1
|
Hernandez-Lopez JM, Hernandez-Medina C, Medina-Corvalan C, Rodenas M, Francisca A, Perez-Garcia C, Echevarria D, Carratala F, Geijo-Barrientos E, Martinez S. Neuronal progenitors of the dentate gyrus express the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor during migration in the developing human hippocampus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:140. [PMID: 37149825 PMCID: PMC10164240 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world is due to the enormous capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus to be transmitted between humans, causing a threat to global public health. It has been shown that the entry of this virus into cells is highly facilitated by the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the cell membrane. Currently, we have no precise knowledge of how this receptor expresses in the brain of human fetus and, as a consequence, we do not know how susceptible the neural cells in the developing brain are to being infected through the vertical transmission of this virus, from mother to fetus. In this work, we describe the expression of ACE2 in the human brain at 20 weeks of gestation. This stage corresponds to the period of neuronal generation, migration, and differentiation in the cerebral cortex. We describe the specific expression of ACE2 in neuronal precursors and migratory neuroblasts of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. This finding implies that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the fetal period may affect neuronal progenitor cells and alter the normal development of the brain region where memory engrams are generated. Thus, although vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in few cases, the massive infection rate of young people in terms of the new variants leads to the possibility of increasing the ratio of congenital infections and originating cognitive alterations, as well as neuronal circuit anomalies that may represent vulnerability to mental problems throughout life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Medina-Corvalan
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Cátedra de Neurosciencia, UCAM-San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Almagro Francisca
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Claudia Perez-Garcia
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Cátedra de Neurosciencia, UCAM-San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Emilio Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
- Cátedra de Neurosciencia, UCAM-San Antonio, Murcia, Spain.
- Center of Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hidalgo-Sánchez M, Andreu-Cervera A, Villa-Carballar S, Echevarria D. An Update on the Molecular Mechanism of the Vertebrate Isthmic Organizer Development in the Context of the Neuromeric Model. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:826976. [PMID: 35401126 PMCID: PMC8987131 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.826976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial event during the development of the central nervous system (CNS) is the early subdivision of the neural tube along its anterior-to-posterior axis to form neuromeres, morphogenetic units separated by transversal constrictions and programed for particular genetic cascades. The narrower portions observed in the developing neural tube are responsible for relevant cellular and molecular processes, such as clonal restrictions, expression of specific regulatory genes, and differential fate specification, as well as inductive activities. In this developmental context, the gradual formation of the midbrain-hindbrain (MH) constriction has been an excellent model to study the specification of two major subdivisions of the CNS containing the mesencephalic and isthmo-cerebellar primordia. This MH boundary is coincident with the common Otx2-(midbrain)/Gbx2-(hindbrain) expressing border. The early interactions between these two pre-specified areas confer positional identities and induce the generation of specific diffusible morphogenes at this interface, in particular FGF8 and WNT1. These signaling pathways are responsible for the gradual histogenetic specifications and cellular identity acquisitions with in the MH domain. This review is focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the specification of the midbrain/hindbrain territory and the formation of the isthmic organizer. Emphasis will be placed on the chick/quail chimeric experiments leading to the acquisition of the first fate mapping and experimental data to, in this way, better understand pioneering morphological studies and innovative gain/loss-of-function analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez Diego Echevarria
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Villa-Carballar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez Diego Echevarria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zahola P, Hanics J, Pintér A, Máté Z, Gáspárdy A, Hevesi Z, Echevarria D, Adori C, Barde S, Törőcsik B, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Wagner L, Kovacs GG, Hökfelt T, Harkany T, Alpár A. Secretagogin expression in the vertebrate brainstem with focus on the noradrenergic system and implications for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2061-2078. [PMID: 31144035 PMCID: PMC6591208 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins are widely used to distinguish neuronal subsets in the brain. This study focuses on secretagogin, an EF-hand calcium sensor, to identify distinct neuronal populations in the brainstem of several vertebrate species. By using neural tube whole mounts of mouse embryos, we show that secretagogin is already expressed during the early ontogeny of brainstem noradrenaline cells. In adults, secretagogin-expressing neurons typically populate relay centres of special