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Stern A, Fokra M, Sarvin B, Alrahem AA, Lee WD, Aizenshtein E, Sarvin N, Shlomi T. Inferring mitochondrial and cytosolic metabolism by coupling isotope tracing and deconvolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7525. [PMID: 37980339 PMCID: PMC10657349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability to inspect metabolic activities within distinct subcellular compartments has been a major barrier to our understanding of eukaryotic cell metabolism. Previous work addressed this challenge by analyzing metabolism in isolated organelles, which grossly bias metabolic activity. Here, we describe a method for inferring physiological metabolic fluxes and metabolite concentrations in mitochondria and cytosol based on isotope tracing experiments performed with intact cells. This is made possible by computational deconvolution of metabolite isotopic labeling patterns and concentrations into cytosolic and mitochondrial counterparts, coupled with metabolic and thermodynamic modelling. Our approach lowers the uncertainty regarding compartmentalized fluxes and concentrations by one and three orders of magnitude compared to existing modelling approaches, respectively. We derive a quantitative view of mitochondrial and cytosolic metabolic activities in central carbon metabolism across cultured cell lines without performing cell fractionation, finding major variability in compartmentalized malate-aspartate shuttle fluxes. We expect our approach for inferring metabolism at a subcellular resolution to be instrumental for a variety of studies of metabolic dysfunction in human disease and for bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Stern
- Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mariam Fokra
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boris Sarvin
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ahmad Abed Alrahem
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Won Dong Lee
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elina Aizenshtein
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nikita Sarvin
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Shlomi
- Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
- Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
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Makayes Y, Resnick E, Hinden L, Aizenshtein E, Shlomi T, Kopan R, Nechama M, Volovelsky O. Increasing mTORC1 Pathway Activity or Methionine Supplementation during Pregnancy Reverses the Negative Effect of Maternal Malnutrition on the Developing Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1898-1912. [PMID: 33958489 PMCID: PMC8455268 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low nephron number at birth is associated with a high risk of CKD in adulthood because nephrogenesis is completed in utero. Poor intrauterine environment impairs nephron endowment via an undefined molecular mechanism. A calorie-restricted diet (CRD) mouse model examined the effect of malnutrition during pregnancy on nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). METHODS Daily caloric intake was reduced by 30% during pregnancy. mRNA expression, the cell cycle, and metabolic activity were evaluated in sorted Six2 NPCs. The results were validated using transgenic mice, oral nutrient supplementation, and organ cultures. RESULTS Maternal CRD is associated with low nephron number in offspring, compromising kidney function at an older age. RNA-seq identified cell cycle regulators and the mTORC1 pathway, among other pathways, that maternal malnutrition in NPCs modifies. Metabolomics analysis of NPCs singled out the methionine pathway as crucial for NPC proliferation and maintenance. Methionine deprivation reduced NPC proliferation and lowered NPC number per tip in embryonic kidney cultures, with rescue from methionine metabolite supplementation. Importantly, in vivo, the negative effect of caloric restriction on nephrogenesis was prevented by adding methionine to the otherwise restricted diet during pregnancy or by removing one Tsc1 allele in NPCs. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that mTORC1 signaling and methionine metabolism are central to the cellular and metabolic effects of malnutrition during pregnancy on NPCs, contributing to nephrogenesis and later, to kidney health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Makayes
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Resnick
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liad Hinden
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Morris Nechama
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel,Wohl’s Translation Research Institute at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Volovelsky
