anion.

Cloning of a Lysobacter enzymogenes gene that encodes an arginyl endopeptidase (endoproteinase Arg-C)

Screening an expression library of Lysobacter enzymogenes DNA allowed us to clone a gene encoding a serine protease that cleaves synthetic substrates C-terminal to Arg and, to a lesser extent, Lys residues. The gene product, which shares sequence homology with the lysyl endopeptidases from L. enzymogenes and Achromobacter lyticus, consists of a signal sequence (24 residues), pro-region ( approximately 195 residues), and catalytic domain ( approximately 244 residues). Downstream of this gene is an open reading frame that lacks a promoter and appears to encode an inactive type I subtilase.

Low-temperature synthesis of zintl compounds with a single-source molecular precursor

Thermolysis of the heterobimetallic phosphinidene complex [Sb(PCy)3]2- Li6.6HNMe2 (Cy = C6H11) at 303 to 313 kelvin gives Zintl compounds containing (Sb7)3- anions. The complex thus constitutes a stable molecular single-source precursor to Zintl compounds and provides a potential low-temperature route to photoactive alkali metal antimonates. The new chemical reaction involved, which is driven thermodynamically by the formation of P-P bonds, has implications in the low-temperature synthesis of other technologically important materials (such as gallium arsenide).

Second generation "peptoid" CCK-B receptor antagonists: identification and development of N-(adamantyloxycarbonyl)-alpha-methyl-(R)-tryptophan derivative (CI-1015) with an improved pharmacokinetic profile

We have previously described the design and development of CI-988, a peptoid analogue of CCK-4 with excellent binding affinity and selectivity for the CCK-B receptor. Due to its anxiolytic profile in animal models of anxiety, this compound was developed as a clinical candidate. However, during its development, it was determined that CI-988 had low bioavailability in both rodent and nonrodent species. In the clinic, it was further established that CI-988 had poor bioavailability. Thus, there was a need to identify an analogue with an improved pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. The poor bioavailability was attributed to poor absorption and efficient hepatic extraction. We envisaged that reducing the molecular weight of the parent compound (5, MW = 614) would lead to better absorption. Thus, we synthesized a series of analogues in which the key alpha-methyltryptophan and adamantyloxycarbonyl moieties, required for receptor binding, were kept intact and the C-terminus was extensively modified. This SAR study led to the identification of tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]dec-2-yl [1S-[1 alpha(S*)2 beta]-[2-[(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino]-1-(1H-indol-3- ylmethyl)-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl]carbamate (CI-1015, 31) with binding affinities of 3.0 and 2900 nM for the CCK-B and CCK-A receptors, respectively. The compound showed CCK-B antagonist profile in the rat ventromedial hypothalamus assay with a Ke of 34 nM. It also showed an anxiolytic like profile orally in a standard anxiety paradigm (X-maze) with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.1 microgram/kg. Although the compound is less water soluble than CI-988, oral bioavailability in rat was improved nearly 10 times relative to CI-988 when dosed in HP beta CD. The blood-brain permeability of CI-1015 (31) was also enhanced relative to CI-988 (5). On the basis of the overall improved pharmacokinetic profile as well as enhanced brain penetration, CI-1015 (31) was chosen as a development candidate.

Sample pooling to expedite bioanalysis and pharmacokinetic research

In the progression from drug discovery to development, not only pharmacokinetic (PK) characterization needed for lead compound selection often becomes a rate-limiting step, but also high volume of routine sample analysis ensued from numerous required biodisposition studies for the lead compounds and their back-ups often place a burdensome hurdle to the throughput of IND and NDA development phases. Higher throughput of PK screening via cocktail dosing has been reported to accelerate PK screening in the discovery phase. However, concerns on drug-drug interactions and other limitations associated with the cocktail M-in-One dosing (multiple compounds per dose per animal) has prompted the present investigation of sample pooling alongside One-in-One dosing strategy (one compound per dose per animal) as an alternative to the cocktail dosing approach. Using traditional HPLC for bioanalysis as an example, the present study illustrate the concept and usefulness of sample pooling that could facilitate the throughput of PK screening and characterization in both discovery and development phases. Six proprietary dopamine D4 receptor antagonist preleads representing three different chemical classes, used as model compounds (C1-C6), were administered orally to rats. One rat received one compound and three rats were used for each compound. Six unknown plasma samples from six different rats at each time point were pooled. The pooled plasma samples were extracted by a one-step liquid-liquid extraction and concentrations of the six preleads were quantitated simultaneously. By sample pooling, a substantial amount of PK information was obtained at the same time for the six preleads, which requires much less workload than when bioanalysis is dealt with one compound at a time. For the first time in one aspect of innovative bioanalysis, the present investigation has demonstrated that sample pooling following One-in-One dosing can be utilized to enhance the throughput rate in PK screening in discovery phase. The sample pooling approach is likely to be useful in enhancing the throughput of PK characterization in development phase. With the advent of LC-MS and its becoming user-friendly, where separation of drug compounds is no longer an issue, the uniqueness of sample pooling may also pose a new way of thinking in regard to the old ways of handling bioanalysis for traditional PK research.

