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Tóth V, Heinc E, Mikó E, Csendes T, Bánhelyi B. Profitability Optimization of Dairy Farms: The Effect of Pregnancy Rate and Culling Decision. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:18. [PMID: 38200751 PMCID: PMC10778294 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most important decisions in dairy cattle production today is the correct choice of culling time for cows. In the culling decision process, the farmer has to take into account a number of factors, the complexity of which makes the decision-making task difficult. A crucial factor is the evolution of reproductive indicators. The aim of the research was to develop a microsimulation method that can be used to easily investigate the impact on profitability of increasing pregnancy rates and when the culling decision is made. In the microsimulation, the stock was examined without changing any other conditions. A microsimulation method has been developed to determine with high accuracy the effect of the pregnancy rate and the increase in culling days on the economic indicators of individual dairy farms. By microsimulation, the effect of changing these two parameters on the expected milk production of cows, the most important economic indicator for cattle farms, was investigated. The other parameters of economic importance were simulated using a cattle farm database. The purpose of microsimulation is to assist in producing certain managerial decisions in order to achieve better profitability and economic efficiency. In summary, the results showed that increasing the pregnancy rate can successfully reduce the length of the calving interval, but the improved pregnancy rate did not show a significant increase in milk production. In order to obtain results that can be used by farms, the authors intend to further develop the model in the future, adapting it to farms and taking into account their specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Tóth
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Andrássy út 15., H-6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary;
| | - Emília Heinc
- Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, Árpád tér 2., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (E.H.); (T.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Edit Mikó
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Andrássy út 15., H-6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Csendes
- Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, Árpád tér 2., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (E.H.); (T.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Balázs Bánhelyi
- Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, Árpád tér 2., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (E.H.); (T.C.); (B.B.)
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Makra L, Matyasovszky I, Tusnády G, Ziska LH, Hess JJ, Nyúl LG, Chapman DS, Coviello L, Gobbi A, Jurman G, Furlanello C, Brunato M, Damialis A, Charalampopoulos A, Müller-Schärer H, Schneider N, Szabó B, Sümeghy Z, Páldy A, Magyar D, Bergmann KC, Deák ÁJ, Mikó E, Thibaudon M, Oliver G, Albertini R, Bonini M, Šikoparija B, Radišić P, Josipović MM, Gehrig R, Severova E, Shalaboda V, Stjepanović B, Ianovici N, Berger U, Seliger AK, Rybníček O, Myszkowska D, Dąbrowska-Zapart K, Majkowska-Wojciechowska B, Weryszko-Chmielewska E, Grewling Ł, Rapiejko P, Malkiewicz M, Šaulienė I, Prykhodo O, Maleeva A, Rodinkova V, Palamarchuk O, Ščevková J, Bullock JM. A temporally and spatially explicit, data-driven estimation of airborne ragweed pollen concentrations across Europe. Sci Total Environ 2023; 905:167095. [PMID: 37748607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing and future climate change driven expansion of aeroallergen-producing plant species comprise a major human health problem across Europe and elsewhere. There is an urgent need to produce accurate, temporally dynamic maps at the continental level, especially in the context of climate uncertainty. This study aimed to restore missing daily ragweed pollen data sets for Europe, to produce phenological maps of ragweed pollen, resulting in the most complete and detailed high-resolution ragweed pollen concentration maps to date. To achieve this, we have developed two statistical procedures, a Gaussian method (GM) and deep learning (DL) for restoring missing daily ragweed pollen data sets, based on the plant's reproductive and growth (phenological, pollen production and frost-related) characteristics. DL model performances were consistently better for estimating seasonal pollen integrals than those of the GM approach. These are the first published modelled maps using altitude correction and flowering phenology to recover missing pollen information. We created a web page (http://euragweedpollen.gmf.u-szeged.hu/), including daily ragweed pollen concentration data sets of the stations examined and their restored daily data, allowing one to upload newly measured or recovered daily data. Generation of these maps provides a means to track pollen impacts in the context of climatic shifts, identify geographical regions with high pollen exposure, determine areas of future vulnerability, apply spatially-explicit mitigation measures and prioritize management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Makra
- Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Andrássy út 15, Hungary.
| | - István Matyasovszky
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1518 Budapest, P.O.B. 32, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Tusnády
- Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, 1364 Budapest, P.O.B 127, Hungary.
| | - Lewis H Ziska
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Hess
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - László G Nyúl
- Department of Image Processing and Computer Graphics, University of Szeged, 6701 Szeged, P.O.B. 652, Hungary.
