Inactivation kinetics of a surrogate yield conservative predictions of foodborne pathogen reductions from low water activity foods of varying size and composition during low-temperature steam processing

There is a growing interest in using models to predict foodborne pathogen inactivation as a way to validate or verify preventive controls. Unlike liquid foods, solid, low water activity foods (LWAF) are heterogenous in composition and structure and do not transfer heat uniformly. Using models constructed from one food to predict pathogen inactivation on another LWAF is complex and may not always be possible, even if the foods have similar composition. Using models constructed from inactivation kinetics of three foodborne pathogens and a surrogate from vacuum-steam-pasteurized (72 and 82 °C) whole macadamia nuts and dried apricot halves, 3-log reductions were predicted for the same pathogens and foods of reduced size. Model fits (First-order, Weibull, and Gompertz) were significantly impacted by the food type regardless of particle size. Despite the foods being identical in composition with particle size as the only altered characteristic, best-fit models accurately predicted the 3-log reductions only 50% of the time, but the surrogate inactivation models provided conservative predictions for pathogen reductions, highlighting that a surrogate's model may be a suitable tool for predicting pathogen reduction on LWAFs.

231 ESTABLISHING AN INTERVENTIONS BUNDLE TO IMPROVE INPATIENT CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Background

Patients with Parkinson’s (PwP) are at a higher risk of complications once admited to hospital compared to their age-matched peers. Medication mismanagement is a well-known obstacle, which puts PwP at risk of sub-optimal treatment leading to an unnecessary deterioration of baseline and potentially increases risk of adverse sequelae.

Methods

Retrospective electronic patient records (EPR)/chart review of 47 admissions was conducted, across three hospital sites.

Data attaining to correct prescribing of medication on admission and discharge, prescribing of contraindicated medications, reasons for medication lapses and complications of inpatient stay were collected. EPR of 17 patients’ were reviewed to assess if Parkinson’s disease (PD) medication administrations occurred within 30 minutes of patient schedule, as recommended by NICE guidelines. Key areas for improvement were identified based on the results.

Results

47 charts (30 Males, 17 Females) with mean age 72 (range:57–90), were reviewed. Average number of co-morbidities:4.5 and Clinical Frailty Scale ranged 5–9 (n = 30). LOS averaged 12.4 days and 43% of patients had ≥2 hospital admissions in the preceeding year.

38% (17/44) of admissions correctly documented patient specific medication times. Only 48% of patients (n = 638) received their medications within 30 minutes of the scheduled time. 47% (22/47) experienced complications attributable to PD. Contraindicated medications were noted in 5 cases. 84% of discharging prescriptions did not mention timing of PD medication and 3 prescriptions had errors with regards to dosage/omission of medication.

Conclusion

We implemented across two sites: 1) Care protocol flag in patient’s chart highlighting simple avoidable complications. 2) Laminated over the bed signpost alerting ‘time critical medication’. 3) ‘Time critical medication’ stickers in drug kardex 4) Education sessions for Medical, Nursing and Ward staff. 6) Establishing out of hours access to PD medications and protocols for NPO/poor swallow. We plan to reassess significance of efforts post intervention.

Management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal squamous cell carcinoma at a tertiary referral centre with a dedicated infectious diseases unit: an 18-year review

INTRODUCTION

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare malignancy with rising incidence rates. Risk factors include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, high-risk sexual activity and HPV-related genitourinary dysplasia/neoplasia. There is an overlap between high-risk patients and those attending HIV Medicine/Sexual Health (HMSH) services. We hypothesised that HMSH involvement may facilitate earlier referral to colorectal surgeons, with better outcomes.

METHODS

Retrospective review of all ASCC and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) treated at a tertiary-referral hospital with a dedicated HMSH clinic between 2000 and 2018. Comparative analysis was performed of demographics, management and outcomes between HMSH and non-HMSH patients.

RESULTS

One hundred and nine patients had anal pathology, eighty-five with ASCC (78%) and twenty-four with AIN (22%). Seventy (64%) were male. Median (range) age at ASCC diagnosis was 51 years (26-88). Thirty-six percent of all patients attended HMSH services, 28% were HIV positive, and 41% of males were men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). Eighty-one ASCC patients (97.5%) were treated with curative intent. Sixty-seven (80%) had primary chemoradiation therapy. Fifteen (17.5%) had primary surgical excision. Twelve (14%) developed recurrent disease. Ultimately, seven required salvage APR. Overall 3-year survival (3YS) was 76%. HMSH patients were significantly younger at ASCC diagnosis (p < 0.001), with a higher prevalence of HIV, HPV and MSM. HMSH attenders also tended to be diagnosed at earlier stages, were less likely to develop recurrence and achieved better overall outcomes, with a superior overall 3YS than non-HMSH patients (92% vs 72%, p = 0.037).

CONCLUSION

ASCC incidence is increasing worldwide. The HMSH cohort has emerged as a distinct subpopulation of younger, high-risk, male patients. Collaboration between HMSH and colorectal surgeons offers an opportunity for risk reduction strategies and earlier intervention.