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel,Wohl’s Translation Research Institute at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lee WD, Pirona AC, Sarvin B, Stern A, Nevo-Dinur K, Besser E, Sarvin N, Lagziel S, Mukha D, Raz S, Aizenshtein E, Shlomi T. Tumor Reliance on Cytosolic versus Mitochondrial One-Carbon Flux Depends on Folate Availability. Cell Metab 2021; 33:190-198.e6. [PMID: 33326752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Folate metabolism supplies one-carbon (1C) units for biosynthesis and methylation and has long been a target for cancer chemotherapy. Mitochondrial serine catabolism is considered the sole contributor of folate-mediated 1C units in proliferating cancer cells. Here, we show that under physiological folate levels in the cell environment, cytosolic serine-hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1) is the predominant source of 1C units in a variety of cancers, while mitochondrial 1C flux is overly repressed. Tumor-specific reliance on cytosolic 1C flux is associated with poor capacity to retain intracellular folates, which is determined by the expression of SLC19A1, which encodes the reduced folate carrier (RFC). We show that silencing SHMT1 in cells with low RFC expression impairs pyrimidine biosynthesis and tumor growth in vivo. Overall, our findings reveal major diversity in cancer cell utilization of the cytosolic versus mitochondrial folate cycle across tumors and SLC19A1 expression as a marker for increased reliance on SHMT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Dong Lee
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Anna Chiara Pirona
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel; Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Faculty of Bioscience, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Boris Sarvin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Alon Stern
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Shoval Lagziel
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Shachar Raz
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Elina Aizenshtein
- Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Shlomi
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Computer Science, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel; Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
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Sarvin B, Lagziel S, Sarvin N, Mukha D, Kumar P, Aizenshtein E, Shlomi T. Fast and sensitive flow-injection mass spectrometry metabolomics by analyzing sample-specific ion distributions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3186. [PMID: 32581242 PMCID: PMC7314751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based metabolomics is a widely used approach in biomedical research. However, current methods coupling mass spectrometry with chromatography are time-consuming and not suitable for high-throughput analysis of thousands of samples. An alternative approach is flow-injection mass spectrometry (FI-MS) in which samples are directly injected to the ionization source. Here, we show that the sensitivity of Orbitrap FI-MS metabolomics methods is limited by ion competition effect. We describe an approach for overcoming this effect by analyzing the distribution of ion m/z values and computationally determining a series of optimal scan ranges. This enables reproducible detection of ~9,000 and ~10,000 m/z features in metabolomics and lipidomics analysis of serum samples, respectively, with a sample scan time of ~15 s and duty time of ~30 s; a ~50% increase versus current spectral-stitching FI-MS. This approach facilitates high-throughput metabolomics for a variety of applications, including biomarker discovery and functional genomics screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sarvin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shoval Lagziel
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nikita Sarvin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dzmitry Mukha
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elina Aizenshtein
- Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Shlomi
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
- Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
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Lee WD, Mukha D, Aizenshtein E, Shlomi T. Spatial-fluxomics provides a subcellular-compartmentalized view of reductive glutamine metabolism in cancer cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1351. [PMID: 30903027 PMCID: PMC6430770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to inspect metabolic activities within subcellular compartments has been a major barrier to our understanding of eukaryotic cell metabolism. Here, we describe a spatial-fluxomics approach for inferring metabolic fluxes in mitochondria and cytosol under physiological conditions, combining isotope tracing, rapid subcellular fractionation, LC-MS-based metabolomics, computational deconvolution, and metabolic network modeling. Applied to study reductive glutamine metabolism in cancer cells, shown to mediate fatty acid biosynthesis under hypoxia and defective mitochondria, we find a previously unappreciated role of reductive IDH1 as the sole net contributor of carbons to fatty acid biosynthesis under standard normoxic conditions in HeLa cells. In murine cells with defective SDH, we find that reductive biosynthesis of citrate in mitochondria is followed by a reversed CS activity, suggesting a new route for supporting pyrimidine biosynthesis. We expect this spatial-fluxomics approach to be a highly useful tool for elucidating the role of metabolic dysfunction in human disease. Measuring metabolic fluxes in cellular compartments is a challenge. Here, the authors introduce an approach to infer fluxes in mitochondria and cytosol, and find that IDH1 is the major producer of cytosolic citrate in HeLa cells and that in SDH- deficient cells citrate synthase functions in reverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Dong Lee