| | - Daniel S Chapman
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Luca Coviello
- University of Trento and Enogis s.r.l., Trento, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Brunato
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Athanasios Damialis
- Terrestrial Ecology and Climate Change, Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Charalampopoulos
- Terrestrial Ecology and Climate Change, Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Departement of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Norbert Schneider
- Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Andrássy út 15, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Andrássy út 15, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sümeghy
- Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Andrássy út 15, Hungary
| | - Anna Páldy
- National Institute of Environmental Health, 1097 Budapest, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Hungary.
| | - Donát Magyar
- National Institute of Environmental Health, 1097 Budapest, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Hungary
| | | | - Áron József Deák
- Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Andrássy út 15, Hungary.
| | - Edit Mikó
- Institute of Animal Science and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Andrássy út 15, Hungary.
| | - Michel Thibaudon
- Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, 11 chemin de la Creuzille, Le Plat du Pin, 696905 Brussieu, France
| | - Gilles Oliver
- Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, 11 chemin de la Creuzille, Le Plat du Pin, 696905 Brussieu, France.
| | - Roberto Albertini
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Aerobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, U.O. Medicina Interna di Continuità, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Maira Bonini
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, ATS (Agency for Health Protection of Metropolitan Area of Milan), Hygiene and Public Health Service, via Spagliardi 19, Parabiago, 20015 Milan, Italy.
| | - Branko Šikoparija
- BioSensе Institute - Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr. Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Predrag Radišić
- BioSensе Institute - Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr. Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Mitrović Josipović
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Environmental Protection Agency, 11000 Belgrade, Ruže Jovanoviüa 27a, Serbia.
| | - Regula Gehrig
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Operation Center 1, P.O. Box, CH-8058, Zurich-Airport, Switzerland.
| | - Elena Severova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina Shalaboda
- State Institution (Scientific and Practical Center (SPC) of the State Forensic Examination Committee of the Republic of Belarus, Akademicheskaya Str. 27, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Barbara Stjepanović
- Teaching Institut of Public Health "Dr Andrija Śtampar", 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nicoleta Ianovici
- West University of Timişoara, Blvd. V. Parvan 4, 300223 Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Uwe Berger
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, HNO Klinik, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreja Kofol Seliger
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Center for Environment and Health, Department for Air, Noise, Environmental Impact Assessment and Aerobiology, Grablovičeva ulica 44, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ondřej Rybníček
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Jihlavská 20, 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Myszkowska
- Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, 31-531 Kraków, ul. Kopernika 15A, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dąbrowska-Zapart
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Barbara Majkowska-Wojciechowska
- Aeroallergen Monitoring Centre "AMoC", Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Łukasz Grewling
- Laboratory of Aerobiology, Department of Systematic and Environmental Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Malgorzata Malkiewicz
- Department of Palaeobotany, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ingrida Šaulienė
- Vilnius University, Siauliai Academy, Vytauto 84, LT-76352, Siauliai, Lithuania.
| | - Olexander Prykhodo
- Department of Medical Biology, Zaporizhia State Medical University, 69035 Zaporizhia, Ukraine
| | - Anna Maleeva
- Department of Medical Biology, Zaporizhia State Medical University, 69035 Zaporizhia, Ukraine
| | - Victoria Rodinkova
- National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, 56 Pirogov street, Vinnytsia 21018, Ukraine.
| | - Olena Palamarchuk
- National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, 56 Pirogov street, Vinnytsia 21018, Ukraine
| | - Jana Ščevková
- Department of Botany, Comenius University, Šafárikovo námestie 6, 81806 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - James M Bullock
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK.
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Ujlaki G, Kovács T, Vida A, Kókai E, Rauch B, Schwarcz S, Mikó E, Janka E, Sipos A, Hegedűs C, Uray K, Nagy P, Bai P. Identification of Bacterial Metabolites Modulating Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Molecules 2023; 28:5898. [PMID: 37570868 PMCID: PMC10420980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients are characterized by the oncobiotic transformation of multiple microbiome communities, including the gut microbiome. Oncobiotic transformation of the gut microbiome impairs the production of antineoplastic bacterial metabolites. The goal of this study was to identify bacterial metabolites with antineoplastic properties. We constructed a 30-member bacterial metabolite library and screened the library compounds for effects on cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The metabolites were applied to 4T1 murine breast cancer cells in concentrations corresponding to the reference serum concentrations. However, yric acid, glycolic acid, d-mannitol, 2,3-butanediol, and trans-ferulic acid exerted cytostatic effects, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and vanillic acid exerted hyperproliferative effects. Furthermore, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3-butanediol, and hydrocinnamic acid inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition. We identified redox sets among the metabolites (d-mannitol-d-mannose, 1-butanol-butyric acid, ethylene glycol-glycolic acid-oxalic acid), wherein only one partner within the set (d-mannitol, butyric acid, glycolic acid) possessed bioactivity in our system, suggesting that changes to the local redox potential may affect the bacterial secretome. Of the nine bioactive metabolites, 2,3-butanediol was the only compound with both cytostatic and anti-EMT properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - András Vida
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Endre Kókai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Boglára Rauch
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Szandra Schwarcz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Eszter Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Peter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (T.K.); (A.V.); (E.K.); (B.R.); (S.S.); (E.M.); (A.S.); (C.H.); (K.U.)