Visual Immunoprecipitate Assay (VIP) for Listeria monocytogenes and Related Listeria Species Detection in Selected Foods: Collaborative Study

Six foods representing a variety of food products were analyzed by the Assurance Listeria polyclonal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by either the Bacteriological Analytical Manual or the U.S. Department of Agriculture culture method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes and related Listeria species. Samples of each food type, at each inoculation level, were analyzed simultaneously by both methods. A total of 19 laboratories representing federal government agencies and private industry in the United States and Canada participated. Food types were inoculated with Listeria species including L. monocytogenes, with the exception of 3 lots of green beans, which were naturally contaminated. During this study, 1764 samples and controls were analyzed and confirmed, of which 492 were positive and 947 were negative by both methods. There were 159 samples that were positive by culture method but negative by the EIA and 188 that were negative by culture method but positive by EIA. Twenty-two samples were negative by EIA and by culture method but confirmed positive when Assurance selective enrichment broths were subcultured to selective agar. The Assurance polyclonal EIA for detecting L. monocytogenes and related Listeria species in foods has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Assurance Polyclonal Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Related Listeria Species in Selected Foods: Collaborative Study

Six foods representing a variety of food products were analyzed by the Assurance Listeria polyclonal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by either the Bacteriological Analytical Manual or the U.S. Department of Agriculture culture method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes and related Listeria species. Samples of each food type, at each inoculation level, were analyzed simultaneously by both methods. A total of 19 laboratories representing federal government agencies and private industry in the United States and Canada participated. Food types were inoculated with Listeria species including L. monocytogenes, with the exception of 3 lots of green beans, which were naturally contaminated. During this study, 1764 samples and controls were analyzed and confirmed, of which 492 were positive and 947 were negative by both methods. There were 159 samples that were positive by culture method but negative by the EIA and 188 that were negative by culture method but positive by EIA. Twenty-two samples were negative by EIA and by culture method but confirmed positive when Assurance selective enrichment broths were subcultured to selective agar. The Assurance polyclonal EIA for detecting L. monocytogenes and related Listeria species in foods has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Alfvénic velocity spikes and rotational flows in the near-Sun solar wind

The prediction of a supersonic solar wind¹ was first confirmed by spacecraft near Earth^2,3 and later by spacecraft at heliocentric distances as small as 62 solar radii⁴. These missions showed that plasma accelerates as it emerges from the corona, aided by unidentified processes that transport energy outwards from the Sun before depositing it in the wind. Alfvénic fluctuations are a promising candidate for such a process because they are seen in the corona and solar wind and contain considerable energy^5-7. Magnetic tension forces the corona to co-rotate with the Sun, but any residual rotation far from the Sun reported until now has been much smaller than the amplitude of waves and deflections from interacting wind streams⁸. Here we report observations of solar-wind plasma at heliocentric distances of about 35 solar radii^9-11, well within the distance at which stream interactions become important. We find that Alfvén waves organize into structured velocity spikes with duration of up to minutes, which are associated with propagating S-like bends in the magnetic-field lines. We detect an increasing rotational component to the flow velocity of the solar wind around the Sun, peaking at 35 to 50 kilometres per second-considerably above the amplitude of the waves. These flows exceed classical velocity predictions of a few kilometres per second, challenging models of circulation in the corona and calling into question our understanding of how stars lose angular momentum and spin down as they age^12-14.

Method Extension Study to Validate Applicability of AOAC Official Method 996.14 Assurance® Polyclonal Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Related Listeria spp. from Environmental Surfaces: Collaborative Study

Test portions from 3 environmental surface types, representative of typical surfaces found in a food production facility, were analyzed by the Assurance®Listeria Polyclonal Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) culture method for Listeria monocytogenes and related Listeria species. In all cases, naturally contaminated environmental test samples were collected from an actual food production facility by sponge or swab. Test samples from concrete surfaces were collected by both swab and sponge; sponge test samples were collected from rubber surfaces, and swabs were used to sample steel surfaces. Test portions from each surface type were simultaneously analyzed by both methods. A total of 23 collaborators, representing government agencies, as well as private industry in both the United States and Canada, participated in the study. During this study, a total of 550 test portions and controls was analyzed and confirmed, of which 207 were positive and 336 were negative by both methods. Six test portions were positive by culture, but negative by the EIA. Three test portions were negative by culture, but positive by the EIA. Two test portions were negative by EIA and by culture, but confirmed positive when EIA enrichment broths were subcultured to selective agars. The data reported here indicate that the Assurance®Listeria EIA method and the USDA/FSIS culture method are statistically equivalent for detection of L. monocytogenes and related Listeria species from environmental surfaces taken by sponges or swabs.

Method Extension Study to Validate Applicability of AOAC Official Method 997.03 Visual Immunoprecipitate Assay (VIP®) for Listeria monocytogenes and Related Listeria spp. from Environmental Surfaces: Collaborative Study

Test portions from 3 environmental surface types, representative of typical surfaces found in a food production facility, were analyzed by the Visual Immunoprecipitate assay (VIP®) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) culture method for Listeria monocytogenes and related Listeria species. In all cases, naturally contaminated environmental test samples were collected from an actual food production facility by sponge or swab. Test samples from concrete surfaces were collected by both swab and sponge; sponge test samples were collected from rubber surfaces, and swabs were used to sample steel surfaces. Test portions from each surface type were simultaneously analyzed by both methods. A total of 27 laboratories, representing government agencies as well as private industry in both the United States and Canada, participated in the study. During this study, a total of 615 test portions and controls was analyzed and confirmed, of which 227 were positive and 378 were negative by both methods. Nine test portions were positive by culture, but negative by the VIP. Five test portions were negative by culture, but positive by the VIP. Four test portions were negative by VIP and by culture, but confirmed positive when VIP enrichment broths were subcultured to selective agars. The data reported here indicate that the VIP method and the USDA/FSIS culture method are statistically equivalent for detection of L. monocytogenes and related Listeria species from environmental surfaces taken by sponges or swabs.