Determination of two CI-1007 sulfate metabolites in monkey plasma and urine

Two HPLC assays were developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of two sulfate metabolites, PD 163637 (VI) and PD 163639 (VIII), of an investigational antipsychotic drug CI-1007 (I) in monkey plasma and urine. VI and VIII were identified as major metabolites in monkey plasma, and both were excreted in urine. Monkey plasma samples were directly injected after deproteinization, and urine samples were analyzed after a clean-up procedure using methyl-tert.-butyl ether. Liquid chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax RX C8 analytical column using gradient elution. Column effluent was monitored using fluorescence detection with excitation and emission wavelengths of 254 and 330 nm, respectively. Minimum quantitation limit was 50 ng/ml in plasma and 100 ng/ml in urine. Linearity was demonstrated up to 3000 ng/ml in plasma and urine. Recoveries of the analytes from plasma and urine were greater than 85%. The assay has been applied to the determination of VI and VIII in plasma and urine samples from monkeys receiving oral administration of I.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an investigational antipsychotic agent, CI-1007, in rats and monkeys

PURPOSE

To study the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of an investigational antipsychotic agent, CI-1007, in rats and monkeys.

METHODS

CI-1007 and a pharmacologically active metabolite, PD 147693 (M1), were evaluated in animal antipsychotic tests (inhibition of dopamine neuron firing and spontaneous locomotor activity in rats, and inhibition of continuous avoidance in monkeys). Plasma concentrations of CI-1007 and M1 were determined using validated HPLC assays. Log-linear and link models were used for PK/PD analysis.

RESULTS

CI-1007 and M1 have shown similar effects on dopamine neuron firing (2.5 mg/kg i.p.), and produced dose-related effects on spontaneous locomotor activity in rats (0.3-30 mg/kg p.o.) and on continuous avoidance in monkeys (0.6-1.2 mg/kg p.o.). After pharmacologically active CI-1007 doses, mean plasma CI-1007 Cmax increased from 19 to 200 ng/ml in Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 3-30 mg/ kg, and from 8.1 to 34 ng/ml in squirrel monkeys at doses of 0.6-1.2 mg/kg, but corresponding plasma M1 Cmax values were near or below the limit of quantitation (5 ng/ml). CI-1007 EC50 was 31.1 ng/ml in rats, calculated from a long-linear regression. In monkeys, CI-1007 ECe50, gamma, and Keo at 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg were 4.8 and 4.5 ng/ml, 1.9 and 2.0, and 0.47 and 0.48 hr-1, respectively, calculated by the link model.

CONCLUSIONS

CI-1007 has shown dose-related pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rats and monkeys. Although M1 produces antipsychotic-like effects similar to CI-1007, the contribution of M1 to the activity of the parent drug may not be significant in rats and monkeys as based on plasma levels. CI-1007 plasma concentration correlates log-linearly with inhibition effect from the rat locomotor study. The counter-clockwise hysteresis relationship of CI-1007 plasma concentration and inhibition effect from the monkey avoidance test was described by a link model, and the resulting Ce (concentration in effect compartment) versus effect profile exhibits a sigmoidal curve.

Perturbation of epidermal growth factor clearance after radioiodination and its implications

The clearance of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF1-53) has been thought to be mediated mainly by a high-capacity receptor system, yet relatively low in vivo clearance rates (<10 mL/min/kg) and long terminal elimination half-lives (>120 min) have been observed in rats receiving the peptide that was iodinated by the oxidative chloramine-T (CT) method. We investigated if a mild, less oxidative iodination by the lactoperoxidase (Enzymobeads, EB) method, which is known to yield an iodinated peptide with receptor-binding equivalence, could produce a labeled peptide that behaves pharmacokinetically similar to the native material. For comparison, a parallel study was also conducted with EB-125I-hEGF1-48, which in its native form has a much reduced receptor binding activity due to the loss of the C-terminal pentapeptide. Plasma radioactivity concentrations were determined by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation and immunoprecipitation. Rats cleared unlabeled hEGF1-53 and hEGF1-48 markedly faster (CL(tot) > 120 mL/min/kg) than their radiolabeled counterparts. Approximately 96% of the hEGF1-53 dose was cleared during the initial phase (0-4 min), as opposed to only 5-14% for the iodinated peptide. Similar change was also observed for EB-125I-hEGF1-48 and CT-125I-hEGF1-53. The pharmacokinetic behavior of EB-125I-hEGF1-53 was, in fact, comparable to that of CT-125I-hEGF1-53. These observations indicate that receptor-binding equivalence does not have direct relationship with in vivo EGF clearance. Both iodination methods (oxidative CT and less oxidative EB) might have perturbed one or more steps in the cascade of ligand-receptor internalization and intracellular procession, which in turn modified the disposition of the peptides. In addition, the two independent precipitation techniques for the same peptide generated different kinetic outcomes. The overall experimental results suggest that it is unacceptable to use an iodinated form to characterize the disposition of peptides/proteins like EGF with a specific receptor system mediating its clearance.

The tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist PD 154075 blocks cisplatin-induced delayed emesis in the ferret

The activity of a selective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, PD 154075 ([(2-benzofuran)-CH2OCO]-(R)-alpha-MeTrp-(S)-NHCH(CH3) Ph), was examined in radioligand binding studies, in a [Sar9,Met(O2)11]substance P-induced foot-tapping model in the gerbil, and in cisplatin-induced acute and delayed emesis in the ferret. In radioligand binding studies, PD 154075 showed nanomolar affinity for the human, guinea-pig, gerbil, dog and ferret NK1 receptors with an approximate 300 times lower affinity for the rodent NK1 receptor. Using NK2,NK3 receptors and a range of other receptor ligands, PD 154075 was shown to exhibit a high degree of selectivity and specificity for the human type NK1 receptor. Following subcutaneous administration PD 154075 dose dependently (1-100 mg/kg) antagonised the centrally mediated [Sar9,Met(O2)11] substance P-induced foot tapping in the gerbil with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 10 mg/kg. The ability of PD 154075 to readily penetrate into the brain following oral administration was confirmed by its extraction and high performance liquid chromatography assay from the rat brain. PD 154075 was shown to achieve a relatively fast and sustained brain concentration (brain/plasma ratios ranged from 0.27 to 0.41 during the time period of 0.25-12 h). Further pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the absolute oral bioavailability of PD 154075 in the rat was (mean +/- S.D.) 49 +/- 15%. PD 154075 (1-30 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently antagonised the acute vomiting and retching in the ferret measured for 4 h following administration of cisplatin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) with a MED of 3 mg/kg. The administration of a lower dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in the ferret induces both an acute (day 1) and delayed (days 2 and 3) phase of emesis. The i.p. administration of PD 154075, 10 mg/kg three times a day for 3 days, almost completely blocked both the acute and delayed emetic responses. In the same study, the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron (1 mg/kg, i.p., t.i.d.) was also very effective against the acute emetic response observed during the first 4 h following cisplatin, but it was only weakly active against the delayed response. In conclusion, PD 154075 is a selective and specific high affinity NK1 receptor antagonist with good oral bioavailability which is effective against both acute and delayed emesis induced by cisplatin in the ferret.

Analytical considerations for trace determinations of drugs in breast milk

Recent scientific and regulatory interest in lacteal excretion of drugs has prompted this review of bioanalytical sample preparation techniques for milk. The composition and properties of milk are reviewed, with emphasis on how the sample preparation is affected. The most important principals of mammary gland pharmacology, including protein binding, ion trapping and liquid solubility, are described. Because adequate milk volume is difficult to obtain from some smaller rodent species, special arrangements for sample collection, control preparation and assay standardization often need to be made. Several commonly-used sample preparation approaches for drugs in milk, including direct injection, dialysis and ultrafiltration, protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and immunoaffinity extraction. Have been reported with varying degrees of success. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches is discussed.

Development of HPLC plasma assays for CAM 4515 and CAM 4750, two new nonpeptide tachykinin antagonists, and application to bioavailability studies

