High dose zoledronic acid increases ischemia-reperfusion damage of the liver

OBJECTIVE

Zoledronic acid (ZA), a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, has been reported to exhibit a protective effect against cancers and prevent bone fractures. It also induces apoptosis by increasing proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress increases significantly during ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The liver is highly sensitive to IR injury. In this study, we aim to investigate whether high-dose ZA treatment affects the liver during IR.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used twenty-one Sprague-Dawley male rats in our study, and they were subdivided randomly into three groups, each containing seven rats. A single dose of 100 μg/kg ZA was administered via the intraperitoneal route in the ZA group. Forty-eight hours after the ZA administration, infrarenal abdominal aortic cross ligation was performed on the ZA and IR groups. After 2 hours of ischemia, 2 hours of reperfusion was applied.

RESULTS

The malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the control group was significantly lower than the IR (p = 0.006) and ZA (p<0.001) groups. However, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) values of the control group were significantly higher than the values of the IR group (p<0.05, p<0.001, and p<0.05) and ZA group (p = 0.002, p<0.001, and p<0.001). Caspase-3 activity was significantly higher in the IR group as compared to the control group (p<0.001). The caspase-3 activity in the ZA group, on the other hand, was higher than both the control (p<0.001) and IR groups (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

High-dose ZA may exacerbate liver injury during IR by increasing reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis.

Helicobacter pylori can be related to carotid intima-media thickness, epicardial adipose tissue thickness and serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori (HP) affects the cardiovascular system. Our aim in this study was to evaluate, whether an infection with HP causes subclinical atherosclerosis.

METHODS

We included 90 patients with dyspeptic symptoms in this study. The patients underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsies were taken. The patients were grouped according to histopathologic examination, as HP infection negative (n = 21), HP infection positive (+) (n = 23), HP infection (++) (n = 22), HP infection (+++), (n = 24).

RESULTS

The neutrophilic gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness in the HP negative group were significantly lower than the NGAL (p < 0.001) and hs-CRP (p < 0.001) levels and the cIMT (p < 0.008) and EAT (p < 0.008) thickness in the HP (+++) group. There was a strong correlation between the serum NGAL and hs-CRP levels, cIMT and EAT thickness.

CONCLUSION

HP-infection can lead to subclinical atherosclerosis via chronic inflammation. The higher the activity of HP infection, the higher the acceleration of atherosclerosis (Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 46). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Helicobacter pylori can be related to carotid intima-media thickness, epicardial adipose tissue thickness and serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori (HP) affects the cardiovascular system. Our aim in this study was to evaluate, whether an infection with HP causes subclinical atherosclerosis.

METHODS

We included 90 patients with dyspeptic symptoms in this study. The patients underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsies were taken. The patients were grouped according to histopathologic examination, as HP infection negative (n = 21), HP infection positive (+) (n = 23), HP infection (++) (n = 22), HP infection (+++), (n = 24).

RESULTS

The neutrophilic gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness in the HP negative group were significantly lower than the NGAL (p < 0.001) and hs-CRP (p < 0.001) levels and the cIMT (p < 0.008) and EAT (p < 0.008) thickness in the HP (+++) group. There was a strong correlation between the serum NGAL and hs-CRP levels, cIMT and EAT thickness.

CONCLUSION

HP-infection can lead to subclinical atherosclerosis via chronic inflammation. The higher the activity of HP infection, the higher the acceleration of atherosclerosis (Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 46). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

The LDL/HDL ratio and atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis

OBJECTIVES

In ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, cardiac and vascular involvement may manifest as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol constitute a significant risk for atherosclerosis. This study investigated the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), LDL/HDL ratio, total oxidant status (TOS; an indicator of oxidative stress) and ischemic modified albumin (IMA; an ischemic marker in AS patients).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Sixty AS patients were diagnosed using the Modified New York Criteria; 54 age- and gender-matched participants were included as controls. CIMT, LDL/HDL ratio, TOS and IMA were measured using the most appropriate methods.

RESULTS

IMA was higher in AS patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001). TOS was also increased in AS patients (p = 0.005); as was CIMT (p < 0.0001). The LDL/HDL ratio was also greater in AS patients compared to controls (p = 0.047). A positive correlation was found between CIMT and LDL/HDL ratio among AS patients.