Abstract P5-09-19: The complexity of germline panel testing: Cost, access and variant interpretation in an Irish context

Objectives

Diagnostic germline genetic testing of single or multiple cancer predisposition genes is increasingly central to the care of women with breast cancer. Testing for mutations in BRCA1/2 has therapeutic relevance in perioperative and metastatic settings. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are identified in approximately 5-20% of tests. Single gene testing in the Rep. of Ireland occurs through 3 clinics using laboratories in England. Panel testing is offered through Color Genomics and Myriad Genetics. Color genomics offers a less expansive panel test. Panels have made variant interpretation a common clinical challenge. We investigated interpretation of 10 VUS in 3 laboratories.

Methods

We selected 10 patients who had VUS reported in BRCA1/2 in NHS laboratories. Further diagnostic testing for mutations in BRCA1/2 was subsequently completed using BRACAnalysis on stored DNA from these individuals. Patients were re-contacted and offered Color panel testing for mutations in 30 genes. Previous test reports were not provided to either company. A review of all 10 BRCA1/2 VUS was performed on ClinVar database.

Results

Two VUS in BRCA1 and 8 VUS in BRCA2 were included in the study. Retesting was completed at a median time of 20mths (14-70mths) after the original testing. All 10 individuals underwent BRCAnalysis testing, only 7 had panel testing (2 did not make contact following calls/ letters, 1 had left Ireland). ClinVar classified 3 variants as benign, 2 likely benign, 2 VUS and 2 pathogenic (1not on ClinVar). All 10 VUS were re-classified by Myriad and Color. One result was deemed 'pathogenic' by Color and 'suspected deleterious' by Myriad (pt 9, table 1). Panel testing identified two additional VUS: an MSH6 and a RAD51.

Interpretation of testing CliniVarNHS laboratory testingMyriadColor GenomicsPtDatabase ReviewGeneexon BRACAnalysis30 gene panel test1Benign (2018)BRCA111c.3708T&gt;G, p.(Asn1236Lys)No deleterious mutationMSH6 VUS c.2585T&gt;A (p.Leu862Gln)2Benign (2015)BRCA111c.4910C&gt;T, p.(Pro1637Leu)No deleterious mutationNo mutations identified3Not on ClinVarBRCA211c.3037A&gt;G, p.(Lys1025Glu)No deleterious mutationNo mutations identified4Pathogenic (2016)BRCA23c.316+5G&gt;CDeleterious MutationNo sample submitted5VUS (2016)BRCA24c.343A&gt;G , p.(Lys115Glu)No deleterious mutationNo mutations identified6Likely benign (2016)BRCA211c.5635G&gt;A, p.(Glu1879Lys)No deleterious mutationRAD51D VUS c.26G&gt;C (p.Cys9Ser)7Benign (2017)BRCA211c.6821G&gt;T, p.(Gly2274Val)No deleterious mutationNo sample submitted8Likely Benign (2018)BRCA215c.7601C&gt;T, p.(Ala2534Val)No deleterious mutationvNo mutations identified9Pathogenic (2017)BRCA217c.7958T&gt;C, p.(Leu2653Pro)Suspected deleterious mutationBRCA2, c.7958T&gt;C, p.(Leu2653Pro) PATHOGENIC10VUS (2016)BRCA219c.8351G&gt;A, p.(Arg2784Gln)No deleterious mutationNo sample submitted

Conclusions

All 10 VUS in BRCA1/2 were reclassified with additional testing by two commercial laboratories at a later date. The results of this testing by two different companies are clinically concordant. Panel testing identified 2 additional VUS in potentially clinically relevant genes. Less expansive testing increases access to germline genetic testing but requires responsible interpretation.

Citation Format: O'Donovan EM, Farrell M, Gallagher D. The complexity of germline panel testing: Cost, access and variant interpretation in an Irish context [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-09-19.

Human energy expenditure: advances in organ-tissue prediction models

Humans expend energy at rest (REE), and this major energy exchange component is now usually estimated using statistical equations that include weight and other predictor variables. While these formulas are useful in evaluating an individual's or group's REE, an important gap remains: available statistical models are inadequate for explaining underlying organ-specific and tissue-specific mechanisms accounting for resting heat production. The lack of such systems level REE prediction models leaves many research questions unanswered. A potential approach that can fill this gap began with investigators who first showed in animals and later in humans that REE reflects the summated heat production rates of individual organs and tissues. Today, using advanced imaging technologies, REE can be accurately estimated from the measured in vivo mass of 10 organ-tissue mass components combined with their respective mass-specific metabolic rates. This review examines the next frontier of energy expenditure models and discusses how organ-tissue models have the potential not only to better predict REE but also to provide insights into how perturbations in organ mass lead to structure-function changes across other interacting organ systems. The introductory ideas advanced in this review provide a framework for future human energy expenditure modelling research.

Abstract P6-08-17: Pregnancy associated breast cancer: Evaluating maternal outcomes. A multicentre study

Background

Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC) is defined as breast cancer (BC) diagnosed during the gestational period (GP) or in the first year postpartum (PP). Despite its infrequent occurrence, the incidence of PABC appears to be rising due to the increasing propensity for women to delay childbirth. We have established the first combined prospective and retrospective registry study of PABC in Ireland to examine specific clinicopathological characteristics, treatments and maternal outcomes. We present the retrospective findings to date.

Methods

We performed a retrospective multicentre observational study of patients (pts) with PABC treated in the eight Irish cancer centres from August 2001 to March 2017. Data extracted included information on pt demographics, tumour biology, staging, treatment administered and maternal outcomes. Standard biostatistical methods were used for analysis.