senses and vegetative regulatory centres of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Notably, secretagogin expression overlapped with the brainstem column of noradrenergic cell bodies, including the locus coeruleus (A6) and the A1, A5 and A7 fields. Secretagogin expression in avian, mouse, rat and human samples showed quasi-equivalent patterns, suggesting conservation throughout vertebrate phylogeny. We found reduced secretagogin expression in locus coeruleus from subjects with Alzheimer’s disease, and this reduction paralleled the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme rate limiting noradrenaline synthesis. Residual secretagogin immunoreactivity was confined to small submembrane domains associated with initial aberrant tau phosphorylation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that secretagogin is a useful marker to distinguish neuronal subsets in the brainstem, conserved throughout several species, and its altered expression may reflect cellular dysfunction of locus coeruleus neurons in Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Zahola
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Pintér
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Gáspárdy
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beáta Törőcsik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alán Alpár
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Porras-Gallo MI, Peña-Meliáan Á, Viejo F, Hernáandez T, Puelles E, Echevarria D, Ramón Sañudo J. Overview of the History of the Cranial Nerves: From Galen to the 21st Century. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:381-393. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Porras-Gallo
- Department of Medical Sciences; Medical Faculty of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real Spain
- Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB); University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Áangel Peña-Meliáan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Fermín Viejo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Tomáas Hernáandez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology; Universitat de Vàlencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Eduardo Puelles
- Department of Histology and Anatomy; University of Miguel Hernández; Alicante Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Department of Histology and Anatomy; University of Miguel Hernández; Alicante Spain
| | - José Ramón Sañudo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bosone C, Andreu A, Echevarria D. GAP junctional communication in brain secondary organizers. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:446-55. [PMID: 27273333 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are integral membrane proteins that enable the direct cytoplasmic exchange of ions and low molecular weight metabolites between adjacent cells. They are formed by the apposition of two connexons belonging to adjacent cells. Each connexon is formed by six proteins, named connexins (Cxs). Current evidence suggests that gap junctions play an important part in ensuring normal embryo development. Mutations in connexin genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, although the precise role and the cell biological mechanisms of their action remain almost unknown. Among the big family of Cxs, several are expressed in nervous tissue but just a few are expressed in the anterior neural tube of vertebrates. Many efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular bases of Cxs cell biology and how they influence the morphogenetic signal activity produced by brain signaling centers. These centers, orchestrated by transcription factors and morphogenes determine the axial patterning of the mammalian brain during its specification and regionalization. The present review revisits the findings of GJ composed by Cx43 and Cx36 in neural tube patterning and discuss Cx43 putative enrollment in the control of Fgf8 signal activity coming from the well known secondary organizer, the isthmic organizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bosone
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández & Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Abraham Andreu
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández & Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wende CZ, Zoubaa S, Blak A, Echevarria D, Martinez S, Guillemot F, Wurst W, Guimera J. Hairy/Enhancer-of-Split MEGANE and Proneural MASH1 Factors Cooperate Synergistically in Midbrain GABAergic Neurogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127681. [PMID: 25993409 PMCID: PMC4439124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic neurons are the primary inhibitory cell type in the mature brain and their dysfunction is associated with important neurological conditions like schizophrenia and anxiety. We aimed to discover the underlying mechanisms for dorsal/ventral midbrain GABAergic neurogenesis. Previous work by us and others has provided crucial insights into the key function of Mgn and Mash1 genes in determining GABAergic neurotransmitter fate. Induction of dorsal midbrain GABAergic neurons does not take place at any time during development in either of the single mutant mice. However, GABAergic neurons in the ventral midbrain remained unchanged. Thus, the similarities in MB-GABAergic phenotype observed in the Mgn and Mash1 single mutants suggest the existence of other factors that take over the function of MGN and MASH1 in the ventral midbrain or the existence of different molecular mechanisms. We show that this process essentially depends on heterodimers and homodimers formed by MGN and MASH1 and deciphered the in vivo relevance of the interaction by phenotypic analysis of Mgn/Mash1 double knockout and compound mice. Furthermore, the combination of gain- and loss-of-function experiments in the developing midbrain showed co-operative roles for Mgn and Mash1 genes in determining GABAergic identity. Transcription factors belonging to the Enhancer-of-split-related and proneural families have long been believed to counterpart each other's function. This work uncovers a synergistic cooperation between these two families, and provides a novel paradigm for how these two families cooperate for the acquisition of MB-GABAergic neuronal identity. Understanding their molecular mechanisms is essential for cell therapy strategies to amend GABAergic deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara-Zoe Wende
