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Seddon EA, Clarke JA, Dunning DJ, Masciovecchio C, Milne CJ, Parmigiani F, Rugg D, Spence JCH, Thompson NR, Ueda K, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Wurth W. Short-wavelength free-electron laser sources and science: a review. Rep Prog Phys 2017; 80:115901. [PMID: 29059048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seddon
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom. The School of Physics and Astronomy and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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Spencer BF, Cliffe MJ, Graham DM, Hardman SJO, Seddon EA, Syres KL, Thomas AG, Sirotti F, Silly MG, Akhtar J, O'Brien P, Fairclough SM, Smith JM, Chattopadhyay S, Flavell WR. Dynamics in next-generation solar cells: time-resolved surface photovoltage measurements of quantum dots chemically linked to ZnO (101̄0). Faraday Discuss 2014; 171:275-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The charge dynamics at the surface of the transparent conducting oxide and photoanode material ZnO are investigated in the presence and absence of light-harvesting colloidal quantum dots (QDs). The time-resolved change in surface potential upon photoexcitation has been measured in the m-plane ZnO (101̄0) using a laser pump-synchrotron X-ray probe methodology. By varying the oxygen annealing conditions, and hence the oxygen vacancy concentration of the sample, we find that dark carrier lifetimes at the ZnO surface vary from hundreds of μs to ms timescales, i.e. a persistent photoconductivity (PPC) is observed. The highly-controlled nature of our experiments under ultra-high vacuum (UHV), and the use of band-gap and sub-band-gap photoexcitation, allow us to demonstrate that defect states ca. 340 meV above the valence band edge are directly associated with the PPC, and that the PPC mediated by these defects dominates over the oxygen photodesorption mechanism. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that ionized oxygen vacancy states are responsible for the PPC in ZnO. The effect of chemically linking two colloidal QD systems (type I PbS and type II CdS–ZnSe) to the surface has also been investigated. Upon deposition of the QDs onto the surface, the dark carrier lifetime and the surface photovoltage are reduced, suggesting a direct injection of charge carriers into the ZnO conduction band. The results are discussed in the context of the development of next-generation solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben F. Spencer
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute
- The University of Manchester
- , United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute
- Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury
| | - Matthew J. Cliffe
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute
- The University of Manchester
- , United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute
- Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury
| | - Darren M. Graham
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute
- The University of Manchester
- , United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J. O. Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine A. Seddon
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute
- The University of Manchester
- , United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute
- Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury
| | - Karen L. Syres
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute
- The University of Manchester
- , United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Javeed Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics
- Nano-Science & Materials Synthesis Laboratory
| | - Paul O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason M. Smith
- Department of Materials
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Swapan Chattopadhyay
- The Cockcroft Institute
- Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury
- Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy R. Flavell
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute
- The University of Manchester
- , United Kingdom
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Hardman SJO, Graham DM, Stubbs SK, Spencer BF, Seddon EA, Fung HT, Gardonio S, Sirotti F, Silly MG, Akhtar J, O'Brien P, Binks DJ, Flavell WR. Electronic and surface properties of PbS nanoparticles exhibiting efficient multiple exciton generation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20275-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cacho CM, Vlaic S, Malvestuto M, Ressel B, Seddon EA, Parmigiani F. Absolute spin calibration of an electron spin polarimeter by spin-resolved photoemission from the Au(111) surface states. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:043904. [PMID: 19405672 DOI: 10.1063/1.3115213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the absolute characterization of a spin polarimeter by measuring the Sherman function with high precision. These results have been obtained from the analysis of the spin and angle-resolved photoemission spectra of Au(111) surface states. The measurements have been performed with a 250 kHz repetition rate Ti:sapphire amplified laser system combined with a high energy-, angle-, and spin-resolving time-of-flight electron spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céphise M Cacho
- Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
The adsorption of oxygen on the chiral Pt{531} surface was studied by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). After the surface is annealed in oxygen (3 x 10(-7) mbar), three O 1s peaks are observed in XPS. One peak, at 529.5 eV, is assigned to chemisorbed oxygen; it disappears after annealing in vacuo to temperatures above 900 K. The other two peaks at 530.8 and 532.3 eV are stable up to at least 1250 K. They are associated with oxide clusters on the surface. These clusters readily react with coadsorbed carbon monoxide at temperatures between 315 and 620 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Held