Results

111 PABC patients were identified. Sixty pts (54%) were diagnosed during the GP and 51 (46%) within 1 year PP. Median age at diagnosis was 36 years (yrs). Table 1 illustrates baseline characteristics. Two thirds of pts were node positive and a similar proportion had grade 3 pathology. Seventy pts (63%) were estrogen receptor (ER) positive, 36 (32%) HER2 positive, 25 (22%) triple negative. Twenty-two pts (20%) were metastatic at presentation. Seven pts (6%) had a known BRCA 1/2 mutation. The median OS (overall survival) and DFS (disease free survival) for the entire cohort was 107.4 and 94.2 months respectively (resp). There was no survival difference between those diagnosed during the GP versus PP. 5 yr DFS and OS was 68.6% and 69.2% resp. This compares unfavourably to results reported by the National Cancer Registry of Ireland in a similar age-matched BC population between 2000-2012 where the 5 yr OS was 86.5%. Variables in our study associated with poorer outcomes included younger age, tumour size, node positivity and lack of estrogen expression.

Baseline characteristics PABC patients (n=11) %(n)Diagnosed in GP (n=60) %(n)Diagnosed 1yr PP (n=51) %(n)p valueDemographic    Age at diagnosis3636(25-49)36(21-44)0.31Stage    I-II54(60)55(33)53(27)0.85III23(26)23(14)23(12)1IV20(22)18(11)22(11)0.81Unknown3(3)3(2)2(1)1Pathology    Grade 366(74)70(42)63(32)0.43Node positive66(73)68(41)63(32)0.55ER+/HER2-41(45)38(23)43(22)0.69ER+/HER2+23(25)28(17)16(8)0.17ER-/HER2+14(16)17(10)12(6)0.59Triple negative22(25)17(10)29(15)0.11Surgery    Breast conservation23(26)25(15)21(11)0.82Mastectomy56(63)57(34)59(30)0.84Adjuavnt/Neoadjuvant treatment    Chemotherapy73(81)77(46)69(35)0.39Anthracycline68(55)78(36)54(19)0.03Taxane89(72)93(43)83(29)0.16Anti HER2 agent21(23)18(11)24(12)0.63Endocrine therapy64(52)63(29)66(23)0.84Radiotherapy79(64)74(34)86(30)0.85Relapse in Stage I-III    Local relapse15(13)12(6)18(7)0.55Distant relapse24(21)22(11)25(10)0.80

Conclusions

PABC patients may have a poorer outcome. Our study reported higher rates of triple negative and HER2 positive breast cancer which are associated with more aggressive biology. Prospective evaluation of clinicopathological features, pharmacokinetics of treatments selected and maternal and fetal outcomes is imperative in this distinct pt group.

Citation Format: Prior L, Teo M, Greally M, Ward C, O'Leary C, Aslam R, Darwish W, Ahmed N, Watson G, Kelly D, Kiely L, Hassan A, Gleeson J, Featherstone H, Lim M, Murray H, Gallagher D, Westrup J, Hennessy B, Leonard G, Grogan L, Breathnach O, Horgan A, Coate L, O'Mahony D, Coate L, O'Reilly S, Gupta R, Keane M, Duffy K, O'Connor M, Kennedy J, McCaffrey J, Higgins M, Kelly C, Carney D, Gullo G, Crown J, Walshe J. Pregnancy associated breast cancer: Evaluating maternal outcomes. A multicentre study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-08-17.

Establishing the feasibility of a community and primary health care intervention to raise awareness of symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes-The Early Detection of Type 1 Diabetes in Youth (EDDY) study

AIMS

To design, develop, and evaluate the feasibility of delivering a multi-component community based intervention to parents and primary health care professionals to raise awareness of the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in childhood in 3 adjoining borough counties of South Wales.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Parent and primary health care advisory groups were established to design the intervention. Qualitative interviews with stakeholders and parents assessed the acceptability, feasibility and any potential impact of the intervention.

RESULTS

The parent component of the intervention developed was a re-useable shopping bag with the 4 main symptoms of T1D illustrated on the side, based on the road traffic system of red warning triangles and an octagon "stop" sign stating "Seek Medical Help". Accompanying the bag was an A5 leaflet giving further information. Both were overwrapped with clear plastic and delivered to 98% (323/329) schools, equating to 101 371 children. The primary health care professional component was a dual glucose/ketone meter, single use lancets, stickers, the A5 parent leaflet displayed as a poster and an educational visit from a Community Diabetes Liaison Nurse. 87% (73/84) of GP practices received the intervention, 100% received the materials. The intervention was delivered within Cardiff, the Vale of Glamorgan and Bridgend. Qualitative analyses suggest that the intervention raised awareness and had some impact.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that it is feasible and acceptable to design, develop and deliver a community based intervention to raise awareness of T1D. There is some suggestion of impact but a definitive evaluation of effectiveness is still required.

Categorization and repair of recurrent and acquired tracheoesophageal fistulae occurring after esophageal atresia repair

PURPOSE

Recurrent trachea-esophageal fistula (recTEF) is a frequent (5%-10%) complication of congenital TEF (conTEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) repair. In addition, postoperative acquired TEF (acqTEF) can occur in addition to or even in the absence of prior conTEF in the setting of esophageal anastomotic complications. Reliable repair often proves difficult by endoluminal or standard surgical techniques. We present the results of an approach that reliably identifies the TEF and facilitates airway closure as well as repair of associated tracheal and esophageal problems.

METHODS

Retrospective review of 66 consecutive patients 2009-2016 (55 referrals and 11 local) who underwent repair via reoperative thoracotomy or cervicotomy for recTEF and acqTEF (IRB P00004344). Our surgical approach used complete separation of the airway and esophagus, which reliably revealed the TEF (without need for cannulation) and freed the tissues for primary closure of the trachea and frequently resection of the tracheal diverticulum. For associated esophageal strictures, stricturoplasty or resection was performed. Separation of the suture lines by rotational pexy of the both esophagus and the trachea, and/or tissue interposition were used to further inhibit re-recurrence. For associated severe tracheomalacia, posterior tracheopexy to the anterior spinal ligament was utilized.