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group ELKH, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Csürhés T, Szabó F, Holló G, Mikó E, Török M, Bene S. Relationship between Some Myostatin Variants and Meat Production Related Calving, Weaning and Muscularity Traits in Charolais Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1895. [PMID: 37370404 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The slaughter value of live cattle can be assessed during visual conformation scoring, as well as by examining different molecular genetic information, e.g., the myostatin gene, which can be responsible for muscle development. In this study, the F94L, Q204X, nt267, nt324 and nt414 alleles of the myostatin gene (MSTN) were examined in relation to birth weight (BIW), calving ease (CAE), 205-day weaning weight (CWW), muscle score of shoulder (MSS), muscle score of back (MSB), muscle score of thigh (MST), roundness score of thigh (RST), loin thickness score (LTS), and overall muscle development percentage (OMP) of Charolais weaned calves in Hungary. Multi-trait analysis of variance (GLM) and weighted linear regression analysis were used to process the data. Calves carrying the Q204X allele in the heterozygous form achieved approximately 0.14 points higher MSB, MST and LTS, and 1.2% higher OMP, and gained 8.56 kg more CWW than their counterparts not carrying the allele (p < 0.05). As for the F94L allele, there was a difference of 4.08 kg in CWW of the heterozygous animals, but this difference could not be proved statistically. The other alleles had no significant effect on the evaluated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Csürhés
- National Association of Hungarian Charolais Cattle Breeders, 3525 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Szabó
- Department of Animal Sciences, Albert Kázmér Faculty, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Holló
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Márton Török
- National Association of Hungarian Charolais Cattle Breeders, 3525 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Bene
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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Schwarcz S, Kovács P, Kovács T, Ujlaki G, Nyerges P, Uray K, Bai P, Mikó E. The pro- and antineoplastic effects of deoxycholic acid in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell models. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5273-5282. [PMID: 37145211 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commensal bacteria secrete metabolites that reach distant cancer cells through the circulation and influence cancer behavior. Deoxycholic acid (DCA), a hormone-like metabolite, is a secondary bile acid specifically synthesized by intestinal microbes. DCA may have both pro- and antineoplastic effects in cancers. METHODS AND RESULTS The pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, Capan-2 and BxPC-3, were treated with 0.7 µM DCA, which corresponds to the reference concentration of DCA in human serum. DCA influenced the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, significantly decreased the expression level of the mesenchymal markers, transcription factor 7- like 2 (TCF7L2), snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SLUG), CLAUDIN-1, and increased the expression of the epithelial genes, zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) and E-CADHERIN, as shown by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Consequently, DCA reduced the invasion capacity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in Boyden chamber experiments. DCA induced the protein expression of oxidative/nitrosative stress markers. Moreover, DCA reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity in an Aldefluor assay and ALDH1 protein level, suggesting that DCA reduced stemness in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In Seahorse experiments, DCA induced all fractions of mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic flux. The ratio of mitochondrial oxidation and glycolysis did not change after DCA treatment, suggesting that cells became hypermetabolic. CONCLUSION DCA induced antineoplastic effects in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting EMT, reducing cancer stemness, and inducing oxidative/nitrosative stress and procarcinogenic effects such as hypermetabolic bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szandra Schwarcz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group ELKH, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Petra Nyerges
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group ELKH, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Abstract
PARP enzymes are involved in metabolic regulation and impact on a plethora of cellular metabolic pathways, among them, mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The detrimental effects of PARP1 overactivation upon oxidative stress on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism was discovered in 1998. Since then, there was an enormous blooming in the understanding of the interplay between PARPs and mitochondria. Mitochondrial activity can be assessed by a comprehensive set of methods that we aim to introduce here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Rauch
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
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7
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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8