CONCLUSION

Elevated CIMT, IMA and TOS levels suggest an increased risk of atherosclerotic heart disease in AS patients. The LDL/HDL ratio was higher in AS patients compared to controls, and there was a correlation between LDL/HDL ratio and CIMT, albeit statistically weak. Therefore, the LDL/HDL ratio is not a reliable marker to predict atherosclerotic heart disease in AS patients.

Atherogenic index of plasma may be strong predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with Behçet disease

OBJECTIVES

Behcet's disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by cardiovascular complications. Early diagnosis of these complications can reduce morbidity and mortality. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) and the logarithmic value of triglyceride to high density lipoprotein ratio (atherogenic index of plasma, AIP) are good markers of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether AIP is a predictive marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in BD patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 84 BD patients (60 male, 24 female) and 84 healthy control individuals (58 male, 26 female) were included in this study. cIMT measurements were made, and AIP values were calculated.

RESULTS

cIMT (p < 0.001) and AIP (p < 0.001) values of the BD patients were higher than those of the control group. A strong independent relationship was found between the AIP value and cIMT (β = 0.232, p = 0.018). In the subgroup analysis, the cIMT and AIP values of male BD patients were higher than those of female BD patients.

CONCLUSION

Increased AIP and cIMT values can be a good marker for subclinical atherosclerosis in BD patients, especially in male BD patients.

Atherogenic index of plasma may be strong predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with Behçet disease

OBJECTIVES

Behcet's disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by cardiovascular complications. Early diagnosis of these complications can reduce morbidity and mortality. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) and the logarithmic value of triglyceride to high density lipoprotein ratio (atherogenic index of plasma, AIP) are good markers of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether AIP is a predictive marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in BD patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 84 BD patients (60 male, 24 female) and 84 healthy control individuals (58 male, 26 female) were included in this study. cIMT measurements were made, and AIP values were calculated.

RESULTS

cIMT (p < 0.001) and AIP (p < 0.001) values of the BD patients were higher than those of the control group. A strong independent relationship was found between the AIP value and cIMT (β = 0.232, p = 0.018). In the subgroup analysis, the cIMT and AIP values of male BD patients were higher than those of female BD patients.

CONCLUSION

Increased AIP and cIMT values can be a good marker for subclinical atherosclerosis in BD patients, especially in male BD patients.

The LDL/HDL ratio and atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis

OBJECTIVES

In ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, cardiac and vascular involvement may manifest as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol constitute a significant risk for atherosclerosis. This study investigated the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), LDL/HDL ratio, total oxidant status (TOS; an indicator of oxidative stress) and ischemic modified albumin (IMA; an ischemic marker in AS patients).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Sixty AS patients were diagnosed using the Modified New York Criteria; 54 age- and gender-matched participants were included as controls. CIMT, LDL/HDL ratio, TOS and IMA were measured using the most appropriate methods.

RESULTS

IMA was higher in AS patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001). TOS was also increased in AS patients (p = 0.005); as was CIMT (p < 0.0001). The LDL/HDL ratio was also greater in AS patients compared to controls (p = 0.047). A positive correlation was found between CIMT and LDL/HDL ratio among AS patients.

CONCLUSION

Elevated CIMT, IMA and TOS levels suggest an increased risk of atherosclerotic heart disease in AS patients. The LDL/HDL ratio was higher in AS patients compared to controls, and there was a correlation between LDL/HDL ratio and CIMT, albeit statistically weak. Therefore, the LDL/HDL ratio is not a reliable marker to predict atherosclerotic heart disease in AS patients.

Protective effects of thymoquinone and alpha-tocopherol on the sciatic nerve and femoral muscle due to lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE

Thymoquinone (TQ) is an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic substance found in the Nigella sativa plant. Alpha-tocopherol (α-TP) is a potent antioxidant. We aimed to determine whether or not TQ and TP have a protective effect against lower limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of muscle and the sciatic nerve.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A single dose of TQ 25 mg/kg was given intraperitoneally to the TQ group, a single dose of α-TP 200 mg/kg was given intraperitoneally to the α-TP group. IR was performed for 45 minutes after the drugs' applications.