RESULTS

The TEFs were recurrent (77%), acquired from esophageal leaks (26%), in addition to persistent or missed H-type (6%). Seven patients in this series had multiple TEFs of more than one category. Of the acqTEF cases, 6 were esophagobronchial, 10 esophagopulmonic, 2 esophagotracheal (initial pure EA cases), and 2 from a gastric conduit to the trachea. Upon referral, 18 patients had failed endoluminal treatments; and open operations for recTEF had failed in 18 patients. Significant pulmonary symptoms were present in all. During repairs, 58% were found to have a large tracheal diverticulum, and 51% had posterior tracheopexy for significant tracheomalacia. For larger esophageal defects, 32% were treated by stricturoplasty and 37% by segmental resection. Rotational pexy of the trachea and/or esophagus was utilized in 62% of cases to achieve optimal suture line separation. Review with a mean follow-up of 35months identified no recurrences, and resolution of pulmonary symptoms in all. Stricture treatment required postoperative dilations in 30, and esophageal replacement in 6 for long strictures. There was one death.

CONCLUSION

This retrospective review of 66 patients with postoperative recurrent and acquired TEF following esophageal atresia repair is the largest such series to date and provides a new categorization for postoperative TEF that helps clarify the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for management.

Body fat differences by self-reported race/ethnicity in healthy term newborns

BACKGROUND

Ethnic differences in total body fat (fat mass [FM]) have been reported in adults and children, but the timing of when these differences manifest and whether they are present at birth are unknown.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess whether ethnic differences in body fat are present at birth in healthy infants born at term, where body fat is measured using air displacement plethysmography and fat distribution by skin-fold thickness.

METHODS

Data were from a multiracial cross-sectional convenience sample of 332 term infants from four racial or ethnic groups based on maternal self-report (A, Asian; AA, non-Hispanic Black [African-American]; C, non-Hispanic White; and H, Hispanic). The main outcome measure was infant body fat at 1-3 days after birth, with age, birth weight, gestational age and maternal pre-pregnancy weight as covariates.

RESULTS

Significant effects for race (P = 0.0011), sex (P = 0.0051) and a race by sex interaction (P = 0.0236) were found. C females had higher FM than C males (P = 0.0001), and AA females had higher FM than AA males (P = 0.0205). C males had less FM than A males (P = 0.0353) and H males (P = 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Race/ethnic and sex differences in FM are present in healthy term newborns. Although the implications of these differences are unclear, studies beginning in utero and birth set the stage for a life course approach to understanding disease later in life.

Body composition during fetal development and infancy through the age of 5 years

Fetal body composition is an important determinant of body composition at birth, and it is likely to be an important determinant at later stages in life. The purpose of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview by presenting data from previously published studies that report on body composition during fetal development in newborns and the infant/child through 5 years of age. Understanding the changes in body composition that occur both in utero and during infancy and childhood, and how they may be related, may help inform evidence-based practice during pregnancy and childhood. We describe body composition measurement techniques from the in utero period to 5 years of age, and identify gaps in knowledge to direct future research efforts. Available literature on chemical and cadaver analyses of fetal studies during gestation is presented to show the timing and accretion rates of adipose and lean tissues. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of fetal lean and fat mass accretion could be especially useful in the clinical setting for diagnostic purposes. The practicality of different pediatric body composition measurement methods in the clinical setting is discussed by presenting the assumptions and limitations associated with each method that may assist the clinician in characterizing the health and nutritional status of the fetus, infant and child. It is our hope that this review will help guide future research efforts directed at increasing the understanding of how body composition in early development may be associated with chronic diseases in later life.

An analysis of the association between prostate cancer risk loci, PSA levels, disease aggressiveness and disease-specific mortality

BACKGROUND

Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple single-nucleotide polymorphsims (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer (PCa). Although these SNPs have been clearly associated with disease risk, their relationship with clinical outcomes is less clear. Our aim was to assess the frequency of known PCa susceptibility alleles within a single institution ascertainment and to correlate risk alleles with disease-specific outcomes.

METHODS

We genotyped 1354 individuals treated for localised PCa between June 1988 and December 2007. Blood samples were prospectively collected and de-identified before being genotyped and matched to phenotypic data. We investigated associations between 61 SNPs and disease-specific end points using multivariable analysis and also determined if SNPs were associated with PSA at diagnosis.

RESULTS

Seven SNPs showed associations on multivariable analysis (P<0.05), rs13385191 with both biochemical recurrence (BR) and castrate metastasis (CM), rs339331 (BR), rs1894292, rs17178655 and rs11067228 (CM), and rs11902236 and rs4857841 PCa-specific mortality. After applying a Bonferroni correction for number of SNPs (P<0.0008), the only persistent significant association was between rs17632542 (KLK3) and PSA levels at diagnosis (P=1.4 × 10(-5)).

CONCLUSIONS

We confirmed that rs17632542 in KLK3 is associated with PSA at diagnosis. No significant association was seen between loci and disease-specific end points when accounting for multiple testing. This provides further evidence that known PCa risk SNPs do not predict likelihood of disease progression.

Editor's choice--Angulation of the C-arm during complex endovascular aortic procedures increases radiation exposure to the head

OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND

The increased complexity of endovascular aortic repair necessitates longer procedural time and higher radiation exposure to the operator, particularly to exposed body parts. The aims were to measure directly exposure to radiation of the bodies and heads of the operating team during endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA), and to identify factors that may increase exposure.