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Kovács T, Mikó E, Ujlaki G, Yousef H, Csontos V, Uray K, Bai P. The involvement of oncobiosis and bacterial metabolite signaling in metastasis formation in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1223-1249. [PMID: 34967927 PMCID: PMC8825384 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most frequent cancer in women, is characterized by pathological changes to the microbiome of breast tissue, the tumor, the gut, and the urinary tract. Changes to the microbiome are determined by the stage, grade, origin (NST/lobular), and receptor status of the tumor. This year is the 50th anniversary of when Hill and colleagues first showed that changes to the gut microbiome can support breast cancer growth, namely that the oncobiome can reactivate excreted estrogens. The currently available human and murine data suggest that oncobiosis is not a cause of breast cancer, but can support its growth. Furthermore, preexisting dysbiosis and the predisposition to cancer are transplantable. The breast’s and breast cancer’s inherent microbiome and the gut microbiome promote breast cancer growth by reactivating estrogens, rearranging cancer cell metabolism, bringing about a more inflammatory microenvironment, and reducing the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore, the gut microbiome can produce cytostatic metabolites, the production of which decreases or blunts breast cancer. The role of oncobiosis in the urinary tract is largely uncharted. Oncobiosis in breast cancer supports invasion, metastasis, and recurrence by supporting cellular movement, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell function, and diapedesis. Finally, the oncobiome can modify the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic drugs. The microbiome provides novel leverage on breast cancer that should be exploited for better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Kovács
- Department Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Heba Yousef
- Department Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Viktória Csontos
- Department Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Peter Bai
- Department Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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9
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Sipos A, Ujlaki G, Mikó E, Maka E, Szabó J, Uray K, Krasznai Z, Bai P. The role of the microbiome in ovarian cancer: mechanistic insights into oncobiosis and to bacterial metabolite signaling. Mol Med 2021; 27:33. [PMID: 33794773 PMCID: PMC8017782 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is characterized by dysbiosis, referred to as oncobiosis in neoplastic diseases. In ovarian cancer, oncobiosis was identified in numerous compartments, including the tumor tissue itself, the upper and lower female genital tract, serum, peritoneum, and the intestines. Colonization was linked to Gram-negative bacteria with high inflammatory potential. Local inflammation probably participates in the initiation and continuation of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, local bacterial colonies in the peritoneum may facilitate metastasis formation in ovarian cancer. Vaginal infections (e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis) increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Bacterial metabolites, produced by the healthy eubiome or the oncobiome, may exert autocrine, paracrine, and hormone-like effects, as was evidenced in breast cancer or pancreas adenocarcinoma. We discuss the possible involvement of lipopolysaccharides, lysophosphatides and tryptophan metabolites, as well as, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and polyamines in the carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer. We discuss the applicability of nutrients, antibiotics, and probiotics to harness the microbiome and support ovarian cancer therapy. The oncobiome and the most likely bacterial metabolites play vital roles in mediating the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Finally, we discuss the potential of oncobiotic changes as biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and microbial metabolites as possible adjuvant agents in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Eszter Maka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zoárd Krasznai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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10
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Abstract
Significance: Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NFE2L2, or NRF2) is a transcription factor predominantly affecting the expression of antioxidant genes. NRF2 plays a significant role in the control of redox balance, which is crucial in cancer cells. NRF2 activation regulates numerous cancer hallmarks, including metabolism, cancer stem cell characteristics, tumor aggressiveness, invasion, and metastasis formation. We review the molecular characteristics of the NRF2 pathway and discuss its interactions with the cancer hallmarks previously listed. Recent Advances: The noncanonical activation of NRF2 was recently discovered, and members of this pathway are involved in carcinogenesis. Further, cancer-related changes (e.g., metabolic flexibility) that support cancer progression were found to be redox- and NRF2 dependent. Critical Issues: NRF2 undergoes Janus-faced behavior in cancers. The pro- or antineoplastic effects of NRF2 are context dependent and essentially based on the specific molecular characteristics of the cancer in question. Therefore, systematic investigation of NRF2 signaling is necessary to clarify its role in cancer etiology. The biggest challenge in the NRF2 field is to determine which cancers can be targeted for better clinical outcomes. Further, large-scale genomic and transcriptomic studies are missing to correlate the clinical outcome with the activity of the NRF2 system. Future Directions: To exploit NRF2 in a clinical setting in the future, the druggable members of the NRF2 pathway should be identified. In addition, it will be important to study how the modulation of the NRF2 system interferes with cytostatic drugs and their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Smolková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IPHYS CAS), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alberto Leguina-Ruzzi
