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Wallace LE, Hinsenkamp L, Wegener DT, Braun Z. Effects of Message-Sidedness on Perceived Source Bias: When Presenting Two Sides Does Versus Does Not Alleviate Concerns About Bias. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2024; 50:807-820. [PMID: 36803257 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231155389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Communicators commonly present two-sided messages to avoid being perceived as biased. This approach equates bias with one-sidedness rather than divergence from the position supported by available data. Messages often concern topics with mixed qualities: a product is exceptional but expensive; a politician is inexperienced but ethical. For these topics, providing a two-sided message should reduce perceived bias according to both views of bias as one-sidedness and divergence from available data. However, if perceived bias follows divergence from available data, for topics viewed as one-sided (univalent), a two-sided message should not reduce perceived bias. Across five studies, acknowledging two sides reduced perceived bias for novel topics. In two of the studies, two-sidedness no longer reduced perceived bias for topics viewed as univalent. This work clarifies that people conceptualize bias as a divergence from available data, not simply one-sidedness. It also clarifies when and how to leverage message-sidedness to reduce perceived bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Wallace
- The University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, IL, USA
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2
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Pek J, Pitt MA, Wegener DT. Uncertainty limits the use of power analysis. J Exp Psychol Gen 2024; 153:1139-1151. [PMID: 38587935 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The calculation of statistical power has been taken up as a simple yet informative tool to assist in designing an experiment, particularly in justifying sample size. A difficulty with using power for this purpose is that the classical power formula does not incorporate sources of uncertainty (e.g., sampling variability) that can impact the computed power value, leading to a false sense of precision and confidence in design choices. We use simulations to demonstrate the consequences of adding two common sources of uncertainty to the calculation of power. Sampling variability in the estimated effect size (Cohen's d) can introduce a large amount of uncertainty (e.g., sometimes producing rather flat distributions) in power and sample-size determination. The addition of random fluctuations in the population effect size can cause values of its estimates to take on a sign opposite the population value, making calculated power values meaningless. These results suggest that calculated power values or use of such values to justify sample size add little to planning a study. As a result, researchers should put little confidence in power-based choices when planning future studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolynn Pek
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
| | - Mark A Pitt
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
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Goebel JT, Susmann MW, Parthasarathy S, El Gamal H, Garrett RK, Wegener DT. Belief-consistent information is most shared despite being the least surprising. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6109. [PMID: 38480773 PMCID: PMC10937659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the classical information theoretic framework, information "value" is proportional to how novel/surprising the information is. Recent work building on such notions claimed that false news spreads faster than truth online because false news is more novel and therefore surprising. However, another determinant of surprise, semantic meaning (e.g., information's consistency or inconsistency with prior beliefs), should also influence value and sharing. Examining sharing behavior on Twitter, we observed separate relations of novelty and belief consistency with sharing. Though surprise could not be assessed in those studies, belief consistency should relate to less surprise, suggesting the relevance of semantic meaning beyond novelty. In two controlled experiments, belief-consistent (vs. belief-inconsistent) information was shared more despite consistent information being the least surprising. Manipulated novelty did not predict sharing or surprise. Thus, classical information theoretic predictions regarding perceived value and sharing would benefit from considering semantic meaning in contexts where people hold pre-existing beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Goebel
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Mark W Susmann
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Hesham El Gamal
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Kelly Garrett
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Petty RE, Wegener DT, Briñol P. How research on persuasion can inform dual-process models of judgment. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e138. [PMID: 37462185 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2200293x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
De Neys makes some useful points regarding dual-process models, but his critique ignores highly relevant theories of judgment from the persuasion literature. These persuasion models predate and often circumvent many of the criticisms he makes of the dual-process approaches he covers. Furthermore, the persuasion models anticipated some of the correctives to dual-process models that he proposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Petty
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA https://richardepetty.com ://psychology.osu.edu/people/wegener.1
| | - Duane T Wegener
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA https://richardepetty.com ://psychology.osu.edu/people/wegener.1
| | - Pablo Briñol
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain ://pablobrinol.com/
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Chang MW, Tan A, Wegener DT, Lee RE. A Pilot Goal-Oriented Episodic Future Thinking Weight Loss Intervention for Low-Income Overweight or Obese Young Mothers. Nutrients 2023; 15:3023. [PMID: 37447349 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episodic future thinking (EFT) has shown efficacy in laboratory settings. We conducted a pilot goal-oriented EFT (GoEFT) intervention in a real-world setting to help low-income overweight or obese mothers lose weight. This paper presents intervention acceptability and efficacy. METHODS The study used a single-group, before-after design. During the 3-week intervention, participants (N = 15) completed weekly web-based lessons and online health coaching sessions to manage stress and emotion, eat healthier, and be more physically active. Participants completed online surveys at baseline and immediately after the intervention. They also completed an interview to evaluate intervention acceptability. We applied paired t-tests to evaluate efficacy and used content analysis to discover interview themes. RESULTS Participants consistently identified the intervention as acceptable, noting the usefulness of pre-written goals, GoEFT strategies, and goal progress evaluations. The intervention effectively promoted weight loss (d = -0.69), fruit and vegetable intake (d = 0.45-0.49), and emotion control (d = 0.71). It also reduced fat (d = -0.51) and added sugar intake (d = -0.48) and alleviated stress (d = -0.52). Moreover, the intervention increased autonomous motivation (d = 0.75-0.88) and self-efficacy (d = 0.46-0.61). CONCLUSION The GoEFT intervention was acceptable to participants, showing strong preliminary efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alai Tan
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rebecca E Lee