RESULTS

While serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) of the IR group were significantly higher than those of the TQ plus α-TP, TQ and α-TP groups (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.008, respectively) and IL-6 (all p<0.001), the reduced glutathione (GSH) level of the IR group was lower than that of the other three groups. While neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity of nerve tissues of the IR group was significantly lower than that of the TQ plus α-TP group, the muscle tissue caspase-3 activity was higher than that of the TQ plus α-TP group.

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of TQ plus α-TP may strongly protect muscle and nerve tissues against IR injury via their synergistic effects.

Topiramate has protective effect on renal injury

BACKGROUND

Topiramate (TPM) decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and oxidative stress. We investigated protective effects of TPM on cell damage in kidney tissue during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage.

METHODS

A total of 30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, I/R, and I/R plus TPM (I/R+TPM). Laparotomy without I/R injury was performed in control group. After laparotomy, cross ligation of infrarenal abdominal aorta was applied for two hours in I/R groups which was followed by two hours of reperfusion. TPM (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administrated to animals in the I/R+TPM group for seven consecutive days before I/R.

RESULTS

The I/R group's TNF-α and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels were significantly higher (1184.2 ± 129.1 pg/mg protein; 413.1 ± 28.8 pg/mg protein, respectively) than those of the control (907.8 ± 113.0 pg/mg protein, p = 0.002; 374.7 ± 23.7 pg/mg protein, p = 0.010, respectively) and I/R+TPM groups (999.5 ± 115.2 pg/mg protein, p < 0.001; 377.9 ± 30.9 pg/mg protein, p = 0.007, respectively).

CONCLUSION

TPM may partially prevent renal damage in rats. The opening of new horizons of this kind of knowledge will help understand the complex challenge in the prevention of renal I/R damage (Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 42).

The association between serum YKL-40 levels, mean platelet volume, and c-reactive protein in patients with cellulitis

BACKGROUND

Lower limb cellulitis is an infectious disease that has serious complications unless it is treated.

OBJECTIVES

In this pilot study, we evaluated whether levels of YKL-40, an acute-phase reactant, and mean platelet volume (MPV), which occurs secondary to inflammation in cellulitis, increase compared to healthy subjects. We also aimed to investigate the association between YKL-40 and MPV in the prognosis of the patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 55 patients with cellulitis (23 men and 32 women) and a similar age group of 46 healthy individuals (22 men and 24 women) were included in the study. Cellulitis was diagnosed according to guideline. Serum YKL-40 levels, MPV, C-reactive protein (CRP), and other biochemical values of both groups were compared.

RESULTS

YKL-40 levels (52.2±34.5 ng/mL vs 34.6±18.0 ng/mL, P=0.004), MPV (7.7±1.0 fL vs 6.9±0.7 fL, P<0.001), and CRP (9.5±8.2 mg/dL vs 0.7±0.6 mg/dL, P<0.001) were significantly higher in the patients with cellulitis than the control. The mean recovery time (RT) of the patients was 22.6±6.9 days. We found that YKL-40 (odds ratio [OR] 0.1, confidence interval [Cl] 0.028-0.191, P=0.009) and MPV (OR 2.4, Cl 0.254-4.578, P=0.029) have an independent association with RT.

CONCLUSION

YKL-40 and MPV values were correlated with higher CRP in the cellulitis group than in controls. According to these results, increased YKL-40 and MPV levels might be a prognostic factor for cellulitis in patients.

The association between serum YKL-40 levels, mean platelet volume, and c-reactive protein in patients with cellulitis

BACKGROUND

Lower limb cellulitis is an infectious disease that has serious complications unless it is treated.

OBJECTIVES

In this pilot study, we evaluated whether levels of YKL-40, an acute-phase reactant, and mean platelet volume (MPV), which occurs secondary to inflammation in cellulitis, increase compared to healthy subjects. We also aimed to investigate the association between YKL-40 and MPV in the prognosis of the patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 55 patients with cellulitis (23 men and 32 women) and a similar age group of 46 healthy individuals (22 men and 24 women) were included in the study. Cellulitis was diagnosed according to guideline. Serum YKL-40 levels, MPV, C-reactive protein (CRP), and other biochemical values of both groups were compared.