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IPHYS CAS), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Medicine, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Sári Z, Mikó E, Kovács T, Boratkó A, Ujlaki G, Jankó L, Kiss B, Uray K, Bai P. Indoxylsulfate, a Metabolite of the Microbiome, Has Cytostatic Effects in Breast Cancer via Activation of AHR and PXR Receptors and Induction of Oxidative Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2915. [PMID: 33050543 PMCID: PMC7599465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes to bacterial metabolite-elicited signaling, in oncobiosis associated with breast cancer, plays a role in facilitating the progression of the disease. We show that indoxyl-sulfate (IS), a tryptophan metabolite, has cytostatic properties in models of breast cancer. IS supplementation, in concentrations corresponding to the human serum reference range, suppressed tumor infiltration to the surrounding tissues and metastasis formation in a murine model of breast cancer. In cellular models, IS suppressed NRF2 and induced iNOS, leading to induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress, and, consequently, reduction of cell proliferation; enhanced oxidative and nitrosative stress are crucial in the subsequent cytostasis. IS also suppressed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition vital for suppressing cellular movement and diapedesis. Furthermore, IS rendered cells hypometabolic, leading to a reduction in aldehyde-dehydrogenase positive cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the pregnane-X receptor using CH223191 and the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor using ketoconazole diminished the IS-elicited effects, suggesting that these receptors were the major receptors of IS in these models. Finally, we showed that increased expression of the human enzymes that form IS (Cyp2E1, Sult1A1, and Sult1A2) is associated with better survival in breast cancer, an effect that is lost in triple negative cases. Taken together, IS, similar to indolepropionic acid (another tryptophan metabolite), has cytostatic properties and higher expression of the metabolic machinery responsible for the formation of IS supports survival in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Sári
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
| | - Anita Boratkó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
| | - Laura Jankó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
| | - Borbála Kiss
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.S.); (E.M.); (T.K.); (A.B.); (G.U.); (L.J.); (K.U.)
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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12
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Sári Z, Kovács T, Csonka T, Török M, Sebő É, Toth J, Tóth D, Mikó E, Kiss B, Szeőcs D, Uray K, Karányi Z, Kovács I, Méhes G, Árkosy P, Bai P. Fecal expression of Escherichia coli lysine decarboxylase (LdcC) is downregulated in E-cadherin negative lobular breast carcinoma. Physiol Int 2020; 107:349-358. [PMID: 32692716 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by oncobiosis, the abnormal composition of the microbiome in neoplastic diseases. The biosynthetic capacity of the oncobiotic flora in breast cancer is suppressed, as suggested by metagenomic studies. The microbiome synthesizes a set of cytostatic and antimetastatic metabolites that are downregulated in breast cancer, including cadaverine, a microbiome metabolite with cytostatic properties. We set out to assess how the protein expression of constitutive lysine decarboxylase (LdcC), a key enzyme for cadaverine production, changes in the feces of human breast cancer patients (n = 35). We found that the fecal expression of Escherichia coli LdcC is downregulated in lobular cases as compared to invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) cases. Lobular breast carcinoma is characterized by low or absent expression of E-cadherin. Fecal E. coli LdcC protein expression is downregulated in E-cadherin negative breast cancer cases as compared to positive ones. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of LdcC expression in lobular and NST cases revealed that fecal E. coli LdcC protein expression might have predictive values. These data suggest that the oncobiotic transformation of the microbiome indeed leads to the downregulation of the production of cytostatic and antimetastatic metabolites. In E-cadherin negative lobular carcinoma that has a higher potential for metastasis formation, the protein levels of enzymes producing antimetastatic metabolites are downregulated. This finding represents a new route that renders lobular cases permissive for metastasis formation. Furthermore, our findings underline the role of oncobiosis in regulating metastasis formation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs Sári
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - T Kovács
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - T Csonka
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - M Török
- 3Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - É Sebő
- 4Kenézy Breast Center, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - J Toth
- 5Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - D Tóth
- 6Department of Surgery, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, 3526, Hungary
| | - E Mikó
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - B Kiss
- 5Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - D Szeőcs
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - K Uray
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zs Karányi
- 7Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - I Kovács
- 3Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - G Méhes
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Árkosy
- 5Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Bai