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Chang MW, Wegener DT, Tan A, Schaffir J, Worly B, Strafford K, Soma L, Sampsell C. Pilot Lifestyle Intervention Effect on Lifestyle Behaviors, Psychosocial Factors, and Affect. J Pediatr Perinatol Child Health 2023; 7:74-82. [PMID: 38576861 PMCID: PMC10994102 DOI: 10.26502/jppch.74050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Background This paper presents results of a pilot intervention effect on lifestyle behaviors, psychosocial factors, and affect among overweight or obese pregnant women. Methods 70 participants were randomized to the intervention or usual care group. During the 20-week intervention, participants completed a weekly online intervention module and joined individual online health coaching. Data were collected at baseline (<17 weeks gestation), 24-27 weeks gestation (T2), and 35-37 weeks gestation (T3). Lifestyle behaviors included dietary intake (caloric, fat, added sugar, fruit, and vegetable) and physical activity (PA). Psychosocial factors were autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, executive functions, and consideration of future consequences (CFC). Affect comprised stress and emotional control. Two-sample t-tests and Cohen's d effect sizes were used to compare between group mean differences in the change from baseline to T2 and T3. Results At T2, intervention positively influenced fruit intake (d = 0.47), autonomous motivation for healthy eating (d = 0.36), self-efficacy for healthy eating (d = 0.25) and PA (d = 0.24), executive functions (behavior regulation, d = -0.21; metacognition, d = -0.69), and emotional control (d = 0.79). At T3, the intervention improved PA (d = 0.19), autonomous motivation for healthy eating (d = 0.33), self-efficacy for healthy eating (d = 0.50) and stress management (d = 0.62), executive functions (metacognition, d = -0.46), CFC (d = 0.25), stress (d = -0.45), and emotional control (d = 0.72). Conclusion The pilot intervention has positive effects on most psychosocial variables and affect in both the short and long terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12th Avenue, 5th floor Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alai Tan
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan Schaffir
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brett Worly
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katherine Strafford
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Loriana Soma
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cassandra Sampsell
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Chang MW, Schaffir J, Tan A, Wegener DT, Strafford K, Worly B, Sampsell C, Rosen M, Soma L. Dietary Intake of Micronutrients and Essential Fatty Acids among Overweight or Obese Pregnant Women during Early Pregnancy. J Pediatr Perinatol Child Health 2023; 7:55-62. [PMID: 38577312 PMCID: PMC10994147 DOI: 10.26502/jppch.74050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Background Dietary intake of micronutrients and essential fatty acids in overweight or obese pregnant women during early pregnancy is unknown. We investigated the proportion of pregnant women meeting recommendations for dietary intake of micronutrients and essential fatty acids and compared stress and depressive symptoms between those meeting and below recommendations. Methods Participants (N = 70) were overweight or obese pregnant women ≤16 weeks gestation. They completed two 24-hour dietary recalls and online surveys measuring stress and depressive symptoms. Micronutrients of interest included B vitamins, choline, and trace minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, and zinc). Essential fatty acids were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Results Low proportions of participants met recommendations for choline (21.4%) and folate (24.3%). Yet, the proportion of women meeting recommendations for other B vitamins and trace minerals were much better. Less than 9.0% of participants met recommendations for essential fatty acids. Compared with those below recommendations for B3 and selenium, participants meeting recommendations had significantly fewer depressive symptoms. Conclusions Low proportions of overweight or obese pregnant participants met dietary intake recommendations for micronutrients and essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan Schaffir
- The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12 Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alai Tan
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katherine Strafford
- The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12 Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brett Worly
- The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12 Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cassandra Sampsell
- The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12 Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maggie Rosen
- The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12 Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Loriana Soma
- The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12 Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Westbrook V, Wegener DT, Susmann MW. Mechanisms in continued influence: The impact of misinformation corrections on source perceptions. Mem Cognit 2023:10.3758/s13421-023-01402-w. [PMID: 36988856 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on the continued influence effect (CIE) of misinformation has demonstrated that misinformation continues to influence people's beliefs and judgments even after it has been corrected. Although most theorizing about the CIE attempts to explain why corrections do not eliminate belief in and influences of the misinformation, the present research takes a different approach and focuses instead on why corrections do reduce belief in misinformation (even if not entirely). We examined how a correction can change perceptions of the original source of the misinformation and how these changes in perceptions can mediate continued influence effects. We also examined causal evidence linking manipulations of misinformation source perceptions to continued belief and misinformation-relevant inferential reasoning. Study 1 demonstrated that an external correction (i.e., a new source labeling misinformation as false) influences perceptions of the misinformation source, and these perceptions of the misinformation source then correlated with belief in the misinformation. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 and used source derogation to manipulate misinformation source perceptions and further lessen continued belief. Study 3 was a preregistered replication of previous results using new methodology. These studies suggest that perceptions of the misinformation source is one mechanism that can cause changes in belief in misinformation, and changes in the perception of a source can be achieved simply by correcting the source or through other means. This approach can be used to find other mechanisms responsible for reducing belief in misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark W Susmann
- Vanderbilt University, Psychological Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA
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Chang MW, Gunther C, Militello LK, Wegener DT, Lin CJ. Psychosocial Factors Associated With Physical Activity Among Low-Income Overweight or Obese Mothers with Young Children. Am J Health Promot 2023:8901171231168172. [PMID: 36977658 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231168172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate the associations between psychosocial factors and physical activity. DESIGN Secondary data analysis utilizing baseline data of a large-scale community-based randomized controlled lifestyle behavior intervention. SETTING The Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children in Michigan, USA. SUBJECTS Low-income overweight or obese mothers with young children (N = 740, 65% response rate). MEASURES Survey data were collected via phone interview. Predictors included self-efficacy, autonomous motivation, emotional coping, and social support. Self-reported leisure physical activity was the outcome variable. Covariates were age, race, smoking, employment, education, body mass index, and postpartum status. ANALYSIS A multiple linear regression model was applied. RESULTS Self-efficacy (β = .32, 95% CI = .11, .52, P = .003) and autonomous motivation (β = .10, 95% CI = .03, .17, P = .005) were positively associated with physical activity. However, emotional coping and social support were not associated with physical activity. CONCLUSION Future research should examine the longitudinal association of key psychosocial factors with physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- College of Nursing, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carolyn Gunther