METHODS

This was a single-centre prospective study. Between October 2013 and July 2014, consecutive elective branched and fenestrated TAAA repairs performed in a hybrid operating room were studied. Electronic dosimeters were used to measure directly radiation exposure to the primary (PO) and assistant (AO) operator in three different areas (under-lead, over-lead, and head). Fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) acquisition times, C-arm angulation, and PO/AO height were recorded.

RESULTS

Seventeen cases were analysed (Crawford II-IV), with a median operating time of 280 minutes (interquartile range 200-330 minutes). Median age was 76 years (range 71-81 years); median body mass index was 28 kg/m(2) (25-32 kg/m(2)). Stent-grafts incorporated branches only, fenestrations only, or a mixture of branches and fenestrations. A total of 21 branches and 38 fenestrations were cannulated and stented. Head dose was significantly higher in the PO compared with the AO (median 54 μSv [range 24-130 μSv] vs. 15 μSv [range 7-43 μSv], respectively; p = .022), as was over-lead body dose (median 80 μSv [range 37-163 μSv] vs. 32 μSv [range 6-48 μSv], respectively; p = .003). Corresponding under-lead doses were similar between operators (median 4 μSv [range 1-17 μSv] vs. 1 μSv [range 1-3 μSv], respectively; p = .222). Primary operator height, DSA acquisition time in left anterior oblique (LAO) position, and degrees of LAO angulation were independent predictors of PO head dose (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The head is an unprotected area receiving a significant radiation dose during complex endovascular aortic repair. The deleterious effects of exposure to this area are not fully understood. Vascular interventionalists should be cognisant of head exposure increasing with C-arm angulation, and limit this manoeuvre.

Body composition changes in pregnancy: measurement, predictors and outcomes

Prevalence of overweight and obesity has risen in the United States over the past few decades. Concurrent with this rise in obesity has been an increase in pregravid body mass index and gestational weight gain affecting maternal body composition changes in pregnancy. During pregnancy, many of the assumptions inherent in body composition estimation are violated, particularly the hydration of fat-free mass, and available methods are unable to disentangle maternal composition from fetus and supporting tissues; therefore, estimates of maternal body composition during pregnancy are prone to error. Here we review commonly used and available methods for assessing body composition changes in pregnancy, including: (1) anthropometry, (2) total body water, (3) densitometry, (4) imaging, (5) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, (6) bioelectrical impedance and (7) ultrasound. Several of these methods can measure regional changes in adipose tissue; however, most of these methods provide only whole-body estimates of fat and fat-free mass. Consideration is given to factors that may influence changes in maternal body composition, as well as long-term maternal and offspring outcomes. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research in this area.

Distance as a risk factor for amputation in patients with diabetes: a case-control study

We studied the association between amputation and distance of patients' residences to a diabetes care centre. We performed a case-control study matching each case (amputation) with 5 controls (no amputation) by age and sex. We compared the distance of residence to the diabetes centre, duration and type of diabetes, haemoglobin-A1c levels and foot examination findings for cases and controls. We analysed the association between distance and the strongest predictors of amputation. Sixty-six cases of amputation and 313 controls were identified. Distance of residence was 12.1km greater for cases (p = 0.028). In multivariate analysis, only diabetes duration (OR/year 1.07, 1.03 to 1.11) and neuropathy (OR 10.73, 4.55 to 25.74) were significantly associated with amputation. Patients with neuropathy resided 97 km further than those without neuropathy (p = 0.01). Patients requiring amputation reside at greater distances from the diabetes centre, possibly due to higher rates of neuropathy.

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) in the Republic of Ireland: results of a national survey

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services are not well developed in the Republic of Ireland. A national programme is being instituted to standardise care. This survey aims to assess the current use of outpatient intravenous antibiotics and to quantify the needs that physicians identify in the development of a national programme. General medical consultant physicians and clinical microbiology consultants were contacted through the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (RCPI) from April to June 2012. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. A total of 512 physicians were contacted, of which 55 (10.7 %) responded. The majority, 38/55 (69 %), practice general internal medicine in combination with a medical specialty, 2 (4 %) general internal medicine alone, 8 (15 %) clinical microbiology and 7 (13 %) a medical specialty alone. Of those practising a medical specialty, 12 (27 %) practice infectious diseases. Seventy-four percent reported having discharged patients with intravenous antibiotics; however, 47 % did not have a designated service available. Of those with no service, 100 % identified a need for these resources. Of those responsible for an OPAT service, 56 % had not audited their service. The most common indications were skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis and respiratory tract infection. Flucloxacillin was the most commonly reported antibiotic. Eleven percent responded that they never monitor laboratory studies for patients discharged with intravenous antibiotics. While OPAT services in Ireland are not well developed, patients are being discharged with intravenous antibiotics. This survey underscores the need to develop the national programme to standardise care and ensure patients receive safe and efficient therapy.

The effects of dependence and function on costs of care for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in Ireland

OBJECTIVE

To explore the incremental effects of patient dependence and function on costs of care for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Ireland.

METHODS

Cost analysis based on reported resource use for a cross-section of 100 community-based people with AD and MCI. Formal care included general practice visits, hospitalizations, outpatient clinic consultations, accident and emergency visits, respite care, meals on wheels services and other health and social care professional consultations. Informal care included time input provided by caregivers. Resource unit costs were applied to value formal care and the opportunity cost method was used to value informal care. Patient dependence on others was measured using the Dependence Scale and patient functional capacity using the Disability Assessment for Dementia scale. Multivariate regression analysis was used to model the cost of care.