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Elina Aizenshtein
- Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Shlomi
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel. .,Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel. .,Faculty of Computer Science, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
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Khamaysi A, Anbtawee-Jomaa S, Fremder M, Eini-Rider H, Shimshilashvili L, Aharon S, Aizenshtein E, Shlomi T, Noguchi A, Springer D, Moe OW, Shcheynikov N, Muallem S, Ohana E. Systemic Succinate Homeostasis and Local Succinate Signaling Affect Blood Pressure and Modify Risks for Calcium Oxalate Lithogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:381-392. [PMID: 30728179 PMCID: PMC6405146 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the kidney, low urinary citrate increases the risk for developing kidney stones, and elevation of luminal succinate in the juxtaglomerular apparatus increases renin secretion, causing hypertension. Although the association between stone formation and hypertension is well established, the molecular mechanism linking these pathophysiologies has been elusive. METHODS To investigate the relationship between succinate and citrate/oxalate levels, we assessed blood and urine levels of metabolites, renal protein expression, and BP (using 24-hour telemetric monitoring) in male mice lacking slc26a6 (a transporter that inhibits the succinate transporter NaDC-1 to control citrate absorption from the urinary lumen). We also explored the mechanism underlying this metabolic association, using coimmunoprecipitation, electrophysiologic measurements, and flux assays to study protein interaction and transport activity. RESULTS Compared with control mice, slc26a6-/- mice (previously shown to have low urinary citrate and to develop calcium oxalate stones) had a 40% decrease in urinary excretion of succinate, a 35% increase in serum succinate, and elevated plasma renin. Slc26a6-/- mice also showed activity-dependent hypertension that was unaffected by dietary salt intake. Structural modeling, confirmed by mutational analysis, identified slc26a6 and NaDC-1 residues that interact and mediate slc26a6's inhibition of NaDC-1. This interaction is regulated by the scaffolding protein IRBIT, which is released by stimulation of the succinate receptor SUCNR1 and interacts with the NaDC-1/slc26a6 complex to inhibit succinate transport by NaDC-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a succinate/citrate homeostatic pathway regulated by IRBIT that affects BP and biochemical risk of calcium oxalate stone formation, thus providing a potential molecular link between hypertension and lithogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Khamaysi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shireen Anbtawee-Jomaa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Moran Fremder
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hadar Eini-Rider
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Liana Shimshilashvili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sara Aharon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Tomer Shlomi
- Department of Computer Science and,Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Danielle Springer
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Orson W. Moe
- Department of Internal Medicine,,Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, and,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Nikolay Shcheynikov
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ehud Ohana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Pitcovski J, Shahar E, Aizenshtein E, Gorodetsky R. Melanoma antigens and related immunological markers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 115:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Dekel Y, Machluf Y, Gefen T, Eidelshtein G, Kotlyar A, Bram Y, Shahar E, Reslane F, Aizenshtein E, Pitcovski J. Formation of multimeric antibodies for self-delivery of active monomers. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:199-208. [PMID: 28156181 PMCID: PMC8241139 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1242179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides have been used as drugs for almost a century. Technological advances in the past 30 years have enabled the production of pure, stable proteins in vast amounts. In contrast, administration of proteins based on their native active conformation (and thus necessitating the use of subcutaneous injections) has remained solely unchanged. The therapeutic anti-HER2 humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgG) Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a first line of the treatment for breast cancer. Chicken IgY is a commercially important polyclonal antibody (Ab). These Abs were examined for their ability to self-assemble and form ordered