RESULTS

YKL-40 levels (52.2±34.5 ng/mL vs 34.6±18.0 ng/mL, P=0.004), MPV (7.7±1.0 fL vs 6.9±0.7 fL, P<0.001), and CRP (9.5±8.2 mg/dL vs 0.7±0.6 mg/dL, P<0.001) were significantly higher in the patients with cellulitis than the control. The mean recovery time (RT) of the patients was 22.6±6.9 days. We found that YKL-40 (odds ratio [OR] 0.1, confidence interval [Cl] 0.028-0.191, P=0.009) and MPV (OR 2.4, Cl 0.254-4.578, P=0.029) have an independent association with RT.

CONCLUSION

YKL-40 and MPV values were correlated with higher CRP in the cellulitis group than in controls. According to these results, increased YKL-40 and MPV levels might be a prognostic factor for cellulitis in patients.

Topiramate has protective effect on renal injury

BACKGROUND

Topiramate (TPM) decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and oxidative stress. We investigated protective effects of TPM on cell damage in kidney tissue during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage.

METHODS

A total of 30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, I/R, and I/R plus TPM (I/R+TPM). Laparotomy without I/R injury was performed in control group. After laparotomy, cross ligation of infrarenal abdominal aorta was applied for two hours in I/R groups which was followed by two hours of reperfusion. TPM (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administrated to animals in the I/R+TPM group for seven consecutive days before I/R.

RESULTS

The I/R group's TNF-α and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels were significantly higher (1184.2 ± 129.1 pg/mg protein; 413.1 ± 28.8 pg/mg protein, respectively) than those of the control (907.8 ± 113.0 pg/mg protein, p = 0.002; 374.7 ± 23.7 pg/mg protein, p = 0.010, respectively) and I/R+TPM groups (999.5 ± 115.2 pg/mg protein, p < 0.001; 377.9 ± 30.9 pg/mg protein, p = 0.007, respectively).

CONCLUSION

TPM may partially prevent renal damage in rats. The opening of new horizons of this kind of knowledge will help understand the complex challenge in the prevention of renal I/R damage (Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 42).

Syncope in a patient with spontaneous hemorrhage into a thyroid nodule

BACKGROUND

Spontaneous hemorrhage into a thyroid nodule occurs exceedingly rare and rarely a neck hematoma can develop. We report a case of syncope due to spontaneous hemorrhage into a thyroid nodule during anticoagulant and antithrombotic therapy.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 64-year-old man was transferred to the emergency department of our hospital because of syncope. His physical examination revealed a 7 x 5 cm hard and painless mass at the left neck region. The neck MRI confirmed a heterogeneous, hyperintense mass in the left lobe of thyroid compressing the trachea and left common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve bundle. He did not require a surgery in the follow-up. As the hematoma underwent subtotal shrinkage, he remained well without syncope.

CONCLUSION

Hemorrhage into a thyroid nodule should always be considered in patients presenting with neurally mediated syncope.

The protective effect of infliximab on cisplatin-induced intestinal tissue toxicity

OBJECTIVE

Cisplatin (CP) is a popular chemotherapeutic agent. However, high doses of CP may lead to severe side effects to the gastrointestinal system. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of infliximab on small intestine injury induced by high doses of CP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The A total of 30 rats were equally divided into three groups, including sham (C), cisplatin (CP), and cisplatin + infliximab (CPI). The CP group was treated with 7 mg/kg intraperitoneal cisplatin, and a laparotomy was performed 5 days later. The CPI group received 7 mg/kg infliximab intraperitoneally, were administered 7 mg/kg cisplatin 4 days later, and a laparotomy was performed 5 days after receiving cisplatin. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of small intestine tissue sections were performed, and superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and TNF-α levels were measured.

RESULTS

Histopathological evaluation revealed that the CP group had damage in the epithelium and connective tissue, but this damage was significantly improved in the CPI group (p < 0.05). In addition, these histopathological findings were confirmed by biochemical analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that infliximab is protective against the adverse effects of CP.