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Blak
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Experimental Embryology Laboratory, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Experimental Embryology Laboratory, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - François Guillemot
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Guimera
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Historically, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cerebellar development were investigated through structural descriptions and studying spontaneous mutations in animal models and humans. Advances in experimental embryology, genetic engineering, and neuroimaging techniques render today the possibility to approach the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying histogenesis and morphogenesis of the cerebellum by experimental designs. Several genes and molecules were identified to be involved in the cerebellar plate regionalization, specification, and differentiation of cerebellar neurons, as well as the establishment of cellular migratory routes and the subsequent neuronal connectivity. Indeed, pattern formation of the cerebellum requires the adequate orchestration of both key morphogenetic signals, arising from distinct brain regions, and local expression of specific transcription factors. Thus, the present review wants to revisit and discuss these morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms taking place during cerebellar development in order to understand causal processes regulating cerebellar cytoarchitecture, its highly topographically ordered circuitry and its role in brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Martinez
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Escamez T, Bahamonde O, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Vieta E, Martinez S, Echevarria D. Developmental dynamics of PAFAH1B subunits during mouse brain development. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3877-94. [PMID: 22522921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) mediates an array of biological processes in the mammalian central nervous system as a bioactive lipid messenger in synaptic function and dysfunction (plasticity, memory, and neurodegeneration). The intracellular enzyme that deacetylates the PAF (PAFAH1B) is composed of a tetramer of two catalytic subunits, ALPHA1 (PAFAH1B3) and ALPHA2 (PAFAH1B2), and a regulatory dimer of LIS1 (PAFAH1B1). We have investigated the mouse PAFAH1B subunit genes during brain development in normal mice and in mice with a hypomorphic allele for Lis1 (Lis1/sLis1; Cahana et al. [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6429-6434). We have analyzed quantitatively (by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction) and qualitatively (by in situ hybridization techniques) the amounts and expression patterns of their transcription in developing and postnatal brain, focusing mainly on differences in two laminated encephalic regions, the forebrain (telencephalon) and hindbrain (cerebellum) separately. The results revealed significant differences in cDNA content between these two brain subdivisions but, more importantly, between the LIS1 complex subunits. In addition, we found significant spatial differences in gene expression patterns. Comparison of results obtained with Lis1/sLis1 analysis also revealed significant temporal and spatial differences in Alpha1 and Lis1 expression levels. Thus, small changes in the amount of the Lis1 gene may differentially regulate expression of Alpha1 and Alpha2, depending on the brain region, which suggests different roles for each LIS1 complex subunit during neural differentiation and neural migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Escamez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación UVEG-UMH-CIBERSAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Area de Salud Mental, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Crespo-Enriquez I, Partanen J, Martinez S, Echevarria D. Fgf8-related secondary organizers exert different polarizing planar instructions along the mouse anterior neural tube. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39977. [PMID: 22792203 PMCID: PMC3391221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early brain patterning depends on proper arrangement of positional information. This information is given by gradients of secreted signaling molecules (morphogens) detected by individual cells within the responding tissue, leading to specific fate decisions. Here we report that the morphogen FGF8 exerts initially a differential signal activity along the E9.5 mouse neural tube. We demonstrate that this polarizing activity codes by RAS-regulated ERK1/2 signaling and depends on the topographical location of the secondary organizers: the isthmic organizer (IsO) and the anterior neural ridge (anr) but not on zona limitans intrathalamica (zli). Our results suggest that Sprouty2, a negative modulator of RAS/ERK pathway, is important for regulating Fgf8 morphogenetic signal activity by controlling Fgf8-induced signaling pathways and positional information during early brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Crespo-Enriquez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu T, Yaguchi Y, Echevarria D, Martinez S, Basson MA. Sprouty genes prevent excessive FGF signalling in multiple cell types throughout development of the cerebellum. Development 2011; 138:2957-68. [PMID: 21693512 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and regulators of the FGF signalling pathway are expressed in several cell types within the cerebellum throughout its development. Although much is known about the function of this pathway during the establishment of the cerebellar territory during early embryogenesis, the role of this pathway during later developmental stages is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the function of sprouty genes (Spry1, Spry2 and Spry4), which encode feedback antagonists of FGF signalling, during cerebellar development in the mouse. Simultaneous deletion of more than one of these genes resulted in a number of defects, including mediolateral expansion of the cerebellar vermis, reduced thickness of the granule cell layer and abnormal foliation. Analysis of cerebellar development revealed that the anterior cerebellar neuroepithelium in the early embryonic cerebellum was expanded and that granule cell proliferation during late embryogenesis and early postnatal development was reduced. We show that the granule cell proliferation deficit correlated with reduced sonic hedgehog (SHH) expression and signalling. A reduction in Fgfr1 dosage during development rescued these defects, confirming that the abnormalities are due to excess FGF signalling. Our data indicate that sprouty acts both cell autonomously in granule cell precursors and non-cell autonomously to regulate granule cell number. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FGF signalling levels have to be tightly controlled throughout cerebellar development in order to maintain the normal development of multiple cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Diez-Roux G, Banfi S, Sultan M, Geffers L, Anand S, Rozado D, Magen A, Canidio E, Pagani M, Peluso I, Lin-Marq N, Koch M, Bilio M, Cantiello I, Verde R, De Masi C, Bianchi SA, Cicchini J, Perroud E, Mehmeti S, Dagand E, Schrinner S, Nürnberger A, Schmidt K, Metz K, Zwingmann C, Brieske N, Springer C, Hernandez AM, Herzog S, Grabbe F, Sieverding C, Fischer B, Schrader K, Brockmeyer M, Dettmer S, Helbig C, Alunni V, Battaini MA, Mura C, Henrichsen CN, Garcia-Lopez R, Echevarria D, Puelles E, Garcia-Calero E, Kruse S, Uhr M, Kauck C, Feng G, Milyaev N, Ong CK, Kumar L, Lam M, Semple CA, Gyenesei A, Mundlos S, Radelof U, Lehrach H, Sarmientos P, Reymond A, Davidson DR, Dollé P, Antonarakis SE, Yaspo ML, Martinez S, Baldock RA, Eichele G, Ballabio A. A high-resolution anatomical atlas of the transcriptome in the mouse embryo. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000582. [PMID: 21267068 PMCID: PMC3022534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The manuscript describes the “digital transcriptome atlas” of the developing mouse embryo, a powerful resource to determine co-expression of genes, to identify cell populations and lineages and to identify functional associations between genes relevant to development and disease. Ascertaining when and where genes are expressed is of crucial importance to understanding or predicting the physiological role of genes and proteins and how they interact to form the complex networks that underlie organ development and function. It is, therefore, crucial to determine on a genome-wide level, the spatio-temporal gene expression profiles at cellular resolution. This information is provided by colorimetric RNA in situ hybridization that can elucidate expression of genes in their native context and does so at cellular resolution. We generated what is to our knowledge the first genome-wide transcriptome atlas by RNA in situ hybridization of an entire mammalian organism, the developing mouse at embryonic day 14.5. This digital transcriptome atlas, the Eurexpress atlas (http://www.eurexpress.org), consists of a searchable database of annotated images that can be interactively viewed. We generated anatomy-based expression profiles for over 18,000 coding genes and over 400 microRNAs. We identified 1,002 tissue-specific genes that are a source of novel tissue-specific markers for 37 different anatomical structures. The quality and the resolution of the data revealed novel molecular domains for several developing structures, such as the telencephalon, a novel organization for the hypothalamus, and insight on the Wnt network involved in renal epithelial differentiation during kidney development. The digital transcriptome atlas is a powerful resource to determine co-expression of genes, to identify cell populations and lineages, and to identify functional associations between genes relevant to development and disease. In situ hybridization (ISH) can be used to visualize gene expression in cells and tissues in their native context. High-throughput ISH using nonradioactive RNA probes allowed the Eurexpress consortium to generate a comprehensive, interactive, and freely accessible digital gene expression atlas, the Eurexpress transcriptome atlas (http://www.eurexpress.org), of the E14.5 mouse embryo. Expression data for over 15,000 genes were annotated for hundreds of anatomical structures, thus allowing us to systematically identify tissue-specific and tissue-overlapping gene networks. We illustrate the value of the Eurexpress atlas by finding novel regional subdivisions in the developing brain. We also use the transcriptome atlas to allocate specific components of the complex Wnt signaling pathway to kidney development, and we identify regionally expressed genes in liver that may be markers of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Marc Sultan
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Geffers
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Santosh Anand