CAM 4515 and CAM 4750 are new nonpeptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists with different lipophilicities. Two separate, simple, and sensitive HPLC methods for the quantitation of these two compounds in plasma and the evaluation of their oral bioavailability in rats were developed and validated. Extraction of CAM 4515 from plasma involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile, while that for CAM 4750 involved a one-step liquid-liquid extraction with methylene chloride. The analytes in extracts were chromatographed on a C18 column using two different separation buffers, 47% 0.02 M sodium citrate (pH 3.5)-53% acetonitrile for CAM 4515 and 59% 0.02 M potassium phosphate dibasic (pH 7.0)-41% acetonitrile for CAM 4750, and both compounds were detected by fluorescence (excitation 278 nm; emission 342 nm). Stability profiles of both drugs at -20 degrees C or room temperature in plasma and in reconstituted buffers were good. The limit of quantitation for both drugs was 5 ng ml-1 with good linearity from 5 to 1000 ng ml-1 using 100-200 microliters of plasma. Excellent precision (relative standard deviation < 8.3%) and accuracy (relative error +/- 9.2%) were observed for both CAM 4515 and CAM 4750. Oral bioavailability studies were conducted for each compound in rats receiving a p.o. dose of 20 mg kg-1 and an i.v. dose of 5 mg kg-1. The absolute oral bioavailability of CAM 4750 (80%) was estimated to be 40-fold greater than that of CAM 4515 (2%). The experimental results suggest that incorporation of a pyridine group into the structural backbone may greatly improve bioavailability.

Design and evaluation of an automated solid-phase extraction method development system for use with biological fluids

An automated solid-phase extraction method development system, utilizing a Zymate XP robot and a custom-designed solid-phase extraction manifold, has been developed and validated. This system spikes blank liquid matrix, such as plasma, with solutions containing drug, internal standard, and up to three metabolites. Samples are then buffered or diluted with an appropriate reagent. After these samples and corresponding blanks have been prepared, solid-phase cartridges containing selected sorbents are automatically conditioned. Samples are robotically vortexed and transferred to the conditioned cartridges, and analytes are extracted. Validation of this robotic system demonstrated acceptable precision and accuracy for three types of liquid transfer, including metering pump ( < 6% RSD and RE for > or = 2.0 mL dispensation), syringe-based laboratory station ( < or = 2.9% RSD and 0.5% RE for volumes between 0.25 and 1.00 mL), and syringe hands ( < 3.5% RSD and RE for volumes between 0.10 and 1.00 mL). For two example compounds, the system provided data which effectively distinguished good solid-phase sorbents from marginal ones through precision, recovery, and chromatographic selectivity. Solid-phase extraction of these compounds from human plasma gave precision (2-10% RSD) and extraction efficiency (96 +/- 6%) comparable to results obtained from manual extractions (92 +/- 11%).

Development and validation of two solid-phase enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) for quantitation of human epidermal growth factors (hEGFs)

PURPOSE

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and validate two separate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for quantitation of exogenous human epidermal growth factor (hEGF1-53) and its truncated fragment (hEGF1-48) in rat plasma.

METHODS

The present assay systems were based on the sandwiching of the antigen between a monoclonal mouse anti-hEGF1-53 antibody, pre-coated on a 96-well polystyrene plate, and a polyclonal rabbit anti-hEGF1-48 antibody, which is then detected with a peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody.

RESULTS

The calibration curves for hEGF1-48 and hEGF1-53 in plasma were validated over a concentration range of 7.8-250 and 62.5-1000 pg/ml, respectively. Determined from replicate assays of hEGF1-48 quality control samples, the intra-assay precision and accuracy were < or = 8.8% RSD and within +/- 9.8%; and the inter-assay precision and accuracy were < or = 14.8% RSD and within +/- 9.7% RE, respectively. Determined from replicate assays of hEGF1-53 quality control samples, the intra-assay precision and accuracy were < or = 10.0% RSD and within +/- 8.5%; and the inter-assay precision and accuracy were < or = 10.0% RSD and within +/- 5.7% RE, respectively. The limit of quantitation of the hEGF1-48 and hEGF1-53 assay using 200 microliters plasma per well is 7.8 and 62.5 pg/ml, respectively. These two ELISA methods are specific to hEGFs and do not cross-react with mouse EGF or other growth factors (TGF alpha, TGF beta, PDGF, and FGF) or lymphokines (IL1 beta and TNF alpha). These validated methods have been routinely applied to assay of plasma samples from various pharmacokinetic studies in rats receiving intravenous hEGFs. Both assay methods were also adapted to assay endogenous hEGFs in biological fluids of different animal species.

CONCLUSIONS

Two sensitive ELISA methods have been validated for quantitation of hEGF1-53 and hEGF1-48 in rat plasma. Their utility has been demonstrated in the application of assaying immunoreactive concentration of exogenous and endogenous epidermal growth factors.