aggregates, by several biophysical methods. Atomic force microscopy analyses revealed the formation of multimeric nanostructures. The biological activity of multimeric IgG or IgY particles was retained and restored, in a dilution/time-dependent manner. IgG activity was confirmed by a binding assay using HER2 + human breast cancer cell line, SKBR3, while IgY activity was confirmed by ELISA assay using the VP2 antigen. Competition assay with native Herceptin antibodies demonstrated that the binding availability of the multimer formulation remained unaffected. Under long incubation periods, IgG multimers retained five times more activity than native IgG. In conclusion, the multimeric antibody formulations can serve as a storage depositories and sustained-release particles. These two important characteristics make this formulation promising for future novel administration protocols and altogether bring to light a different conceptual approach for the future use of therapeutic proteins as self-delivery entities rather than conjugated/encapsulated to other bio-compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Dekel
- a Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa , Kazrin , Israel.,b Department of Clinical Laboratory , Zefat Academic College , Zefat , Israel.,c Department of Life Sciences , Tel Hai College , Upper Galilee , Israel
| | - Yossy Machluf
- d Consultant, specialist in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics
| | - Tal Gefen
- c Department of Life Sciences , Tel Hai College , Upper Galilee , Israel.,e MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center , Kiryat Shmona , Israel
| | - Gennady Eidelshtein
- f Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel , and
| | - Alexander Kotlyar
- f Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel , and
| | - Yaron Bram
- g Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Ehud Shahar
- c Department of Life Sciences , Tel Hai College , Upper Galilee , Israel.,e MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center , Kiryat Shmona , Israel
| | - Farah Reslane
- c Department of Life Sciences , Tel Hai College , Upper Galilee , Israel.,e MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center , Kiryat Shmona , Israel
| | - Elina Aizenshtein
- c Department of Life Sciences , Tel Hai College , Upper Galilee , Israel.,e MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center , Kiryat Shmona , Israel
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- c Department of Life Sciences , Tel Hai College , Upper Galilee , Israel.,e MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center , Kiryat Shmona , Israel
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Aizenshtein E, Yosipovich R, Kvint M, Shadmon R, Krispel S, Shuster E, Eliyahu D, Finger A, Banet-Noach C, Shahar E, Pitcovski J. Practical aspects in the use of passive immunization as an alternative to attenuated viral vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:2513-8. [PMID: 27079929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunization as a method to protect birds has been tested for many years and shown to be effective. Its advantages over active vaccination include no use of partially virulent viruses, overcoming the gap in the level of protection at young age due to interference of maternal antibodies to raise self-immune response following active vaccination and the possible immunosuppressive effect of attenuated vaccine viruses. However, a major obstacle to its implementation is its relatively high cost which is dependent, among other things, mainly on two factors: the efficacy of antibody production, and the use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) birds for antibody production to avoid the possible transfer of pathogens from commercial layers. In this study we show efficient production of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) against four different pathogens simultaneously in the same egg, and treatment of the extracted IgY with formalin to negate the need for SPF birds. Formalin, a common registered sterilization compound in vaccine production, was shown not to interfere with the Fab specific antigen binding or Fc-complement activation of the antibody. Following injection of 1-day-old broilers with antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus, protective antibody levels were acquired for the entire period of sensitivity to this pathogen (35 days). Passive vaccination with formalin-sterilized IgY against multiple antigens extracted from one commercial egg may be a cost-effective and advantageous complementary or alternative to attenuated vaccines in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Aizenshtein
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Roni Yosipovich
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Moran Kvint
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Roy Shadmon
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Simcha Krispel
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Efrat Shuster
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Dalia Eliyahu
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | | | | | - Ehud Shahar
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel.