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - David Rozado
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alon Magen
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ivana Peluso
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Nathalie Lin-Marq
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Koch
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Marchesa Bilio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Verde
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Juliette Cicchini
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Perroud
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shprese Mehmeti
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Dagand
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Asja Nürnberger
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Metz
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Brieske
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindy Springer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Martinez Hernandez
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Herzog
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Grabbe
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sieverding
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Fischer
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schrader
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maren Brockmeyer
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Dettmer
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christin Helbig
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Carole Mura
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Eduardo Puelles
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Calero
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Markus Uhr
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christine Kauck
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Guangjie Feng
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nestor Milyaev
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chuang Kee Ong
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - MeiSze Lam
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A. Semple
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Radelof
- RZPD—Deutsches Ressourcenzentrum für Genomforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duncan R. Davidson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Inserm U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg; Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| | - Marie-Laure Yaspo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| | - Richard A. Baldock
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DRD); (PD); (SEA); (M-LY); (SM); (RAB); (GE); (AB)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu T, Yaguchi Y, Echevarria D, Martinez S, Wechsler‐Reya R, Basson M. [P1.41]: Sprouty genes function as negative regulators of the FGF signalling pathway during cerebellar development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
13
|
Parra A, Madrid R, Echevarria D, del Olmo S, Morenilla-Palao C, Acosta MC, Gallar J, Dhaka A, Viana F, Belmonte C. Ocular surface wetness is regulated by TRPM8-dependent cold thermoreceptors of the cornea. Nat Med 2010; 16:1396-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
14
|
Yu T, Yaguchi Y, Echevarria D, Martinez S, Wechsler-Reya R, Basson MA. Sprouty genes function as negative regulators of the FGF signalling pathway during cerebellar development. Dev Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Vieira C, Pombero A, García-Lopez R, Gimeno L, Echevarria D, Martínez S. Molecular mechanisms controlling brain development: an overview of neuroepithelial secondary organizers. Int J Dev Biol 2010; 54:7-20. [PMID: 19876817 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.092853cv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate Central Nervous System (CNS) originates from the embryonic dorsal ectoderm. Differentiation of the neural epithelium from the ectoderm and the formation of the neural plate constitute the first phase of a complex process called neurulation which culminates in the formation of the neural tube, the anlage of the CNS in sauropsids and mammals (for review see Smith and Schoenwolf, 1997; Colas and Schoenwolf, 2001). At neural plate and neural tube stages, local signaling centers in the neuroepithelium, known as secondary organizers, refine the antero-posterior specification of different neural territories (for review see Echevarria et al., 2003; Stern et al.,2006; Woltering and Durston, 2008). In this review, we will describe the principle aspects of CNS development in birds and mammals, starting from early stages of embryogenesis (gastrulation and neurulation) and culminating with the formation of a variety of different regions which contribute to the structural complexity of the brain (regionalization and morphogenesis). We will pay special attention to the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in neural tube regionalization and the key role played by localized secondary organizers in the patterning of neural primordia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vieira