Three complementary liquid chromatographic methods for determination of the peptoid cholecystokinin-B antagonist, CI-988, in rat plasma

Three different liquid chromatographic methods (two quantitative methods which employ fluorescence detection and one qualitative method which employs selected ion-monitoring detection) were developed and validated to provide complementary specificity for determination of CI-988, a cholecystokinin-B antagonist, in rat plasma. The first quantitative method involves isocratic separation of "non-ionized" CI-988 and internal standard on a C-18 column, whereas the alternative quantitative method involves isocratic separation of the "anionic" analytes. These two quantitative HPLC methods rely on the intrinsic fluorescence of CI-988 and internal standard for detection, and both methods are equally sensitive (linear range of 2.0-1000 ng ml-1), accurate (+/- 15% relative error), and precise (< or = 15% relative standard deviation). Plasma CI-988 concentrations for samples (N = 69) assayed with the "non-ionized" separation are linearly correlated with concentrations for the same samples assayed with the "anionic" separation (y = 1.08 chi - 0.57, R = 0.999). In addition, a third qualitative method, HPLC-thermospray mass spectrometry, was developed to provide complementary evaluation of assay specificity through the use of selected CI-988 fragment ion monitoring. When investigating an anomalous chromatographic result that calls into question the specificity of a method, the availability and use of alternative validated chromatographic separations and orthogonal detection schemes are beneficial.

Absorption of Cam-2445, and NK1 neurokinin receptor antagonist: in vivo, in situ, and in vitro evaluations

Cam-2445 is a selective, high-affinity NK1 receptor antagonist that is a potentially useful treatment for arthritis, asthma, migraine, anxiety, psychosis, and emesis. Cam-2445 exhibits low aqueous solubility and high lipophilicity and has a molecular weight of 470. Cam-2445 has poor oral bioavailability and the purpose of this research was to examine the potential barriers to the oral bioavailability of Cam-2445. Cam-2445 was relatively stable at 37 degrees C in 0.1 N HCl, 5 microM alpha-chymotrypsin, rat intestinal perfusate, and in rat jejunal brush border membrane suspension. High permeability was observed from CACO-2 cells and from rat single-pass intestinal perfusions. Cam-2445 was administered as a solution to rats by intravenous (i.v.), oral (p.o.), intraduodenal (i.d.), and intraportal (i.p.v.) routes. The total oral bioavailability was poor at 1.4%. Absorption appeared to be rapid after i.d. dosing; bioavailability was 26%, and 54% of the dose was absorbed intact into the portal system. After i.p.v. dosing, 48% of the dose was available to the systemic circulation. The elimination t1/2 after i.d. dosing (2.91 h) was comparable to that i.v. dosing (2.93 h), whereas it was significantly longer after p.o. dosing (12.4 h). The p.o. dose apparently precipitated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, resulting in low oral bioavailability. These results indicated that neither stability in the GI tract nor membrane transport were major obstacles to the absorption of Cam-2445. While hepatic extraction of 52% was significant, the low aqueous solubility of Cam-2445, as well as the differences noted between p.o. and i.d. studies, strongly support GI dissolution and/or precipitation as the limiting factor for the oral bioavailability of the compound.

Disposition kinetics of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF1-53) and its truncated fragment (hEGF1-48) in rats

Clearance of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF1-53) has been proposed to be mediated by a receptor pathway involving a typical cascade of ligand-receptor endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. Deletion of the C-terminal pentapeptide from hEGF1-53, which yields hEGF1-48, is known to be associated with a marked reduction in receptor binding. We defined the intravenous (iv)-bolus (acute exposure) and the iv-infusion (prolonged exposure) pharmacokinetics of hEGF1-53 and hEGF1-48 in rats to investigate the impact of the deletion of C-terminal pentapeptide on the EGF clearance using a validated, sensitive ELISA method for quantitation of the peptides in plasma. Both peptides at the low iv bolus dose of 10 micrograms/kg were cleared from plasma with unusually high clearances (CLtot: 128 +/- 31 ml/min/kg for hEGF1-53 and 168 +/- 47 ml/min/kg for hEGF1-48), which are virtually complete within 4-min postdose, and the difference in the overall pharmacokinetics is of minor significance. A 10-fold increase in bolus dose to 100 micrograms/kg decreased clearances 3- to 6-fold, indicating a nonlinear kinetics for both peptides; however, hEGF1-48 was cleared (52 +/- 11 ml/min/kg) 2.5-fold faster than hEGF1-53. A similar nonlinear kinetics was also noticed for both peptides when they were administered by a 2-hr iv infusion at 30 and 300 micrograms/kg doses. hEGF1-48 at the low and high infusion doses was cleared at 126 +/- 16 and 33.7 +/- 14.5 ml/min/kg, respectively, which are 4-fold greater than the corresponding clearance rates of hEGF1-53. These observations suggest that a) deletion of C-terminal pentapeptide is associated with a faster clearance of the growth factor and b) the receptor clearance pathway may be more sensitive to saturation with hEGF1-53 than with hEGF1-48 at low microgram dose levels. hEGF1-53 at the low infusion dose of 30 micrograms/kg was cleared (32.1 +/- 6.2 ml/min/kg) 4-fold slower in comparison with the low bolus dose of 10 micrograms/kg, indicating a remarkable injection mode-dependent disposition kinetics for hEGF1-53, which does not exist for hEGF1-48. The overall results suggest that deletion of C-terminal pentapeptide leads to faster clearance of the growth factor, and the degree of the impact of deletion of C-terminal pentapeptide on the global pharmacokinetics is also dependent on the length of exposure of the receptor to the ligand. The negative relationship between receptor binding and plasma clearance for the two peptides remains to be elucidated at the molecular and receptor levels.