- College of Nursing, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa K Militello
- College of Nursing, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- Department of Psychology, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chyongchiou J Lin
- College of Nursing, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Chang MW, Tan A, Schaffir J, Wegener DT, Worly B, Strafford K, Soma L, Sampsell C, Rosen M. A Pilot Lifestyle Behavior Intervention for Overweight or Obese Pregnant Women: Results and Process Evaluation. J Pediatr Perinatol Child Health 2023; 7:10-20. [PMID: 38577313 PMCID: PMC10993688 DOI: 10.26502/jppch.74050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction This paper presents a pilot lifestyle behavior intervention effect on gestational weight gain and maternal and neonatal outcomes and intervention acceptability. Materials and Methods Overweight or obese pregnant participants (N = 70) were randomized to the intervention or usual care group. The 20-week intervention integrated Hope theory and goal-oriented episodic future thinking (GoEFT) to prevent excessive gestational weight gain through stress and emotion management, healthy eating, and physical activity. Intervention participants completed a weekly web intervention module with 2 parts (I and II) and joined individual health coaching sessions (10 sessions). The primary outcome was gestational weight gain (GWG). Secondary outcomes included maternal and neonatal outcomes. Data were collected at 3 time points: baseline (< 17 weeks gestation, T1), 24-27 weeks gestation (T2), and 35-37 weeks gestation (T3). Intervention participants completed a semi-structured interview to evaluate the intervention. We compared GWG at T2 and T3 with T1 for intervention and usual care groups using t-tests and conducted content analysis to identify common themes for intervention acceptability. Results There were no significant group differences in GWG at T2 and T3. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar between groups. Common themes for intervention acceptability were disked web Part I intervention presented in text, the need for choosing a weekly intervention topic, raising awareness through GoEFT and self-evaluation, increased motivation through GoEFT, and usefulness of pre-written goals and goal progress evaluation. Conclusions Results of process evaluation are helpful for researchers to design a lifestyle intervention to prevent excessive gestational weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alai Tan
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan Schaffir
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12th Avenue, 5th floor Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brett Worly
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12th Avenue, 5th floor Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katherine Strafford
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12th Avenue, 5th floor Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Loriana Soma
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12th Avenue, 5th floor Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cassandra Sampsell
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12th Avenue, 5th floor Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maggie Rosen
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 395 West 12th Avenue, 5th floor Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Xu M, Wegener DT. Persuasive Benefits of Self-Generated Arguments: Moderation and Mechanism. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221146612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to derive a more systematic understanding of the persuasive advantages of self- versus other-generated arguments. Through three initial data collections ( Ntotal = 492) and another two large preregistered studies ( Ns = 528 and 496), we found that when people experienced a low level of difficulty (measured or manipulated) generating the arguments, self-generated arguments were more persuasive than other-generated arguments. However, when people experienced a high level of difficulty (measured or manipulated), the typical self-persuasion advantage was reduced significantly. Factor analyses identified perceptions of argument quality as a plausible and replicated mediator of the persuasive advantage of self-generated over other-generated arguments.
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Abstract
Past research suggests that people continue believing retracted misinformation more when it is consistent versus inconsistent with their attitudes. However, the psychological mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains unclear. We predicted that retractions of attitude-consistent misinformation produce greater feelings of discomfort than retractions of attitude-inconsistent misinformation and that this discomfort predicts continued belief in and use of the misinformation. We report combined analyses across 10 studies testing these predictions. Seven studies (total N = 1,323) used a mediational framework and found that the more consistent misinformation was with participants' attitudes, the more discomfort was elicited by a retraction of the misinformation. Greater discomfort then predicted greater continued belief in the misinformation, which, in turn, predicted greater use of the misinformation when participants made relevant inferences. Three additional studies (total N = 574) utilized misattribution paradigms to demonstrate that the relation between discomfort and belief in misinformation is causal in nature.
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Chang MW, Lin CJ, Lee RE, Wegener DT, Hu J, Williams KP. Factors Associated with Beverage Intake in Low-Income, Overweight, or Obese Pregnant Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040840. [PMID: 35215490 PMCID: PMC8877862 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined consumption proportions and factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), and 100% fruit juice (FJ) consumption. We recruited Non-Hispanic Black (n = 136) and White (n = 192) low-income overweight or obese pregnant women aged 18 to 46 years (mean = 25.7 years) from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children clinics in Michigan, USA. Independent variables included weight status, trimester, smoking, stress, education, employment, race, and age. Dependent variables were high (consuming ≥ 1 serving/day) versus low consumptions of SSB, ASB, and 100% FJ. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was performed to examine factors associated with beverage consumption. Out of the sample, 48.2%, 6.7%, and 31.3% reported high SSB, ASB, and 100% FJ consumption, respectively. SSB consumption was associated with smoking (OR: 3.77, p < 0.001), education (OR: 0.57, p = 0.03), and race (OR: 1.69, p = 0.03). Artificially sweetened beverage consumption was not associated with any factors examined. One hundred percent FJ consumption was associated with stress (OR: 0.90, p = 0.03) and race (OR: 4.48, p < 0.001). Clinicians may advocate for reductions in SSB and 100% FJ consumption tailored to client consumption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.J.L.); (J.H.); (K.P.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-614-247-7211; Fax: +1-614-292-4948
| | - Chyongchiou J. Lin
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.J.L.); (J.H.); (K.P.W.)
| | - Rebecca E. Lee
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Duane T. Wegener
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Jie Hu
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.J.L.); (J.H.); (K.P.W.)
| | - Karen Patricia Williams
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.J.L.); (J.H.); (K.P.W.)