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Green JC, Kelly MR, Payne MP, Seddon EA, Astruc D, Hamon JR, Michaud P. Photoelectron study of electron-rich iron(I) cyclopentadienyl arene complexes and of the related iron(II) cyclopentadienyl cyclohexadienyl complexes. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om00074a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bursten BE, Cotton FA, Green JC, Seddon EA, Stanley GG. Electronic structures and photoelectron spectra of the metal atom cluster species tri-.mu.-chloro-hexachlorotrirhenium, tri-.mu.-bromo-hexabromotrirhenium, and tri-.mu.-chloro-nonachlorotrirhenate(3-). J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00523a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cloke FGN, Dix AN, Green JC, Perutz RN, Seddon EA. Electron spin resonance and photoelectron studies of neutral bis(.eta.-arene)metal compounds (metal = Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W). Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om50003a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Green JC, Mingos DMP, Seddon EA. Ultraviolet photoelectron studies on bonding in some metal carbonyl and metal hydrido carbonyl clusters. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50222a042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bursten BE, Cotton FA, Green JC, Seddon EA, Stanley GG. Molecular orbital and spectroscopic studies of triple bonds between transition-metal atoms. 1. The d3-d3 Mo2L6 compounds (L = OR, NR2, CH2R). J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00534a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yenen O, McLaughlin KW, Jaecks DH, Sant'Anna MM, Seddon EA. Quantifying relativistic interactions from angular momentum partitioning measurements during photoionization. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:979-982. [PMID: 11177989 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the degree of helicity of fluorescent radiation from Ar+[3p4[3P]4p] 2P(o)1/2 formed by circularly polarized synchrotron radiation in the region of double excitations converging to Ar+3p4 nl satellite states. Angular momentum coupling allows the partitioning of the one unit of angular momentum brought into the system to be demarcated. We obtain a nonvanishing expectation value of the total spin of the residual ion-photoelectron system indicating significant relativistic interactions during the photoionization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yenen
- Behlen Laboratory of Physics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588-0111, USA
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Flavell WR, Thomas AG, Hollingworth J, Warren S, Grice SC, Dunwoody PM, Mitchell CEJ, Marr PGD, Teehan D, Downes S, Seddon EA, Dhanak VR, Asai K, Koboyashi Y, Yamada N. Electronic structure and surface reactivity of La1-xSrxCoO3. Faraday Discuss 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a902409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Norman D, Seddon EA, Chaloner PA. Surface Crystallographic Information Service, A Handbook of Surface Structures. Coord Chem Rev 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(88)80037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aynetchi S, Hitchcock PB, Seddon EA, Seddon KR, Yousif YZ, Zora JA, Stucky K. On the electronic structure of tis(β-diketonato)ruthenium(III) complexes: A linear correlation of electrochemical reduction potentials in solution with vertical first ionisation energies in the gas phase. Inorganica Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)86844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nixon JF, Seddon EA, Suffolk RJ, Taylor MJ, Green JC, Clark RJ. He I and He II photoelectron spectra of some trifluorophosphine, carbonyl, and hydrido transition metal complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9860000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Seddon EA. Cyclophanes. I, Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 113. J Organomet Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(84)80350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Green JC, Payne M, Seddon EA, Andersen RA. He-I and He-II photoelectron studies of bonding in metal silylamido-complexes, M[N(SiMe3)2] n (n= 1,2, or 3). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9820000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Green JC, Rankin R, Seddon EA, Teuben JH, Jonkman-Beuker AH, De Boer DK. An experimentally based description of the ground-state wavefunction for two weakly coupled electrons by photoelectron spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Chem Phys Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(81)85114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nixon JF, Suffolk RJ, Taylor MJ, Green JC, Seddon EA. UV photoelectron spectra of [RH2X2L4], (X = Cl, Br, I), (L = CO, PF3) and Ir2Cl2(PF3)4. Inorganica Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)89321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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C. Green* J, Michael P. Mingos D, Seddon EA. UV photoelectron spectral studies of carbonyl-hydrido-clusters and the development of a topological bonding model. J Organomet Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)85907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Green JC, Seddon EA, Mingos DMP. U.v. photoelectron spectral studies on the metal carbonyl cluster compounds Os3(CO)12, Ru3(CO)12, and Os6(CO)18. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1039/c39790000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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