Impact of receptor downregulation on clearance of two human EGFs with different receptor binding activity

Human epidermal growth factor [hEGF(1-53)] has been thought to be cleared mainly via an EGF receptor (EGFR) endocytosis pathway. Pretreatment of rats with hEGF(1-53) has been shown previously to cause a dramatic reduction in clearance of the peptide contributable to EGFR downregulation. The impact of receptor downregulation has raised concerns for rational design of dosage regimen for this potential wound-healing therapeutic peptide. However, following a similar protocol, we could not reproduce the dramatic reduction in clearance reported previously mediated by an i.v. bolus acute dose. As EGFR downregulation may be sensitive to the length of exposure and to the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity, two other pretreatment protocols were also evaluated: a 4-h i.v. infusion (prolonged exposure) of the peptide and an i.v. bolus of a potent synthetic kinase inhibitor pretreatment were evaluated for effects on clearance. However, neither pretreatment affected the peptide's clearance profile. Further, no effects on clearance and other kinetic parameters were observed for any pretreatment paradigms with a truncated analogue hEGF (1-48), whose EGF receptor binding activity is much weaker but plasma clearance is much higher than hEGF (1-53). In addition, a study in a second rat strain showed no difference in clearance profile of hEGF-(1-53) following pretreatment. Results of the present investigation suggest that receptor binding does not have a direct relationship with plasma clearance, and that the EGF clearance mechanisms is highly refractory with EGF receptors possibly recovering rapidly from downregulation through the recycling process.

Considerations in the development of a sensitive HPLC assay for human epidermal growth factors in human plasma

A sensitive assay was developed for human epidermal growth factors (hEGF) 1-48 (dosed), hEGF 1-53 (endogenous), without interference from potential metabolites hEGFs 1-47 or 1-46. Spiked human plasma samples were injected directly, utilizing on-line immunoaffinity HPLC (anti-hEGF) clean-up. No change in capacity was noted after 81 cycles. After release from the immunoaffinity column, the fragments were further resolved by strong cation-exchange (SCX) via a column switching valve. Method development also required interfacing immunoaffinity, ion-exchange, and detection components. Immunoassays on collected fractions yielded a detection limit of 1 microgram ml-1, although a detection limit of 75 pg ml-1 appears feasible.

Trace quantitation of the novel cholinesterase inhibitor in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry

This paper demonstrates the utility of an ion trap mass spectrometer as a detector for trace quantitative determinations of pharmaceuticals in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (CI-1002) was selected as an illustrative example for the technique. When coupled with a selective solid-phase extraction, this approach was capable of quantifying as little as 34 pg (0.50 ng ml-1, RSD = 12.7%) of compound on the column, and the inter-run precision was typically 3-4% RSD over a 0.5-25 ng ml-1 linear range. The advantages and requirements of the technique, in addition to the prospects for improvements in the detection limit, are discussed.

Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for a dopamine receptor agonist, CI-1007, and its metabolite PD 147693 in monkey plasma

A sensitive gradient high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantitation of a dopamine autoreceptor agonist CI-1007 (I) and its metabolite PD 147693 (II) is described. Monkey plasma samples were purified by liquid-liquid extraction using hexane. Liquid chromatographic separation was achieved on two C18 analytical columns (installed in series) using gradient elution. Column effluent was monitored using a fluorescence detector programmed to change wavelengths at specified times. Minimum quantitation limits of I and II were 3.0 and 5.0 ng/ml, respectively, for a plasma sample volume of 0.100 ml. Linearity was demonstrated up to 300 ng/ml. The assay has been applied to the analysis of I and II in plasma from monkeys following intravenous and oral doses of I.