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Padamsee TJ, Bond RM, Dixon GN, Hovick SR, Na K, Nisbet EC, Wegener DT, Garrett RK. Changes in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Black and White Individuals in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2144470. [PMID: 35061038 PMCID: PMC8783270 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance COVID-19 has disproportionately affected Black individuals in the US; however, vaccination rates among Black individuals trail those among other racial groups. This disparity is often attributed to a high level of vaccine hesitancy among Black individuals, but few studies have examined changes in vaccine hesitancy over time. Objectives To compare changes in vaccine hesitancy between Black and White individuals in the US and to examine mechanisms that might help explain the observed differences. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study used 7 waves of data collected using a panel design. A total of 1200 English-speaking adults in the US were recruited from a nonprobability online panel to construct a census-matched sample. Participants were contacted monthly between December 9, 2020, and June 16, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome of interest was self-reported vaccination intention, measured on a 6-point scale (where 1 indicates extremely unlikely and 6 indicates extremely likely). Beliefs about the safety, effectiveness, and necessity of COVID-19 vaccines were measured on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores denoting greater agreement. Results The baseline data included 1200 participants (693 women [52.0%; weighted]; 921 White individuals [64.0%; weighted], 107 Black individuals [12.2%; weighted]; weighted mean [SD] age, 49.5 [17.6] years). The survey participation rate was 57.0% (1264 of 2218). Black and White individuals had comparable vaccination intentions in December 2020, but Black individuals experienced larger increases in vaccination intention than White individuals relative to baseline in March 2021 (b = 0.666; P < .001), April 2021 (b = 0.890; P < .001), May 2021 (b = 0.695; P < .001), and June 2021 (b = 0.709; P < .001). The belief that the vaccines are necessary for protection also increased more among Black than White individuals in March 2021 (b = 0.221; P = .01) and April 2021 (b = 0.187; P = .04). Beliefs that the vaccines are safe and effective (b = 0.125; P < .001) and necessary (b = 0.405; P < .001) were positively associated with vaccination intention. There was no evidence that these associations varied by race. Conclusions and Relevance This survey study suggests that the intention of Black individuals to be vaccinated was initially comparable to that of White individuals but increased more rapidly. There is some evidence that this increase is associated with changes in beliefs about the vaccine. Vaccination rates continue to be lower among Black individuals than White individuals, but these results suggest that this might be less likely the result of vaccine hesitancy than other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert M. Bond
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Graham N. Dixon
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | - Kilhoe Na
- Department of Communication and Media, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts
| | - Erik C. Nisbet
- School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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Susmann MW, Xu M, Clark JK, Wallace LE, Blankenship KL, Philipp-Muller AZ, Luttrell A, Wegener DT, Petty RE. Persuasion amidst a pandemic: Insights from the Elaboration Likelihood Model. European Review of Social Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2021.1964744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Susmann
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mengran Xu
- School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jason K. Clark
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Laura E. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
| | | | | | - Andrew Luttrell
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, United States
| | - Duane T. Wegener
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard E. Petty
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Wegener DT, Fabrigar LR, Pek J, Hoisington-Shaw K. Evaluating Research in Personality and Social Psychology: Considerations of Statistical Power and Concerns About False Findings. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2021; 48:1105-1117. [PMID: 34308722 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, statistical power was viewed as relevant to research planning but not evaluation of completed research. However, following discussions of high false finding rates (FFRs) associated with low statistical power, the assumed level of statistical power has become a key criterion for research acceptability. Yet, the links between power and false findings are not as straightforward as described. Assumptions underlying FFR calculations do not reflect research realities in personality and social psychology. Even granting the assumptions, the FFR calculations identify important limitations to any general influences of statistical power. Limits for statistical power in inflating false findings can also be illustrated through the use of FFR calculations to (a) update beliefs about the null or alternative hypothesis and (b) assess the relative support for the null versus alternative hypothesis when evaluating a set of studies. Taken together, statistical power should be de-emphasized in comparison to current uses in research evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolynn Pek
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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17
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Chang MW, Brown R, Wegener DT. Perceived stress linking psychosocial factors and depressive symptoms in low-income mothers. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:62. [PMID: 33407305 PMCID: PMC7789186 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about associations between perceived stress, psychosocial factors (social support, emotional coping, coping self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation), and depressive symptoms in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children. Using baseline data of a lifestyle intervention study, this secondary analysis investigates whether perceived stress might mediate the associations between the psychosocial factors and depressive symptoms. Methods Convenience sampling was applied. Low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children were recruited from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in Michigan, US. Survey data were collected through phone interviews. Participants (N = 740) responded to valid surveys measuring perceived stress, social support, emotional coping, coping self-efficacy, autonomous motivation, and depressive symptoms. Composite indicator structural equation modeling was performed to test for potential mediation. Results When investigating the potential role of perceived stress as a mediator, the indirect effects of social support (b = − 2.10, p < 0.01), emotion coping (b = − 3.81, p < 0.05), and coping self-efficacy (b = − 7.53, p < 0.01) on depressive symptoms through perceived stress were significant, but the indirect effect of autonomous motivation was not. Conclusion Future intervention studies aiming to alleviate depressive symptoms in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children might consider including practical strategies to promote social support, emotional coping, and coping self-efficacy to reduce perceived stress, which might potentially decrease depressive symptoms. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT01839708; registered February 28, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Roger Brown
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 701 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Wallace LE, Wegener DT, Quinn ME, Ross AJ. Influences of Position Justification on Perceived Bias: Immediate Effects and Carryover Across Persuasive Messages. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2020; 47:1188-1204. [PMID: 33048012 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220963678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current research examined how people infer whether novel sources are biased based on their ability to justify their position. Across nine studies, when sources provided weak versus strong arguments, message recipients perceived the source as more biased. This effect held controlling for other possible inferences, such as lack of expertise or untrustworthiness. This research also examined whether perceived source bias on one message can carry over to ambiguously related future persuasive messages. Studies 6 to 8 demonstrated that perceivers use both the perceived bias from an initial message and the argument quality of the second message to determine a source's bias on the new topic. Finally, perceived bias carried over from an initial message can influence persuasion on a second topic (Study 9). Ultimately, the present work provides insight into factors that affect perceived bias and the dynamic consequences of those perceptions.
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Loureiro F, Garcia-Marques T, Wegener DT. Norms for 150 consumer products: Perceived complexity, quality objectivity, material/experiential nature, perceived price, familiarity and attitude. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238848. [PMID: 32956402 PMCID: PMC7505470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer products are widely used as stimuli across several research fields. The use of consumer products as experimental stimuli lacks, however, the support of normative data regarding product features variability. In this work, we provide a first set of norms for people’s perceptions of 150 consumer products regarding six relevant dimensions: product perceived complexity, quality objectivity, material/experiential nature, perceived price, familiarity and attitude. Products available in this normative database showed good overall distribution across the range of the dimensions evaluated. Obtained correlations between some of these dimensions provided evidence of how they can be confounded across products, further justifying the need to control for these dimensions. These norms should aid future research by allowing researchers to select products according to specific attributes and achieve appropriate experimental control. The norms here provided should also aid consumer behavior practitioners (such as marketers and advertisers) by providing insights as to how consumers perceive products along relevant dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Loureiro
- William James Center for Research, ISPA- Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Duane T. Wegener
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Philipp-Muller A, Wallace LE, Sawicki V, Patton KM, Wegener DT. Understanding When Similarity-Induced Affective Attraction Predicts Willingness to Affiliate: An Attitude Strength Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1919. [PMID: 32849128 PMCID: PMC7431687 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals reliably feel more attracted to those with whom they share similar attitudes. However, this affective liking does not always predict affiliative behavior, such as pursuing a friendship. The present research examined factors that influence the extent to which similarity-based affective attraction increases willingness to affiliate (i.e., behavioral attraction) – one potential step toward engaging in affiliative behavior. Research on attitude strength has identified attitude properties, such as confidence, that predict when an attitude is likely to impact relevant outcomes. We propose that when one’s attitudes possess these attitude strength-related properties, affective attraction to those who share that attitude will be more likely to spark willingness to affiliate. Across four studies on a variety of topics, participants (N = 428) reported their attitudes and various attitude properties regarding a topic. They were introduced to a target and learned the target’s stance on the issue. Participants reported their affective attraction and willingness to pursue friendship with the target. Consistent with past research, attitude similarity predicted affective attraction. More importantly, the relation between affective attraction and willingness to affiliate with the target was moderated by the attitude strength-related properties. A mini meta-analysis found this effect to be consistent across the four studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Philipp-Muller
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Laura E Wallace
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vanessa Sawicki
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Marion, OH, United States
| | | | - Duane T Wegener
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Abstract
In recent years, psychology has wrestled with the broader implications of disappointing rates of replication of previously demonstrated effects. This article proposes that many aspects of this pattern of results can be understood within the classic framework of four proposed forms of validity: statistical conclusion validity, internal validity, construct validity, and external validity. The article explains the conceptual logic for how differences in each type of validity across an original study and a subsequent replication attempt can lead to replication “failure.” Existing themes in the replication literature related to each type of validity are also highlighted. Furthermore, empirical evidence is considered for the role of each type of validity in non-replication. The article concludes with a discussion of broader implications of this classic validity framework for improving replication rates in psychological research.