- Alicante Neuroscience Institute, Miguel Hernandez University, CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liguori GL, Echevarria D, Bonilla S, D'Andrea D, Liguoro A, Persico MG, Martinez S. Characterization of the functional properties of the neuroectoderm in mouse Cripto(-/-) embryos showing severe gastrulation defects. Int J Dev Biol 2009; 53:549-57. [PMID: 19247965 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082650gl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During development of the mammalian embryo, there is a complex relation between formation of the mesoderm and the neuroectoderm. In mouse, for example, the role of the node and its mesendoderm derivatives in anterior neural specification is still debated. Mouse Cripto(-/-) embryos could potentially help settle this debate because they lack almost all embryonic endoderm and mesoderm, including the node and its derivatives. In the present paper, we show that Cripto(-/-) embryos can still form functional neural stem cells that are able to differentiate and maintain a neural phenotype both in vivo and in vitro. These data suggest that signals emanating from the mesoderm and endoderm might not be essential for the formation and differentiation of neural stem cells. However, we use grafting experiments to show that the Cripto(-/-) isthmus (the secondary organizer located at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary) loses its inductive ability. We further show that the Cripto(-/-)isthmus expresses lower amounts of the isthmic signalling molecule, Fgf8. Since nearby tissues remain competent to respond to exogenously added Fgf8, this reduction in Fgf8 levels in the Cripto(-/-) isthmus is the potential cause of the loss of patterning ability in graft experiments. Overall, we interpret our data to suggest that the mammalian node and primitive streak are essential for the development of the regional identities that control the specification and formation of the secondary organizers within the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu T, Yaguchi Y, Echevarria D, Martinez S, Basson A. 13-P144 Sprouty genes function as negative regulators of the FGF signalling pathway during cerebellar development. Mech Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Basson MA, Echevarria D, Ahn CP, Sudarov A, Joyner AL, Mason IJ, Martinez S, Martin GR. Specific regions within the embryonic midbrain and cerebellum require different levels of FGF signaling during development. Development 2009. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.038380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
Basson MA, Echevarria D, Ahn CP, Sudarov A, Joyner AL, Mason IJ, Martinez S, Martin GR. Specific regions within the embryonic midbrain and cerebellum require different levels of FGF signaling during development. Development 2008; 135:889-98. [PMID: 18216176 DOI: 10.1242/dev.011569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prospective midbrain and cerebellum formation are coordinated by FGF ligands produced by the isthmic organizer. Previous studies have suggested that midbrain and cerebellum development require different levels of FGF signaling. However, little is known about the extent to which specific regions within these two parts of the brain differ in their requirement for FGF signaling during embryogenesis. Here, we have explored the effects of inhibiting FGF signaling within the embryonic mouse midbrain (mesencephalon) and cerebellum (rhombomere 1) by misexpressing sprouty2 (Spry2) from an early stage. We show that such Spry2 misexpression moderately reduces FGF signaling, and that this reduction causes cell death in the anterior mesencephalon, the region furthest from the source of FGF ligands. Interestingly, the remaining mesencephalon cells develop into anterior midbrain, indicating that a low level of FGF signaling is sufficient to promote only anterior midbrain development. Spry2 misexpression also affects development of the vermis, the part of the cerebellum that spans the midline. We found that, whereas misexpression of Spry2 alone caused loss of the anterior vermis, reducing FGF signaling further, by decreasing Fgf8 gene dose, resulted in loss of the entire vermis. Our data suggest that cell death is not responsible for vermis loss, but rather that it fails to develop because reducing FGF signaling perturbs the balance between vermis and roof plate development in rhombomere 1. We suggest a molecular explanation for this phenomenon by providing evidence that FGF signaling functions to inhibit the BMP signaling that promotes roof plate development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Albert Basson
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Developmental Biology, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Albert Basson M, Echevarria D, Peterson C, Minowada G, Sudarov A, Joyner A, Mason J, Martinez S. Fibroblast growth factor signaling controls development of the cerebellar vermis by inhibiting signals permissive for roofplate formation in anterior rhombomere 1. Dev Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Valdés-Sánchez L, Escámez T, Echevarria D, Ballesta JJ, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Reiner O, Martinez S, Geijo-Barrientos E. Postnatal alterations of the inhibitory synaptic responses recorded from cortical pyramidal neurons in the Lis1/sLis1 mutant mouse. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:220-9. [PMID: 17433713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the mouse Lis1 gene produce severe alterations in the developing cortex. We have examined some electrophysiological responses of cortical pyramidal neurons during the early postnatal development of Lis/sLis1 mutant mice. In P7 and P30 Lis1/sLis1 neurons we detected a lower frequency and slower decay phase of mIPSCs, and at P30 the mIPSCs amplitude and the action potential duration were reduced. Zolpidem (an agonist of GABAA receptors containing the alpha1 subunit) neither modified the amplitude nor the decay time of mIPSCs at P7 in Lis1/sLis1 neurons, whereas it increased the decay time at P30. The levels of GABAA receptor alpha1 subunit mRNA were reduced in the Lis1/sLis1 brain at P7 and P30, whereas reduced levels of the corresponding protein were only found at P7. These results demonstrate the presence of functional alterations in the postnatal Lis1/sLis1 cortex and point to abnormalities in GABAA receptor subunit switching processes during postnatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Valdés-Sánchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, Apartado 18, San Juan, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Prakash N, Brodski C, Naserke T, Puelles E, Gogoi R, Hall A, Panhuysen M, Echevarria D, Sussel L, Weisenhorn DMV, Martinez S, Arenas E, Simeone A, Wurst W. A Wnt1-regulated genetic network controls the identity and fate of midbrain-dopaminergic progenitors in vivo. Development 2006; 133:89-98. [PMID: 16339193 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain neurons synthesizing the neurotransmitter dopamine play a central role in the modulation of different brain functions and are associated with major neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite the importance of these cells, the molecular mechanisms controlling their development are still poorly understood. The secreted glycoprotein Wnt1 is expressed in close vicinity to developing midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Here, we show that Wnt1 regulates the genetic network, including Otx2 and Nkx2-2, that is required for the establishment of the midbrain dopaminergic progenitor domain during embryonic development. In addition, Wnt1 is required for the terminal differentiation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons at later stages of embryogenesis. These results identify Wnt1 as a key molecule in the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vivo. They also suggest the Wnt1-controlled signaling pathway as a promising target for new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Prakash
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Technical University Munich, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In recent years much emphasis has been placed on investigation of the precise control of FGF signaling during brain development. Such control is achieved in part by regulatory elements that determine the domains and levels of expression of genes coding for the diverse FGF ligands via specific molecular signaling pathways. There is new knowledge on the operation of such mechanisms in regions of the neural tube involved in the correct patterning of adjacent territories (known as secondary organizers of neural tube pattern). In the present minireview we intend to summarize recent evidence and emerging conclusions on potent modulators that govern the activity of Fgf8 signals in the developing vertebrate brain, focusing our attention on the best known secondary organizer, the isthmic organizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Echevarria
- Institute of Neuroscience, University Miguel Hernandez (UMH-CSIC), Carretera de Valencia (N332), San Juan, Alicante 03550, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Echevarria D, Martinez S, Marques S, Lucas-Teixeira V, Belo JA. Mkp3 is a negative feedback modulator of Fgf8 signaling in the mammalian isthmic organizer. Dev Biol 2005; 277:114-28. [PMID: 15572144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pivotal mechanisms that govern the correct patterning and regionalization of the distinct areas of the mammalian CNS are driven by key molecules that emanate from the so-called secondary organizers at neural plate and tube stages. FGF8 is the candidate morphogenetic molecule to pattern the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon in the isthmic organizer (IsO). Recognizable relevance has been given to the intracellular pathways by which Fgf8 is regulated and modulated. In chick limb bud development, a dual mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 (Mkp3) plays a role as a negative feedback modulator of Fgf8 signaling. We have investigated the role of Mkp3 and its functional relationship with the Fgf8 signaling pathway in the mouse IsO using gene transfer microelectroporation assays and protein-soaked bead experiments. Here, we demonstrate that MKP3 has a negative feedback action on the MAPK/ERK-mediated FGF8 pathway in the mouse neuroepithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias, University of Miguel Hernández (UMH-CSIC), Carretera de Valencia (N-332), Campus de San Juan, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garcia-Lopez R, Vieira C, Echevarria D, Martinez S. Fate map of the diencephalon and the zona limitans at the 10-somites stage in chick embryos. Dev Biol 2004; 268:514-30. [PMID: 15063186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The diencephalon is a central area of the vertebrate developing brain, where the thalamic nuclear complex, the pretectum and the anterior tegmental structures are generated. It has been subdivided into prosomeres, which are transversal domains defined by morphological and molecular criteria. The zona limitans intrathalamica is a central boundary in the diencephalon that separates the posterior diencephalon (prosomeres 1 and 2), from the anterior diencephalon (prosomere 3). This intrathalamic limit appears early on in neural tube development, and the molecular pattern that it reveals suggests an important role in the diencephalic histogenesis. We hereby present a fate map of the presumptive territories in the diencephalon of a chick embryo at the 10-11 somite stages (HH9-10), by homotopic and isochronic quail-chick grafts. The anatomical interpretation of chimeric brains was aided by correlative whole-mount in situ hybridization with RNA probes for chicken genes expressed in specific diencephalic territories. The resulting fate map describes the distribution of the presumptive diencephalic prosomeres in the neural tube, and demonstrates their topologically conserved relationships throughout the neural development. Moreover, we show that the presumptive epithelium of ZLI can be localized at early developmental stages in the diencephalic alar plate at the anterior limit of the Wnt8b gene expression domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|