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,8MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,9Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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13
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Abstract
Microbes, which live in the human body, affect a large set of pathophysiological processes. Changes in the composition and proportion of the microbiome are associated with metabolic diseases (Fulbright et al., PLoS Pathog 13:e1006480, 2017; Maruvada et al., Cell Host Microbe 22:589-599, 2017), psychiatric disorders (Macfabe, Glob Adv Health Med 2:52-66, 2013; Kundu et al., Cell 171:1481-1493, 2017), and neoplastic diseases (Plottel and Blaser, Cell Host Microbe 10:324-335, 2011; Schwabe and Jobin, Nat Rev Cancer 13:800-812, 2013; Zitvogel et al., Cell 165:276-287, 2016). However, the number of directly tumorigenic bacteria is extremely low. Microbial dysbiosis is connected to cancers of the urinary tract (Yu, Arch Med Sci 11:385-394, 2015), cervix (Chase, Gynecol Oncol 138:190-200, 2015), skin (Yu et al., J Drugs Dermatol 14:461-465, 2015), airways (Gui et al., Genet Mol Res 14:5642-5651, 2015), colon (Garrett, Science 348:80-86, 2015), lymphomas (Yamamoto and Schiestl, Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:9038-9049, 2014; Yamamoto and Schiestl, Cancer J 20:190-194, 2014), prostate (Yu, Arch Med Sci 11:385-394, 2015), and breast (Flores et al., J Transl Med 10:253, 2012; Fuhrman et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:4632-4640, 2014; Xuan et al., PLoS One 9:e83744, 2014; Goedert et al., J Natl Cancer Inst 107:djv147, 2015; Chan et al., Sci Rep 6:28061, 2016; Hieken et al., Sci Rep 6:30751, 2016; Urbaniak et al., Appl Environ Microbiol 82:5039-5048, 2016; Goedert et al., Br J Cancer 118:471-479, 2018). Microbial dysbiosis can influence organs in direct contact with the microbiome and organs that are located at distant sites of the body. The altered microbiota can lead to a disruption of the mucosal barrier (Plottel and Blaser, Cell Host Microbe 10:324-335, 2011), promote or inhibit tumorigenesis through the modification of immune responses (Kawai and Akira, Int Immunol 21:317-337, 2009; Dapito et al., Cancer Cell 21:504-516, 2012) and microbiome-derived metabolites, such as estrogens (Flores et al., J Transl Med 10:253, 2012; Fuhrman et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:4632-4640, 2014), secondary bile acids (Rowland, Role of the gut flora in toxicity and cancer, Academic Press, London, p x, 517 p., 1988; Yoshimoto et al., Nature 499:97-101, 2013; Xie et al., Int J Cancer 139:1764-1775, 2016; Shellman et al., Clin Otolaryngol 42:969-973, 2017; Luu et al., Cell Oncol (Dordr) 41:13-24, 2018; Miko et al., Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1859:958-974, 2018), short-chain fatty acids (Bindels et al., Br J Cancer 107:1337-1344, 2012), lipopolysaccharides (Dapito et al., Cancer Cell 21:504-516, 2012), and genotoxins (Fulbright et al., PLoS Pathog 13:e1006480, 2017). Thus, altered gut microbiota may change the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy (McCarron et al., Br J Biomed Sci 69:14-17, 2012; Viaud et al., Science 342:971-976, 2013; Montassier et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 42:515-528, 2015; Buchta Rosean et al., Adv Cancer Res 143:255-294, 2019). Taken together, microbial dysbiosis has intricate connections with neoplastic diseases; hereby, we aim to highlight the major contact routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Sári
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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14
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Mikó E, Kovács T, Sebő É, Tóth J, Csonka T, Ujlaki G, Sipos A, Szabó J, Méhes G, Bai P. Microbiome-Microbial Metabolome-Cancer Cell Interactions in Breast Cancer-Familiar, but Unexplored. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040293. [PMID: 30934972 PMCID: PMC6523810 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women worldwide. Dysbiosis, an aberrant composition of the microbiome, characterizes breast cancer. In this review we discuss the changes to the metabolism of breast cancer cells, as well as the composition of the breast and gut microbiome in breast cancer. The role of the breast microbiome in breast cancer is unresolved, nevertheless it seems that the gut microbiome does have a role in the pathology of the disease. The gut microbiome secretes bioactive metabolites (reactivated estrogens, short chain fatty acids, amino acid metabolites, or secondary bile acids) that modulate breast cancer. We highlight the bacterial species or taxonomical units that generate these metabolites, we show their mode of action, and discuss how the metabolites affect mitochondrial metabolism and other molecular events in breast cancer. These metabolites resemble human hormones, as they are produced in a “gland” (in this case, the microbiome) and they are subsequently transferred to distant sites of action through the circulation. These metabolites appear to be important constituents of the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we discuss how bacterial dysbiosis interferes with breast cancer treatment through interfering with chemotherapeutic drug metabolism and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Éva Sebő
- Kenézy Breast Center, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Judit Tóth
- Kenézy Breast Center, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Csonka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Judit Szabó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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15