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Chang MW, Tan A, Ling J, Wegener DT, Robbins LB. Mediators of intervention effects on dietary fat intake in low-income overweight or obese women with young children. Appetite 2020; 151:104700. [PMID: 32283187 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether autonomous motivation and self-efficacy might mediate the association between a lifestyle behavior intervention and dietary fat intake in low-income overweight or obese women with young children. METHODS Participants were randomized to an intervention or comparison group. Intervention participants received a 16-week intervention aimed to prevent weight gain through promotion of stress management, healthy eating and physical activity. During the intervention phase, participants viewed a designated video lesson at home and dialed in a peer support group teleconference every week (weeks 1-4) then every other week (weeks 5-16). Potential mediation effects were analyzed using sequential mixed-effects linear models and path analysis. RESULTS The intervention led to increased autonomous motivation (β = 0.34, standard error [SE] = 0.15, P = 0.005), which subsequently increased self-efficacy (β = 0.18, SE = 0.35, P < 0.001), and higher levels of self-efficacy were associated with decreased dietary fat intake (β = -0.22, SE = 0.28, P < 0.001). In other words, autonomous motivation and self-efficacy mediated the association between the lifestyle behavior intervention and dietary fat intake. CONCLUSION To decrease dietary fat intake for low-income overweight or obese women with young children, strategies, such as those promoting peer encouragement, may be warranted in interventions to enhance autonomous motivation and/or practical skills for increasing self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Alai Tan
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jiying Ling
- Michigan State University College of Nursing, 1355 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Duane T Wegener
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Lorraine B Robbins
- Michigan State University College of Nursing, 1355 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Philipp-Muller AZ, Wallace LE, Wegener DT. Where does moral conviction fit?: A factor analytic approach examining antecedents to attitude strength. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wallace LE, Wegener DT, Petty RE. Influences of source bias that differ from source untrustworthiness: When flip-flopping is more and less surprising. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 118:603-616. [PMID: 31750695 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Discussions of the difference between biased and fake news were prevalent after the 2016 United States Presidential election. However, within social psychology, and especially the psychology of persuasion, perceptions of source bias have been largely overlooked or conflated with untrustworthiness. In the current work, we sought to demonstrate that bias and untrustworthiness can have differing effects. One such situation is when persuasive sources originally take one position but switch to a different position (flip-flopping). We find that people expect biased versus objective sources to consistently maintain their position. Conversely, people do not have these expectations for untrustworthy versus trustworthy sources. When sources unexpectedly switch positions, people can infer that they must have switched because of strong evidence in support of the new position. As a result, taking an unexpected position can lead a source to be more persuasive. This package includes a final study with a preregistered analysis plan that uses latent variable modeling, as well as an integrative data analysis across all data we have to test these hypotheses. Ultimately, this work suggests that bias and untrustworthiness can have differing indirect influences on persuasion when sources switch positions, highlighting the need to conceptually separate bias and untrustworthiness and examine their individual effects. These persuasive effects function as an illustrative example of differing influences of bias and untrustworthiness, but we expect this distinction to have theoretical implications across domains of social psychology and practical applications for media producers and consumers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Chang MW, Robbins LB, Ling J, Brown R, Wegener DT. Mediators affecting the association between a lifestyle behavior intervention and stress in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:1625-1636. [PMID: 31749377 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319887780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data from a community-based lifestyle behavioral intervention study, this secondary data analysis investigated whether emotional coping, coping self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation mediated the association between the intervention and perceived stress in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children. Results showed that coping self-efficacy significantly mediated the association between the intervention and perceived stress. However, emotional coping and autonomous motivation did not significantly mediate the association between intervention and perceived stress. Interventions may be more effective in helping the target audience reduce stress if they incorporate practical skills that can increase a sense of coping self-efficacy.