RESULTS

Both dependence and function were independently and significantly associated with total formal and informal care cost: a one point increase in dependence was associated with a €796 increase in total cost and a one point improvement in function with a €417 reduction in total cost over 6 months. Patient function was significantly associated with formal care costs, whereas patient function and dependence were both significantly associated with informal care costs.

CONCLUSION

The costs of care for patients with AD and MCI in Ireland are substantial. Interventions that reduce patient dependence on others and functional decline may be associated with important economic benefits.

MRI-measured pelvic bone marrow adipose tissue is inversely related to DXA-measured bone mineral in younger and older adults

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Recent research has shown an inverse relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) and bone mineral density (BMD). There is a lack of evidence at the macro-imaging level to establish whether increased BMAT is a cause or effect of bone loss. This cross-sectional study compared the BMAT and BMD relationship between a younger adult group at or approaching peak bone mass (PBM; age 18.0-39.9 years) and an older group with potential bone loss (PoBL; age 40.0-88.0 years).

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Pelvic BMAT was evaluated in 560 healthy men and women with T1-weighted whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. BMD was measured using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS

An inverse correlation was observed between pelvic BMAT and pelvic, total and spine BMD in the younger PBM group (r=-0.419 to -0.461, P<0.001) and in the older PoBL group (r=-0.405 to -0.500, P<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, menopausal status, total body fat, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, neither subject group (younger PBM vs older PoBL) nor its interaction with pelvic BMAT significantly contributed to the regression models with BMD as dependent variable and pelvic BMAT as independent variable (P=0.434-0.928).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that an inverse relationship between pelvic BMAT and BMD is present both in younger subjects who have not yet experienced bone loss and also in older subjects. These results provide support at the macro-imaging level for the hypothesis that low BMD may be a result of preferential differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from osteoblasts to adipocytes.

Ethnic and sex differences in bone marrow adipose tissue and bone mineral density relationship

The relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue and bone mineral density is different between African Americans and Caucasians as well as between men and women. This suggests that the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells may differ in these populations.

INTRODUCTION

It has long been established that there are ethnic and sex differences in bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. Recent studies suggest that bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) may play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. It is unknown whether ethnic and sex differences exist in the relationship between BMAT and BMD.

METHODS

Pelvic BMAT was evaluated in 455 healthy African American and Caucasian men and women (age 18-88 years) using whole-body T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. BMD was measured using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS

A negative correlation was observed between pelvic BMAT and total body BMD or pelvic BMD (r = -0.533, -0.576, respectively; P < 0.001). In multiple regression analyses with BMD as the dependent variable, ethnicity significantly entered the regression models as either an individual term or an interaction with BMAT. Menopausal status significantly entered the regression model with total body BMD as the dependent variable. African Americans had higher total body BMD than Caucasians for the same amount of BMAT, and the ethnic difference for pelvic BMD was greater in those participants with a higher BMAT. Men and premenopausal women had higher total body BMD levels than postmenopausal women for the same amount of BMAT.

CONCLUSIONS

An inverse relationship exists between BMAT and BMD in African American and Caucasian men and women. The observed ethnic and sex differences between BMAT and BMD in the present study suggest the possibility that the mechanisms regulating the differentiation and proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells may differ in these populations.

Genetic architecture of prostate cancer in the Ashkenazi Jewish population

Background:

Recently, numerous prostate cancer risk loci have been identified, some of which show association in specific populations. No study has yet investigated whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with prostate cancer in the Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) population.

Methods:

A total of 29 known prostate cancer risk SNPs were genotyped in 963 prostate cancer cases and 613 controls of AJ ancestry. These data were combined with data from 1241 additional Ashkenazi controls and tested for association with prostate cancer. Correction for multiple testing was performed using the false discovery rate procedure.

Results:

Ten of twenty-three SNPs that passed quality control procedures were associated with prostate cancer risk at a false discovery rate of 5%. Of these, nine were originally discovered in studies of individuals of European ancestry. Based on power calculations, the number of significant associations observed is not surprising.

Conclusion:

We see no convincing evidence that the genetic architecture of prostate cancer in the AJ population is substantively different from that observed in other populations of European ancestry.

Germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with response of urothelial carcinoma (UC) to platinum-based therapy: The role of the host

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Background: Platinum-based therapy improves outcome in neoadjuvant and metastatic UC. Since cell-line and human subject studies in other cancers show germline associations with platinum response, we hypothesized that germline variation also identifies genes that determine UC response to platinum-based therapy.

Methods: Saliva or blood was prospectively collected from 651 UC patients (pts) diagnosed between 1984 and 2010. SNPs (n=80) were selected based on previously reported associations with UC and/or platinum response and genotyped using Sequenom MassArray iPLEX system. Samples and SNPs were filtered for genotyping rate (<0.8), minor allele frequency (<0.05) and departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (<1E-03). Clinical data were ascertained and linked with the genomic data in an anonymized manner. This analysis focused on 199 pts who received cisplatin or carboplatin and were eligible for response assessment (RES=partial response or complete response, n=90). Associations between SNPs and RES were tested using one and two degree of freedom tests.

Results: Sixty-nine pts received neoadjuvant therapy (RES=54%), 126 chemo-naive pts received first-line metastatic treatment (RES=37%) and 4 received systemic treatment after prior chemoradiotherapy (RES=25%). We expected 4 associations due to chance alone at p < 0.05. However, on univariate analysis using a 2 degree of freedom test, 9 SNPs were associated (p < 0.05) with RES. Individual odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 0.32 to 3.29 with p-values ranging from 0.006 to 0.05. In analysis of rs9344 (CCND1) in all treated pts, 75/148 (51%) responded with AG/GG compared to 12/44 (27%) with AA [p=0.005312, OR 2.74 (CI 1.34, 5.92)]. In neoadjuvant pts treated with cisplatin, rs9344 analysis showed 29/48 (60%) responses in AG/GG pts compared to 5/17 (29%) with AA [p=0.026, OR 3.66 (CI 1.16, 13.1)].