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Shahar E, Gorodetsky R, Aizenshtein E, Lalush L, Pitcovski J. Modulating the innate immune activity in murine tumor microenvironment by a combination of inducer molecules attached to microparticles. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1137-49. [PMID: 26031575 PMCID: PMC11028936 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted cancer immunotherapy is challenging due to the cellular diversity and imposed immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment (TME). A promising route to overcome those drawbacks may be by activating innate immune cells (IIC) in the TME, toward tumor destruction. Studies have shown the ability to "re-educate" pro-tumor-activated IIC toward antitumor responses. The current research aims to stimulate such activation using a combination of innate activators loaded onto microparticles (MP). Four inducers of Toll-like receptors 4 and 7, complement C5a receptor (C5aR) and gamma Fc receptor and their combinations were loaded on MP, and their influence on immune cell activation evaluated. MP stimulation of immune cell activation was tested in vitro and in vivo using a subcutaneous B16-F10 melanoma model induced in C57BL6 mice. Exposure to the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bound to MP-induced acute inflammatory cytokine and chemokine activity in vitro and in vivo, with the elevation of CD45(+) leukocytes in particular GR-1(+) neutrophils and F4/80 macrophages in the TME. Nevertheless, LPS alone on MP was insufficient to significantly delay tumor progression. LPS combined with the C5aR ligand C5a-pep on the same MP resulted in a similar inflammation activation pattern. However, interleukin-10 levels were lower, and tumor growth was significantly delayed. Mixtures of these two ligands on separate MP did not yield the same cytokine activation pattern, demonstrating the importance of the cells' dual activation. The results suggest that combining inducers of distinct innate immune activation pathways holds promise for successful redirection of TME-residing IIC toward anti-tumoral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Shahar
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Lab of Biotechnology and Radiobiology, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah – Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Gorodetsky
- Lab of Biotechnology and Radiobiology, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah – Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elina Aizenshtein
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Lior Lalush
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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Gefen T, Vaya J, Khatib S, Rapoport I, Lupo M, Barnea E, Admon A, Heller ED, Aizenshtein E, Pitcovski J. The effect of haptens on protein-carrier immunogenicity. Immunology 2015; 144:116-26. [PMID: 25041614 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response against hapten is T-cell-dependent, and so requires the uptake, processing and presentation of peptides on MHC class II molecules by antigen-presenting cells to the specific T cell. Some haptens, following conjugation to the available free amines on the surface of the carrier protein, can reduce its immunogenicity. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism by which this occurs. Four proteins were tested as carriers and six molecules were used as haptens. The immune response to the carrier proteins was reduced > 100-fold by some of the haptens (termed carrier immunogenicity reducing haptens--CIRH), whereas other haptens did not influence the protein immunogenicity (carrier immunogenicity non-reducing haptens--nCIRH). Conjugation of the protein to a CIRH affected protein degradation by lysosomal cathepsins, leading to the generation of peptides that differ in length and sequence from those derived from the same native protein or that protein modified with nCIRH. Injection of CIRH-conjugated protein into mice induced an increase in the population of regulatory T cells. The results of this study provide a putative mechanism of action for the reduction of immune response to haptenated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gefen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; MIGAL - Galilee Technology Centre, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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12
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Yosipovich R, Aizenshtein E, Shadmon R, Krispel S, Shuster E, Pitcovski J. Overcoming the susceptibility gap between maternal antibody disappearance and auto-antibody production. Vaccine 2014; 33:472-8. [PMID: 25444785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the first 10-14 days of a chick's life, protection is conferred by maternal antibodies. Further broiler protection is achieved by active vaccination. However, the high level of maternal antibodies interferes with the induction of an effective immune response by vaccination at a young age. As a result, there is a gap between the reduction in protective maternal antibodies and elevation of self-produced antibodies following active vaccination. The major aim of this study was to test an approach consisting of passive and active vaccination to overcome this gap and to provide continuous resistance to infectious viral diseases during the broiler's growth period. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which is one of the world's most prevalent infectious diseases of poultry, was tested as a model. Following subcutaneous injection of 18 hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) units of anti-NDV immunoglobulin Y per 1-day-old chick, protective log2 antibody titers above 4 could be detected to at least 17 days of age. The combination of passive immunization on day 1 of age with attenuated live vaccination on day 10 led to high protective titers throughout the entire growth period, up to 41 days of age. Moreover, the HI titers in the group of birds immunized with the combined vaccination were significantly more homogeneous than those in the group vaccinated only with live virus. Thus, full protection against NDV of all broilers in flock during their entire growth period was achieved by a vaccination regime that combines passive immunization and live vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Yosipovich
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Elina Aizenshtein
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Roy Shadmon
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Simcha Krispel
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Efrat Shuster
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel.