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the cholecystokinin-B antagonist, CI-988, in human and monkey plasma

A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the non-peptide cholecystokinin subtype B receptor antagonist, CI-988, in human and cynomolgus monkey plasma has been developed and validated. The method involves isolation of CI-988 and internal standard by batch robotic solid phase extraction with a C18 cartridge, liquid chromatographic separation on a C18 column and quantitation by fluorescence detection. The human plasma assay is linear from 0.25 to 500 ng/mL for a 1.00-mL plasma aliquot. Assay precision for CI-988 based on human plasma quality control samples was within +/- 7.2% relative standard deviation with an accuracy of +/- 5.6% relative error. The monkey plasma assay is linear from 1.00 to 250 ng/mL for a 0.500-mL plasma aliquot. Assay precision based on monkey plasma quality control samples was within +/- 11.0% relative standard deviation with an accuracy of +/- 2.6% relative error.

Diuretic effects, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new centrally acting kappa-opioid agonist (CI-977) in humans

The diuretic effects, pharmacokinetics, and safety of CI-977, a new centrally acting selective kappa-opioid agonist, were determined in 16 healthy subjects. Subjects received single intramuscular doses of CI-977 (5, 15, or 25 micrograms) or placebo 1 week apart according to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-period, crossover design. Serial blood and urine specimens were collected after each dose. Significant dose-related decreases in negative free water clearance and urine osmolality and increases in urine volume were observed after administration of 15- and 25-micrograms doses of CI-977. CI-977 had no effect on urine electrolyte excretion or serum antidiuretic hormone. Absorption of CI-977 was rapid with individual tmax values ranging from 0.17 to 1.5 hours. Cmax and AUC(0-infinity) increased proportionally with dose. Individual elimination half-life values ranged from 0.6 to 3.3 hours and were independent of dose. Changes in free water clearance were related to CI-977 Cmax (r2 = 0.29, P = 0.0001) and AUC(0-4 hr) (r2 = 0.32, P = 0.0001) values. The most frequently reported adverse events after CI-977 administration were dizziness, fatigue, paresthesia, headache, vasodilatation (facial flushing), emotional lability, high feeling, and abnormal thinking. The frequency and intensity of adverse events increased with increasing CI-977 dose. In conclusion, CI-977 Cmax and AUC(0-infinity) increased in proportion to dose over the range of 5 to 25 micrograms; decreases in negative free water clearance were related to CI-977 dose and Cmax and AUC(0-4 hr) values; and the frequency and intensity of adverse events increased with increasing CI-977 dose.

The relationship between nasalance and nasality in children with cleft palate

This study correlated measures of nasalance computed by the Nasometer with listener judgments of nasality. The subjects were 25 children with craniofacial disorders who spoke three passages, each containing a different proportion of nasal consonants. The results showed a significant but modest correlation between nasalance and nasality when nasal consonants (/m, n, eta/) were not included in the speech passage. When nasal consonants were included in the passage nasalance was unrelated to judgments of hypernasality.

Biological sample preparation and data reduction concepts in pharmaceutical analysis

This paper describes strategies to rapidly develop sensitive and selective preparations using manual and robotic liquid-solid isolation (LSI) methods. LSI procedures offer selective isolation of drug or metabolites from complex matrices and are applicable to many pharmaceutical compounds. The beneficial effect of weighted linear regression is described, and several data reduction techniques are contrasted.

Sequestration electrochemistry: the interaction of chlorpromazine and human orosomucoid

A simple and rapid method is presented for determination of the association constants and stoichiometries describing ligand macromolecule interactions. Based on flow injection analysis and electrochemical detection by amperometry, the only requirements for direct measurements are that the ligand have redox properties and that these properties change upon binding to the macromolecule. Bound ligand may then be measured in the presence of free ligand. Detection limits are of the order of 2 pmol of ligand or less, a level that should provide access to previously unmeasurable systems. For the exemplary system, chlorpromazine and human orosomucoid, K0ass was determined as 0.39 X 10(6) M-1 with 0.76 chlorpromazine binding sites of this affinity per orosomucoid molecule.

Recent analytical methods for cephalosporins in biological fluids

Since 1980, RP chromatography has been the principal analytical technique used for cephalosporins. This technology offers selectivity, accuracy, and ease of use. Most of the methods rely on protein precipitation and, to a lesser extent, solid-phase isolation or extraction procedures. The proper selection of a method depends on the analytical constraints imposed by the overall objective of the study. For example, pharmacokinetic datum interpretation mandates that the method be validated and provide specific and accurate results. LC is the preferred technique, since it not only meets these specifications but may also distinguish between the drug and metabolites. Those chromatographic methods which quantify several different cephalosporins are not desirable for pharmacokinetic datum interpretation, since accuracy and precision are usually compromised in order that many different drugs may be quantified in a single analysis. The proper selection of sample preparation method is dependent on the presence of potential interferences and the acceptable lower limit of quantitation. Protein precipitation methods offer ease of sample preparation but may suffer from nonselectivity. Solid-phase isolation and extraction procedures may increase selectivity and improve the limit of quantitation. Although LC provides specific and accurate results, clinical laboratories may prefer to use the less specific methods for therapeutic drug monitoring. In this case, microbiological, enzymatic, and fluorimetric methods offer improved sample throughput but less specificity. However, these methods should not be used for drugs that may have a low margin of safety or if the patient is on multiple-antibiotic therapy. Future methods may involve incorporating solid-phase isolation columns to enhance the specificity of chromatographic, microbiological, enzymatic, and fluorescence methods. Advancements in microbore column technology may allow improvements in the selectivity and sensitivity of LC methods. Many investigators prefer to use simple protein precipitation procedures for sample preparation because of sample throughput constraints. However, advances in robotic sample preparation may allow the more cumbersome solid-phase isolation or extraction techniques to be used to improved sample throughput and specificity.