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Chang MW, Brown R, Wegener DT, Brill S, Schaffir J, Hu J. Chaos and psychosocial health in low-income overweight or obese women. Health Psychol 2019; 38:1159-1167. [PMID: 31580130 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using baseline data from a community-based weight-gain prevention intervention study, the authors examined whether coping self-efficacy moderated the associations between chaotic home environment and psychosocial health (perceived psychosocial stress, depressive symptoms, and positive and negative affect) in low-income women who are overweight or obese. METHOD Participants (N = 740; Mage = 28.06 ± 5.12) completed validated self-report measures of coping self-efficacy, chaotic home environment, perceived psychosocial stress, depressive symptoms, and positive and negative affect. Composite indicator structural equation modeling was used to test the moderation effects. Effect size was calculated using proportion of maximum possible (POMP) scores in the endogenous variables per unit change in the exogenous variable. RESULTS Coping self-efficacy significantly moderated the associations between chaotic home environment and depressive symptoms (p < .001, POMP = -0.62%) and between chaotic home environment and negative affect (p < .01, POMP = -0.36%). However, coping self-efficacy did not moderate the association between chaotic home environment and perceived psychosocial stress or positive affect. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that coping self-efficacy could explain some individual differences in responses to home chaos or to interventions aimed at alleviating depressive symptoms and negative affect in low-income women who are overweight or obese and who experience chaos at home. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Wallace LE, Patton KM, Luttrell A, Sawicki V, Fabrigar LR, Teeny J, MacDonald TK, Petty RE, Wegener DT. Perceived Knowledge Moderates the Relation Between Subjective Ambivalence and the “Impact” of Attitudes: An Attitude Strength Perspective. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2019; 46:709-722. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167219873492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has reliably demonstrated that when people experience more subjective ambivalence about an attitude object, their attitudes have less impact on strength-related outcomes such as attitude-related thinking, judging, or behaving. However, previous research has not considered whether the amount of perceived knowledge a person has about the topic might moderate these effects. Across eight studies on different topics using a variety of outcome measures, the current research demonstrates that perceived knowledge can moderate the relation between ambivalence and the impact of attitudes on related thinking, judging, and behaving. Although the typical Attitude × Ambivalence effect emerged when participants had relatively high perceived knowledge, this interaction did not emerge when participants were lower in perceived knowledge. This work provides a more nuanced view of the effects of subjective ambivalence on attitude impact and highlights the importance of understanding the combined impact of attitude strength antecedents.
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Chien YW, Hsiao CC, Wegener DT, Petty RE. Setting aside mood-biased thoughts and judgements: theory-based bias correction / Apartar las opiniones y los pensamientos sesgados por el estado de ánimo: la corrección del sesgo basada en teoría. Revista de Psicología Social 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2019.1639345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Silva PP, Garcia-Marques T, Wegener DT. Rebound effects in persuasion: considering potential ironic effects of suppression and correction / Efectos rebote en la persuasión: una consideración de los posibles efectos irónicos de la supresión y la corrección. Revista de Psicología Social 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2019.1649962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wallace LE, Wegener DT, Petty RE. When Sources Honestly Provide Their Biased Opinion: Bias as a Distinct Source Perception With Independent Effects on Credibility and Persuasion. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2019; 46:439-453. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167219858654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotally, attributions that others are biased pervade many domains. Yet, research examining the effects of perceptions of bias is sparse, possibly due to some prior researchers conflating bias with untrustworthiness. We sought to demonstrate that perceptions of bias and untrustworthiness are separable and have independent effects. The current work examines these differences in the persuasion domain, but this distinction has implications for other domains as well. Two experiments clarify the conceptual distinction between bias (skewed perception) and untrustworthiness (dishonesty) and three studies demonstrate that source bias can have a negative effect on persuasion and source credibility beyond any parallel effects of untrustworthiness, lack of expertise, and dislikability. The current work suggests that bias is an independent, but understudied source characteristic.
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Chang MW, Schaffir J, Brown R, Wegener DT. Mediation by self-efficacy in the relation between social support and dietary intake in low-income postpartum women who were overweight or obese. Appetite 2019; 140:248-254. [PMID: 31141706 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using baseline data from a prevention of weight gain intervention study, we investigated whether self-efficacy mediated the relations between social support and dietary intake of saturated fat, fast food, fruit and vegetable in low-income postpartum women who were overweight or obese. METHODS Participants (N = 740) completed validated measures of self-reported social support, self-efficacy, and dietary intake of saturated fat, fast food, fruit and vegetable. We performed composite indicator structural equation modeling to test the mediation effect. Effect size was calculated using proportion of maximum possible (POMP) scores in the endogenous variables (e.g., fast food) per unit change in the exogenous variable. RESULTS When including the influence of self-efficacy as a mediator, social support indirectly influenced dietary intake of saturated fat (p ≤ 0.001, POMP = -0.77%), fast food (p ≤ 0.001, POMP = -0.28%), and fruit and vegetable (p ≤ 0.001, POMP = 0.53%). Thus, these data are consistent with self-efficacy mediating the relations between social support and dietary intake of saturated fat, fast food, fruit and vegetable in low-income postpartum women who were overweight or obese. CONCLUSION Dietary interventions aiming to decrease saturated fat and fast food intake and increase fruit and vegetable intake for the target population may consider including practical skills for increasing social support and self-efficacy that can be implemented in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Jonathan Schaffir
- The Ohio State University Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 370 W, 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Roger Brown
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Nursing, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Duane T Wegener
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Chang MW, Tan A, Schaffir J, Wegener DT. Sleep and weight loss in low-income overweight or obese postpartum women. BMC Obes 2019; 6:12. [PMID: 30984405 PMCID: PMC6442411 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-019-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background We conducted secondary data analyses to examine the associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep disturbance and ≥ 5% of weight loss in low-income overweight or obese postpartum women enrolled in a community-based lifestyle behavior intervention study aimed at prevention of weight gain. Methods Participants were recruited from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in Michigan. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleep disturbance. All participants were assessed and weighed at baseline (T1, 569 participants), 4-month (T2, 367 participants), and 7-month from T1 (T3, 332 participants). Descriptive statistics and mixed-effects regression analysis were performed. Results Participants reported longer sleep duration (p = 0.048), better sleep quality (p = 0.003) and less sleep disturbance (p < 0.001) over time. There were no significant mean body weight changes at T2 and T3. However, a significantly higher proportion of women lost ≥5% of body weight at T3 (23.1%) than T2 (12.5%, p = 0.001). Sleep duration, quality, and disturbance were not significantly associated with ≥5% of weight loss. Conclusion Improvements in sleep duration, sleep quality and sleep disturbance over time were not associated with ≥5% of weight loss in low-income overweight or obese postpartum women. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT01839708; retrospectively registered February 28, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wei Chang
- 1College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Alai Tan
- 1College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jonathan Schaffir
- 2Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University, 370 W. 9th Avenue Columbus, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Duane T Wegener
- 3Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Sawicki V, Wegener DT. Metacognitive Reflection as a Moderator of Attitude Strength Versus Attitude Bolstering: Implications for Attitude Similarity and Attraction. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2018; 44:638-652. [PMID: 29320929 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217744196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
"Strong" attitudes often have greater impact than "weak" attitudes. However, emerging research suggests that weak (uncertain) attitudes can substantially influence thinking or behavior. We propose metacognitive reflection as a moderator between traditional strength patterns and these emerging attitude bolstering patterns. Across six studies, research participants encountered a target person who agreed or disagreed with participants' attitudes. When focused on evaluating the target, attitudes predicted target evaluations better when the attitude was held with certainty (Study 1A), or after certainty had been primed (Studies 2A and 3; strength effects). However, when engaged in attitudinal social comparison (metacognitive reflection), attitudes better predicted target evaluation when the attitudes were held with doubt (Study 1B), or after doubt had been primed (Studies 2B and 3; bolstering effects). Expected change in certainty served as a mediator of attitude effects in metacognitive reflection but not target-focus conditions when doubt had been primed (Study 4).