Conclusions: We identified associations between 9 SNPs and response of UC to platinum-based therapy that are biologically and clinically relevant. A larger study will be required to independently validate these findings. Additional investigation of associations with time to metastasis and overall survival is ongoing.

[Table: see text]

Fat-free mass index: changes and race/ethnic differences in adulthood

OBJECTIVE

Nutritional status is assessed by measuring BMI or percent body fat (%fat). BMI can misclassify persons who carry more weight as fat-free mass and %fat can be misleading in cases of malnutrition or in disease states characterized by wasting of lean tissue. The fat-free mass index (FFMI) is proposed to assess body composition in individuals who have a similar body composition but differ in height allowing identification of those suffering from malnutrition, wasting or those that possess a relatively high muscle mass. The purpose was to determine whether the FFMI differs in a group of racially/ethnically diverse adults.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

SUBJECTS

Subjects were a multi-ethnic sample (Caucasian, CA; African American, AA; Hispanic, HIS and Asian, AS) of 1339 healthy males (n = 480) and females (n = 859) ranging in age from 18-110 years. Total body fat, total fat-free mass and bone mineral density were estimated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS

FFMI differed among the four ethnic groups (P ≤ 0.05) for both genders. A curvilinear relationship was found between age and FFMI for both genders although the coefficients in the quadratic model differed between genders (P ≤ 0.001) indicating the rate of change in FFMI differed between genders. The estimated turning point where FFMI started to decline was in the mid 20s for male and mid 40s for female participants. An age × gender interaction was found such that the rate of decline was greater in male than female participants (P ≤ 0.001). For both genders, FFMI was greatest in AA and the least in AS (P ≤ 0.001). There was no significant interaction between race and age or age(2) (P = 0.06). However, male participants consistently had a greater FFMI than female participants (P ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings have clinical implications for identifying individuals who may not be recognized as being malnourished based on their BMI or %fat but whose fat-free mass corrected for height is relatively low.

Elderly Mexicans have less muscle and greater total and truncal fat compared to African-Americans and Caucasians with the same BMI

BACKGROUND

How body composition, specifically skeletal muscle mass, compares in Mexican elderly to other ethnic groups has not previously been reported. We tested the hypothesis that older adults from Northwest Mexico (Mex) would have similar total appendicular skeletal muscle (TASM) compared with New York dwelling Caucasians (Cauc) and African-Americans (AA).

METHODS

Two hundred and eighty nine Mex (135 males and 154 females), 166 AA (36 males and 130 females) and 229 Cauc (64 males and 165 females), aged 60-98 years were assessed. Total and regional fat and lean tissues were measured by whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry where TASM is the sum of arm and leg bone-free and fat-free lean tissue. Differences in TASM were tested by ANCOVA, with age, height, and body mass index (BMI) as covariates.

RESULTS

TASM adjusted for ethnicity, age, height and BMI, were 22.6 +/- 0.2 kg and 17.8 +/- 0.1 kg for males and females, respectively (p < 0.001). Among males with similar age, height, and BMI, Mex had less TASM compared with AA and Cauc (p < 0.001). Total body fat and truncal fat were higher (p < 0.001) and FFM lower (p < 0.001) in Mex compared to both AA and Cauc males after adjusting for age and BMI. Among females, Mex had higher total and truncal fat (p < 0.001) after adjusting for age and BMI, and significantly lower TASM (p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, height, and BMI compared to AA and Cauc females.

CONCLUSIONS

Elderly Mex have a different body composition compared with AA and Cauc of a similar BMI and age. Mex have significantly less TASM with greater total and truncal fat. In the long-term, Mex elderly may be at greater risk for sarcopenic obesity compared to other ethnic groups.

Intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue distributions differ in HIV+ versus HIV-men and women

BACKGROUND: Loss of subcutaneous (SAT) with sparing of visceral (VAT) adipose tissue (AT) has been documented in HIV + men and women. Intermuscular AT (IMAT) rivals VAT in independent associations with cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the size and distribution of IMAT differs in HIV+ vs. HIV- men and/or women. DESIGN: We used whole-body MRI to measure VAT, IMAT and four SAT compartments and compared them by HIV status using whole-body skeletal muscle (SM) or total AT (TAT) as co-variates in multi-ethnic groups of healthy HIV- (n=86) and stable HIV+ (n=76) men and women. RESULTS: The sizes of AT depots (adjusting for SM) did not differ by HIV status, except for smaller gluteal SAT (lower trunk, between L(4)-L(5) to greater trochanter) in both sexes (P<0.05). The AT distribution (adjusting for TAT) was significantly different, with larger VAT (P<0.05) and smaller gluteal and limb SAT (P<0.05) in both HIV+ sexes; IMAT increased more with TAT in HIV+ vs. HIV- men (P<0.05 for slope interaction) but there were no significant differences in women. There were significant race by HIV interactions in AT distribution with more pronounced VAT differences in non-Hispanic white men and larger trunk SAT in African Americans HIV+ vs. HIV-. CONCLUSION: The AT distribution differed markedly in HIV+ vs. HIV- with limb and lower body SAT representing a smaller proportion of TAT in HIV+ in both sexes and IMAT representing a larger proportion of TAT in HIV+ vs. HIV- men.