Analytical methods for measuring uric acid in biological samples and food products

During the last 7 decades, uric acid methodology has kept pace with the introduction of state-of-the-art technology (e.g., spectroscopy, electrochemistry, chromatography) or the discovery of unique chemical processes (e.g., redox, enzymatic). We envision this practice will continue in the future. There never will be a single analytical method applicable for biofluids or foodstuffs. Therefore, it is imperative that the analyst not only understand the advantages and disadvantages of a procedure, but also thoroughly understand its underlying chemical and technological principles. Since many procedures available for analysis of biofluids and foodstuffs rely on identical chemical or technological principles, this report shall review both sample types and the available spectroscopic, electroanalytical, and chromatographic methods.

Bioanalytic considerations for pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic studies

The correct evaluation of pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic data can only be achieved if accurate analytic data are obtained. The accuracy of analytic data depends on the criteria used to validate the method. Consequently, careful scrutiny of drug stability, assay sensitivity, selectivity, recovery, linearity, precision, and accuracy is necessary for the proper interpretation of data. The importance of method validation and its influence on pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic data evaluation and interpretation will be discussed.

Peripheral nerve function in patients with bronchial carcinoma. Comparison with matched controls and effects of treatment

Clinical examination of 80 patients with bronchial carcinoma showed minor neurological abnormalities but in only a few cases were these considered to be due to neuromyopathy. Spontaneous activity in the EMG was shown in 35%, consistent with a mild degree of partial denervation; when 50 of the patients were matched with 50 controls the patients showed a small but significant impairment of nerve conduction velocity in comparison with the controls. These findings accord with subclinical neuropathy in a high proportion of patients with bronchial carcinoma consistent with primary axonal change. Thirty patients participated in a prospective study of the effects of treatment. Of these nine were reassessed following surgery or radiotherapy. Although there was a trend towards improvement in sensory conduction there was no consistent change in the electromyographic findings.

Assessment of endocardial leads for permanent cardiac pacing

Catheter tip dislocation is the main complication of permanent pacemaker implantation using the subclavian vein. In this study of 50 patients we compared the incidence of complications using two endocardial electrodes specially designed to prevent tip dislocation. One catheter had a helical endocardial electrode and the other had retractable nylon barbs. The helical electrode was superior in every respect and we recommend its use for pacing through the subclavian vein.

Dysrhythmias in apparently healthy elderly subjects

Using 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias was investigated in 50 apparently healthy elderly subjects aged over 60 years. There was a high incidence of both ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats, supraventricular tachycardia and sinus arrest. First- and second-degree block were also noted. The incidence of dysrhythmias bore no obvious relationship to age over 60, sex, blood presssure, cigarette smoking, caffeine and theophylline ingestion or resting 12-lead ECG abnormalities.

Radiological survey of men exposed to asbestos in naval dockyards

Harries, P. G., Mackenzie, F. A. F., Sheers, G., Kemp, J. H., Oliver, T. P., and Wright, D. S. (1972).Brit. J. industr. Med.,29, 274-279. Radiological survey of men exposed to asbestos in naval dockyards. Asbestos related abnormalities were found in 3% of a 10% sample population in radiological surveys of the naval dockyards at Portsmouth, Chatham, and Rosyth. The prevalence of these abnormalities was related to the type of occupation and duration of exposure to asbestos. The results confirm the findings of an earlier survey at Devonport dockyard. No association between smoking, or the amount smoked, and the incidence of parenchymal or pleural disease due to asbestos was detected. Pleural abnormalities were found 10 times more frequently than parenchymal disease, and concern is felt over the uncertainty of the prognosis in men with pleural abnormalities, especially as 37 men have developed pleural mesothelioma at Devonport since 1965. More work is required to establish the true significance of pleural abnormalities caused by asbestos and to explore possible methods of treatment.