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Kovács T, Mikó E, Vida A, Sebő É, Toth J, Csonka T, Boratkó A, Ujlaki G, Lente G, Kovács P, Tóth D, Árkosy P, Kiss B, Méhes G, Goedert JJ, Bai P. Cadaverine, a metabolite of the microbiome, reduces breast cancer aggressiveness through trace amino acid receptors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1300. [PMID: 30718646 PMCID: PMC6361949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that changes to the gut microbiome alters the microbiome-derived metabolome, potentially promoting carcinogenesis in organs that are distal to the gut. In this study, we assessed the relationship between breast cancer and cadaverine biosynthesis. Cadaverine treatment of Balb/c female mice (500 nmol/kg p.o. q.d.) grafted with 4T1 breast cancer cells ameliorated the disease (lower mass and infiltration of the primary tumor, fewer metastases, and lower grade tumors). Cadaverine treatment of breast cancer cell lines corresponding to its serum reference range (100–800 nM) reverted endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, inhibited cellular movement and invasion, moreover, rendered cells less stem cell-like through reducing mitochondrial oxidation. Trace amino acid receptors (TAARs), namely, TAAR1, TAAR8 and TAAR9 were instrumental in provoking the cadaverine-evoked effects. Early stage breast cancer patients, versus control women, had reduced abundance of the CadA and LdcC genes in fecal DNA, both responsible for bacterial cadaverine production. Moreover, we found low protein expression of E. coli LdcC in the feces of stage 1 breast cancer patients. In addition, higher expression of lysine decarboxylase resulted in a prolonged survival among early-stage breast cancer patients. Taken together, cadaverine production seems to be a regulator of early breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - András Vida
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Éva Sebő
- Kenézy Breast Center, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Judit Toth
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csonka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Anita Boratkó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gréta Lente
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Dezső Tóth
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Árkosy
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Borbála Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - James J Goedert
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20982 MD, USA
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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16
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Vida A, Abdul-Rahman O, Mikó E, Brunyánszki A, Bai P. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Aging - Friend or Foe? Curr Protein Pept Sci 2017; 17:705-712. [PMID: 27090903 DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160419144959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases were originally described as DNA repair enzymes. PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-3 can be activated by DNA damage and the resulting activation of these enzymes that facilitate DNA repair, seems to be a prerequisite of successful aging. PARP activation helps to maintain genomic integrity through supporting DNA repair systems; however, in parallel these enzymes limit metabolic fitness and make the organism more prone for metabolic diseases. In addition, several other pathways (e.g., proteostasis, nutrient sensing, stem cell proliferation or cellular communication) all contributing to aging, were shown to be PARP mediated. In this review we aim to summarize our current knowledge on the role of PARPs in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H- 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
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17
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is an evolutionarily conserved reaction that had been associated with numerous cellular processes such as DNA repair, protein turnover, inflammatory regulation, aging or metabolic regulation. The metabolic regulatory tasks of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are complex, it is based on the regulation of metabolic transcription factors (e.g. SIRT1, nuclear receptors, SREBPs) and certain cellular energy sensors. PARP over-activation can cause damage to mitochondrial terminal oxidation, while the inhibition of PARP-1 or PARP-2 can induce mitochondrial oxidation by enhancing the mitotropic tone of gene transcription and signal transduction. These PARP-mediated processes impact on higher order metabolic regulation that modulates lipid metabolism, circadian oscillations and insulin secretion and signaling. PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-7 are related to metabolic diseases such as diabetes, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD, NAFLD), or on a broader perspective to Warburg metabolism in cancer or the metabolic diseases accompanying aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Vida
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Hungary; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Judit Márton
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Hungary; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Hungary; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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18