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Shahar E, Gorodetsky R, Aizenshtein E, Pitcovski J. Abstract 3633: Combination of innate immune activators stimulates leukocyte populations in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) harbors a multitude of immune cells which can comprise up to 50% of the tumor. The most abundant cells in the TME often are tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and tumor associated neutrophils (TAN). These cells potentially possess anti-tumoral cytotoxic effects, and have the potential to induce a broad range of cellular immune responses. However, in the developing tumor, due to elements secreted by the tumor cells, TAM and TAN are altered to act in a pro-tumor manner. The purpose of our study was the optimization and characterization of a treatment aimed at inducing an anti-tumoral response of innate immune cells in the TME. In a melanoma B16 mice model, micro-particles carrying targeting and induction components were injected intra-tumorally and the responses of the tumors, including immune cells populations were monitored. Without treatment the CD45+ cells ratio of total TME decreased as tumor progressed. Particles carrying Toll-like receptor ligands inhibited tumor growth, inducing significant elevation of CD45+ cells in the TME. Using different inducing molecules (inducers) or simultaneous use of several inducers enabled the stimulation of specific immune cell populations within the tumor. The current study suggests that by using tumor targeted particles with adequate inducers, one could change the tumor microenvironment innate immune cells toward an anti-tumor response.
Citation Format: Ehud Shahar, Raphael Gorodetsky, Elina Aizenshtein, Jacob Pitcovski. Combination of innate immune activators stimulates leukocyte populations in the tumor microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3633. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3633
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Shahar
- 1MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Raphael Gorodetsky
- 2Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Aizenshtein E, Pinchasov Y, Morag E, Leitner G, Shpanir Y, Reimond D, Pitcovski J. Immunological complex for enhancement of innate immune response in passive vaccination. Vaccine 2013; 31:626-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Gefen T, Pitcovski J, Vaya J, Khatib S, Krispel S, Heller ED, Gaberman E, Gorodetsky R, Aizenshtein E. Coated cross-species antibodies by mannosamine-biotin adduct confer protection against snake venom without eliciting humoral immune response. Vaccine 2010; 28:8197-202. [PMID: 20875497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunization with cross-species antibodies triggers the patient's immune response, thereby preventing repeated treatment. Mannosamine-biotin adduct (MBA) has been described as a masking agent for immunogenic reduction and here, the immunogenicity and biological activity of MBA-coated horse anti-viper venom (hsIgG) were compared to those of uncoated or PEGylated hsIgG. In in vitro tests, hsIgG binding was not affected by MBA conjugation. The immune response to hsIgG-MBA was about 8-fold and 32-fold lower than to PEG-coated and uncoated hsIgG, respectively. In vivo, hsIgG-MBA showed efficient venom-neutralization activity. We thus demonstrate the feasibility of using MBA as a masking agent for passive immunization with cross-species antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gefen
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
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Pitcovski J, Shahar E, Aizenshtein E, Gorodetsky R. Abstract LB-327: Targeted microbeads for attraction and induction of specific innate immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-lb-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anti-tumor activity of molecules and cells of the innate immune system has been reported. Here we propose a method for targeting preferred innate immune cells and magnifying their tumoricidal effect at the tumor microenvironment, by modular multiple-component complexes. As a model, micro-complexes carried monoclonal anti-HER2 antibodies, lipopolysaccharide and mannose. The complexes showed high binding capacity to HER2-positive cancer cells in vitro, high induction of interleukin-1 RNA transcription by the activated monocytes and ability to mediate monocytes’ attachment to HER2-positive cells. We thus present a new vision of targeting a desired innate immune response to the tumor microenvironment.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-327.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehud Shahar
- 1MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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