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Fabrigar LR, Wegener DT. Further considerations on conceptualizing and evaluating the replication of research results. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Two studies were conducted to examine the hypothesis that matching the content of a persuasive message to the functional basis of people's attitudes enhances message scrutiny. In Study 1, high and low self-monitors were exposed to a message that matched or mismatched the functional basis of their attitudes (i.e., image appealfor high self-monitors and quality appealfor low self-monitors) and that -contained either strong or weak arguments. Attitudes were more strongly affected by message strength when the message arguments matched rather than mismatched thefunctional basis of the attitude. In Study 2, this outcome was especially characteristic of individuals who typically do not enjoy thinking (those low in need for cognition). These studies show that matching arguments to the functional basis of an attitude is not invariably beneficialfor persuasion but can enhance or reduce attitude change (compared to mismatched arguments) depending on the cogency of the matched information.
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Abstract
Two studies examined the hypothesis that chunking—defined as the degree to which information is grouped into explicitly labeled categories of distinct valence—moderates the impact of motivation to think on order effects in persuasion. Studies 1 and 2 examined motivation to think in terms of perceived personal relevance and need for cognition, respectively. In both studies, participants read arguments for and against a hypothetical exam policy. These arguments were presented in varying orders and in either a chunked or an unchunked format. Results were consistent with the predictions: Under chunked conditions, participants who were highly motivated to think were more susceptible to primacy effects than were those low in motivation to think. Under unchunked conditions, this pattern was reversed—those highly motivated to think were more susceptible to recency effects than those low in motivation to think.
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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the impact of attitude accessibility on elaboration of persuasive appeals. In Experiment 1, the accessibility of attitudes toward nuclear power was measured using response latencies. Participants were then presented with a persuasive message that contained either strong or weak arguments against the use of nuclear power. Argument quality had a greater impact on persuasion when attitudes were high in accessibility than when they were low in accessibility. In Experiment 2, the accessibility of attitudes toward vegetarianism was experimentally manipulated by varying the number of times participants expressed their attitudes toward vegetarianism. Participants then read a pro-vegetarianism persuasive message that contained either strong or weak arguments. Again, argument quality had a greater impact on persuasion when accessibility was high than when it was low. Taken together, both experiments suggest that increased message topic attitude accessibility leads to enhanced elaboration of persuasive messages on those topics.
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Abstract
The traditional approach to interpreting data when an interaction is present is to interpret cell means as reflecting a difference between differences An alternative is to interpret any main effects and separately interpret interaction residuals Interpretation of interaction residuals can sometimes lead to nonsensical conclusions Thus in deciding between the approaches, researchers should consider (a) the conceptual nature of the variables involved, (b) relevant theories and (c) the additional data that might be necessary to distinguish among competing plausible representations Issues have also arisen regarding how to best test a hypothesis that involves interaction variance Some researchers have argued that the use of a focused contrast designed to test a specific ordering of cell means (e g, a linear contrast) is often the best strategy We note potential problems with the use of such contrasts and discourage researchers from blanket use of contrasts that combine main effect and interaction variance
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Abstract
Accessibility is one of the most basic structural properties of an attitude and an important factor to consider in attitude strength. Despite its importance, relatively little work has examined the role of attitude accessibility in an inter-attitudinal context, particularly as it relates to the strength of related attitudes in the network. The present research examines accessibility as a property of one attitude (toward an abstract goal or end-state, that is, a value) that might influence the strength of a different but related attitude (toward a social policy conceptually related to the value). In Study 1, a highly accessible evaluative component of a value increased resistance to change of attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a social policy related to that value. Similarly, a manipulation of value accessibility (Studies 2 and 3) led to increased resistance of attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a social policy related to that value. Implications for the role of accessibility in inter-attitudinal strength are discussed.
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Wilder JR, Wegener DT, David MZ, Macal C, Daum R, Lauderdale DS. A national survey of skin infections, care behaviors and MRSA knowledge in the United States. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104277. [PMID: 25137061 PMCID: PMC4138108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A nationally representative sample of approximately 2000 individuals was surveyed to assess SSTI infections over their lifetime and then prospectively over six-months. Knowledge of MRSA, future likelihood to self-treat a SSTI and self-care behaviors was also queried. Chi square tests, linear and multinomial regression were used for analysis. About 50% of those with a reported history of a SSTI typical of MRSA had sought medical treatment. MRSA knowledge was low: 28% of respondents could describe MRSA. Use of protective self-care behaviors that may reduce transmission, such as covering a lesion, differed with knowledge of MRSA and socio-demographics. Those reporting a history of a MRSA-like SSTI were more likely to respond that they would self-treat than those without such a history (OR 2.05 95% CI 1.40, 3.01; p<0.001). Since half of respondents reported not seeking care for past lesions, incidence determined from clinical encounters would greatly underestimate true incidence. MRSA knowledge was not associated with seeking medical care, but was associated with self-care practices that may decrease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R Wilder
- The Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Duane T Wegener
- The Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael Z David
- The Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charles Macal
- The Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert Daum
- The Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diane S Lauderdale
- The Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Chien YW, Wegener DT, Petty RE, Hsiao CC. The Flexible Correction Model: Bias Correction Guided by Naïve Theories of Bias. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Macal CM, North MJ, Collier N, Dukic VM, Wegener DT, David MZ, Daum RS, Schumm P, Evans JA, Wilder JR, Miller LG, Eells SJ, Lauderdale DS. Modeling the transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a dynamic agent-based simulation. J Transl Med 2014; 12:124. [PMID: 24886400 PMCID: PMC4049803 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a deadly pathogen in healthcare settings since the 1960s, but MRSA epidemiology changed since 1990 with new genetically distinct strain types circulating among previously healthy people outside healthcare settings. Community-associated (CA) MRSA strains primarily cause skin and soft tissue infections, but may also cause life-threatening invasive infections. First seen in Australia and the U.S., it is a growing problem around the world. The U.S. has had the most widespread CA-MRSA epidemic, with strain type USA300 causing the great majority of infections. Individuals with either asymptomatic colonization or infection may transmit CA-MRSA to others, largely by skin-to-skin contact. Control measures have focused on hospital transmission. Limited public health education has focused on care for skin infections. METHODS We developed a fine-grained agent-based model for Chicago to identify where to target interventions to reduce CA-MRSA transmission. An agent-based model allows us to represent heterogeneity in population behavior, locations and contact patterns that are highly relevant for CA-MRSA transmission and control. Drawing on nationally representative survey data, the model represents variation in sociodemographics, locations, behaviors, and physical contact patterns. Transmission probabilities are based on a comprehensive literature review. RESULTS Over multiple 10-year runs with one-hour ticks, our model generates temporal and geographic trends in CA-MRSA incidence similar to Chicago from 2001 to 2010. On average, a majority of transmission events occurred in households, and colonized rather than infected agents were the source of the great majority (over 95%) of transmission events. The key findings are that infected people are not the primary source of spread. Rather, the far greater number of colonized individuals must be targeted to reduce transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that current paradigms in MRSA control in the United States cannot be very effective in reducing the incidence of CA-MRSA infections. Furthermore, the control measures that have focused on hospitals are unlikely to have much population-wide impact on CA-MRSA rates. New strategies need to be developed, as the incidence of CA-MRSA is likely to continue to grow around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Macal
- Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg 221, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J North
- Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg 221, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicholson Collier
- Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg 221, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Vanja M Dukic
- Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Michael Z David
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert S Daum
- Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Philip Schumm
- Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James A Evans
- Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Loren G Miller
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samantha J Eells
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Clark JK, Wegener DT, Sawicki V, Petty RE, Briñol P. Evaluating the message or the messenger? Implications for self-validation in persuasion. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2013; 39:1571-84. [PMID: 23969619 DOI: 10.1177/0146167213499238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of persuasive message sources have been extensively studied. However, little attention has been paid to situations when people are motivated to form an evaluation of the communicator rather than the communicated issue. We postulated that these different foci can affect how a source validates message-related cognitions. Participants focused on the source (Studies 1 and 2) or the issue (Study 2) while reading weak or strong message arguments. Later, the communicator was described as low or high in credibility. When focused on the source, highly motivated participants were more confident and their attitudes were more reflective of thoughts when argument quality matched (e.g., weak arguments-low credibility) rather than mismatched (e.g., weak arguments-high credibility) source credibility. Conversely, when participants were focused on the issue, self-validation was greater when credibility was high rather than low-regardless of argument quality. Implications of these findings for the study and practice of persuasion are discussed.
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Sawicki V, Wegener DT, Clark JK, Fabrigar LR, Smith SM, Durso GRO. Feeling conflicted and seeking information: when ambivalence enhances and diminishes selective exposure to attitude-consistent information. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2013; 39:735-47. [PMID: 23482502 DOI: 10.1177/0146167213481388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, little research has examined the impact of attitudinal ambivalence on attitude-congruent selective exposure. Past research would suggest that strong/univalent rather than weak/ambivalent attitudes should be more predictive of proattitudinal information seeking. Although ambivalent attitude structure might weaken the attitude's effect on seeking proattitudinal information, we believe that conflicted attitudes might also motivate attitude-congruent selective exposure because proattitudinal information should be effective in reducing ambivalence. Two studies provide evidence that the effects of ambivalence on information choices depend on amount of issue knowledge. That is, ambivalence motivates attitude-consistent exposure when issue knowledge is relatively low because less familiar information is perceived to be effective at reducing ambivalence. Conversely, when knowledge is relatively high, more unambivalent (univalent) attitudes predicted attitude-consistent information seeking.
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Abstract
Basing attitudes on one’s core values has long been thought to result in strong, consequential attitudes. Recent research suggests a less direct route for values to influence attitude strength—by influencing the extent to which people process attitude-relevant information. That research induced research participants to explicitly consider important or unimportant values in relation to the persuasive message. In contrast, the current research examined whether mere activation of important values before encountering a persuasive message could enhance message processing. Normatively important or unimportant values were subtly activated by simply presenting values (Experiment 1) including the values in a previous “unrelated” study (Experiment 2) or rating the importance of values in a questionnaire prior to the persuasive message. Experiment 3 suggested that important values are not equivalent to any other important constructs. Activation of important values increased information processing but activation of equally important alternative attitudes did not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duane T. Wegener
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
Compared to nonexperts, expert sources have been considered to elicit more processing of persuasive messages because of expectations that the information is likely to be valid or accurate. However, depending on the position of an advocacy, source expertise could activate other motives that may produce a very different relation from that found in past research. When messages are counterattitudinal (disagreeable), experts should motivate greater processing than nonexpert sources because of expectations that they will likely provide robust opposition to one’s existing views. In contrast, when advocacies are proattitudinal (agreeable), nonexpert rather than expert sources should elicit more scrutiny because of perceptions that they will likely provide inadequate support to recipients’ current views. Two studies offer evidence consistent with these predictions. Manipulations of source expertise created different expectations regarding the strength of opposition or support, and these perceptions accounted for effects of source expertise on the amount of message scrutiny.
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Abstract
Strong attitudes exert greater influence on social perceptions, judgments, and behaviors. Some research indicates that strong attitudes are associated with exposure to attitude-confirming information. However, we believe that uncertain attitudes might produce strong selective exposure to attitude-consistent information, especially when available information is unfamiliar. In three experiments, participants reported attitude favorability, reported attitude confidence (Study 1A and 2) or completed a doubt-priming manipulation (Study 1B), and selected information supporting or opposing an issue. When chosen information was relatively unfamiliar (in all three studies), uncertainty led to more attitude-consistent exposure than certainty did. However, when chosen information was more familiar (in Study 2), the pattern of effects was significantly reversed: Certainty led to more attitude-consistent exposure than did uncertainty. This finding suggests that under certain conditions, uncertainty can motivate people to seek attitude-confirming information, thereby creating a motivational basis for weak attitudes to have strong influences on information seeking.
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