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Varga I, Hutóczki G, Petrás M, Scholtz B, Mikó E, Kenyeres A, Tóth J, Zahuczky G, Bognár L, Hanzély Z, Klekner A. Expression of invasion-related extracellular matrix molecules in human glioblastoma versus intracerebral lung adenocarcinoma metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 71:173-80. [PMID: 20397122 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1249698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell invasion into the surrounding brain tissue is mainly responsible for the failure of radical surgical resection, with tumor recurrence in the form of microdisseminated disease. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-related molecules and their receptors predominantly participate in the invasion process, including cell adhesion to the surrounding microenvironment and cell migration. The extent of infiltration of the healthy brain by malignant tumors strongly depends on the tumor cell type. Malignant gliomas show much more intensive peritumoral invasion than do metastatic tumors. In this study, the mRNA expression of 30 invasion-related molecules (twenty-one ECM components, two related receptors, and seven ECM-related enzymes) was investigated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Fresh frozen human tissue samples from glioblastoma (GBM), intracerebral lung adenocarcinoma metastasis, and normal brain were evaluated. Significant differences were established for 24 of the 30 molecules. To confirm our results at the protein level, immunohistochemical analysis of seven molecules was performed (agrin, neurocan, syndecan, versican, matrix metalloproteinase 2 [MMP-2], MMP-9, and hyaluronan). Determining the differences in the levels of invasion-related molecules for tumors of different origins can help to identify the exact molecular mechanisms that facilitate peritumoral infiltration by glioblastoma cells. These results should allow the selection of target molecules for potential chemotherapeutic agents directed against highly invasive malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Varga
- Kenezy Hospital, Debrecen, Department of Pulmonology, Debrecen, Hungary
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19
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Luchetti CG, Mikó E, Szekeres-Bartho J, Paz DA, Motta AB. Dehydroepiandrosterone and metformin modulate progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and cytokines in early pregnant mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 111:200-7. [PMID: 18606228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the mechanism by which metformin (N,N'-dimethylbiguanide) prevents embryonic resorption induced in mice by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Treatment with DHEA (60mg/kg, s.c. 24 and 48h post-implantation) induces embryo resorption of early pregnant BALB/c mice while simultaneous treatment with metformin (240mg/kg, oral 24 and 48h post-implantation) prevents it. During pregnancy progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) modulates prostaglandins (PGs) and cytokine production. These findings prompted us to investigate the effect of DHEA and metformin on both PIBF and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) expressions at the implantation sites, as well as cytokine production. PIBF and COX2 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry from DHEA and DHEA+ metformin treated 8 days-pregnant mice and serum cytokine levels of these animals were determined by ELISA. DHEA treatment both abolished PIBF expression and increased COX2 expression. Embryo resorption correlates with the lack of PIBF expression, diminished IL-6 levels and increased IL-2 concentration while metformin was able to reverse the effect of DHEA on both PIBF and COX2 expression and IL-6 levels. We concluded that hyperandrogenization induces embryo resorption in early pregnancy diminishing PIBF in implantation sites, having a pro-inflammatory effect. Metformin is able to prevent such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Luchetti
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Balogh A, Paragh G, Juhász A, Köbling T, Törocsik D, Mikó E, Varga V, Emri G, Horkay I, Scholtz B, Remenyik E. Reference genes for quantitative real time PCR in UVB irradiated keratinocytes. J Photochem Photobiol B 2008; 93:133-9. [PMID: 18789713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a sensitive and highly reproducible method often used for determining mRNA levels. To enable proper comparison of gene expression genes expressed at stabile levels within the cells in the studied experimental system need to be identified and used as reference. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is an exogenous carcinogenic stimulus in keratinocytes, and UVB elicited changes have extensively been studied by qRT-PCR, yet a comparison of commonly used reference genes in UVB treatment is lacking. To find the best genes for compensating slight inter-sample variations in keratinocytes in UVB experiments and to understand the potential effects of improper reference gene (RG) selection we have analyzed the mRNA expression of 10 housekeeping genes in neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) after UVB treatment. The biological effect of the used UVB light source was validated by trypane blue exclusion, MTT and comet assays. 20-40mJ/cm(2) dose was chosen for the experiments. The stability of the 10 RGs was assessed by the GeNorm and Normfinder software tools. Regardless of their slightly different algorithm the programs found succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) to be the best individual RG and SDHA and phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK1) as the most suitable combination. Analysis of the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) found that while the perception of changes in TNF-alpha, a gene undergoing marked upregulation after UVB irradiation is independent of the used RG, changes seen in the more modestly upregulated VEGF are greatly effected by reference gene selection. These findings highlight the importance of reference gene selection in UVB irradiation experiments, and provide evidence that using SDHA or the combination of SDHA and PGK1 as standards could be a reliable method for normalizing qRT-PCR results in keratinocytes after UVB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Balogh
- Department of Dermatology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary Nagyerdei Körut 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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