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Sommer C, Garbusow M, Jünger E, Pooseh S, Bernhardt N, Birkenstock J, Schad DJ, Jabs B, Glöckler T, Huys QM, Heinz A, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US. Strong seduction: impulsivity and the impact of contextual cues on instrumental behavior in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1183. [PMID: 28763064 PMCID: PMC5611726 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related cues acquire incentive salience through Pavlovian conditioning and then can markedly affect instrumental behavior of alcohol-dependent patients to promote relapse. However, it is unclear whether similar effects occur with alcohol-unrelated cues. We tested 116 early-abstinent alcohol-dependent patients and 91 healthy controls who completed a delay discounting task to assess choice impulsivity, and a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm employing both alcohol-unrelated and alcohol-related stimuli. To modify instrumental choice behavior, we tiled the background of the computer screen either with conditioned stimuli (CS) previously generated by pairing abstract pictures with pictures indicating monetary gains or losses, or with pictures displaying alcohol or water beverages. CS paired to money gains and losses affected instrumental choices differently. This PIT effect was significantly more pronounced in patients compared to controls, and the group difference was mainly driven by highly impulsive patients. The PIT effect was particularly strong in trials in which the instrumental stimulus required inhibition of instrumental response behavior and the background CS was associated to monetary gains. Under that condition, patients performed inappropriate approach behavior, contrary to their previously formed behavioral intention. Surprisingly, the effect of alcohol and water pictures as background stimuli resembled that of aversive and appetitive CS, respectively. These findings suggest that positively valenced background CS can provoke dysfunctional instrumental approach behavior in impulsive alcohol-dependent patients. Consequently, in real life they might be easily seduced by environmental cues to engage in actions thwarting their long-term goals. Such behaviors may include, but are not limited to, approaching alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Pooseh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - N Bernhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Birkenstock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - D J Schad
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B Jabs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Glöckler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - Q M Huys
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zürich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland,Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany. E-mail:
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2
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Jünger E, Javadi AH, Wiers CE, Sommer C, Garbusow M, Bernhardt N, Kuitunen-Paul S, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US. Acute alcohol effects on explicit and implicit motivation to drink alcohol in socially drinking adolescents. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:893-905. [PMID: 28675116 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117691454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related cues can evoke explicit and implicit motivation to drink alcohol. Concerning the links between explicit and implicit motivation, there are mixed findings. Therefore, we investigated both concepts in 51 healthy 18- to 19-year-old males, who are less affected by neuropsychological deficits in decision-making that are attributed to previous alcohol exposure than older participants. In a randomized crossover design, adolescents were infused with either alcohol or placebo. Self-ratings of alcohol desire, thirst, well-being and alcohol effects comprised our explicit measures of motivation. To measure implicit motivation, we used money and drink stimuli in a Pavlovian conditioning (Pc) task and an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Alcohol administration increased explicit motivation to drink alcohol, reduced Pc choices of alcoholic drink-conditioned stimuli, but had no effect on the AAT. This combination of results might be explained by differences between goal-directed and habitual behavior or a temporary reduction in rewarding outcome expectancies. Further, there was no association between our measures of motivation to drink alcohol, indicating that both self-reported motivation to drink and implicit approach tendencies may independently contribute to adolescents' actual alcohol intake. Correlations between Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores and our measures of motivation to drink alcohol suggest that interventions should target high-risk adolescents after alcohol intake. Clinical trials: Project 4: Acute Effects of Alcohol on Learning and Habitization in Healthy Young Adults (LeAD_P4); NCT01858818; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01858818.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jünger
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Corinde E Wiers
- 3 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian Sommer
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- 5 Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Jünger E, Gan G, Mick I, Seipt C, Markovic A, Sommer C, Plawecki MH, O'Connor S, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US. Adolescent Women Induce Lower Blood Alcohol Levels Than Men in a Laboratory Alcohol Self-Administration Experiment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1769-78. [PMID: 27340798 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical period for the development of alcohol use disorders; drinking habits are rather unstable and genetic influences, such as male sex and a positive family history of alcoholism (FH), are often masked by environmental factors such as peer pressure. METHODS We investigated how sex and FH modulate alcohol use in a sample of 18- to 19-year-olds from the Dresden Longitudinal Study on Alcohol use in Young Adults. Adolescents reported their real-life drinking in a TimeLine Follow-Back interview. They subsequently completed a training and an experimental session of free-access intravenous alcohol self-administration (i.v. ASA) using the computer-assisted alcohol infusion system to control for environmental cues as well as for biological differences in alcohol pharmacokinetics. During i.v. ASA, we assessed subjective alcohol effects at 8 time points. RESULTS Women reported significantly less real-life drinking than men and achieved significantly lower mean arterial blood alcohol concentrations (aBACs) in the laboratory. At the same time, women reported greater sedation relative to men and rated negative effects as high as did men. A positive FH was associated with lower real-life drinking in men but not in women. In the laboratory, FH was not linked to i.v. ASA. Greater real-life drinking was significantly positively associated with higher mean aBACs in the laboratory, and all i.v. ASA indices were highly correlated across the 2 sessions. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that adolescent women chose lower aBACs because they experienced adverse alcohol effects, namely sedation and negative effects, at lower aBACs than men. A positive FH was not apparent as risk factor for drinking in our young sample. The i.v. ASA method demonstrated good external validity as well as test-retest reliability, the latter indicating that a separate training session is not required when employing the i.v. ASA paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriela Gan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Inge Mick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Seipt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Markovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Roudebush Veterans Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Sebold M, Schad DJ, Nebe S, Garbusow M, Jünger E, Kroemer NB, Kathmann N, Zimmermann US, Smolka MN, Rapp MA, Heinz A, Huys QJM. Don't Think, Just Feel the Music: Individuals with Strong Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Effects Rely Less on Model-based Reinforcement Learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:985-95. [PMID: 26942321 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral choice can be characterized along two axes. One axis distinguishes reflexive, model-free systems that slowly accumulate values through experience and a model-based system that uses knowledge to reason prospectively. The second axis distinguishes Pavlovian valuation of stimuli from instrumental valuation of actions or stimulus-action pairs. This results in four values and many possible interactions between them, with important consequences for accounts of individual variation. We here explored whether individual variation along one axis was related to individual variation along the other. Specifically, we asked whether individuals' balance between model-based and model-free learning was related to their tendency to show Pavlovian interferences with instrumental decisions. In two independent samples with a total of 243 participants, Pavlovian-instrumental transfer effects were negatively correlated with the strength of model-based reasoning in a two-step task. This suggests a potential common underlying substrate predisposing individuals to both have strong Pavlovian interference and be less model-based and provides a framework within which to interpret the observation of both effects in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sebold
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Daniel J Schad
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin.,University of Potsdam
| | | | - Maria Garbusow
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | | | - Nils B Kroemer
- Technische Universität Dresden.,Yale University School of Medicine.,The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT
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Sebold M, Deserno L, Nebe S, Schad DJ, Garbusow M, Hägele C, Keller J, Jünger E, Kathmann N, Smolka MN, Rapp MA, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A, Huys QJM, Heinz A, Huys QJM. Model-based and model-free decisions in alcohol dependence. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:122-31. [PMID: 25359492 DOI: 10.1159/000362840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal work suggests a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. However, the evidence for this in human alcohol dependence is as yet inconclusive. METHODS Twenty-six healthy controls and 26 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients underwent behavioral testing with a 2-step task designed to disentangle goal-directed and habitual response patterns. RESULTS Alcohol-dependent patients showed less evidence of goal-directed choices than healthy controls, particularly after losses. There was no difference in the strength of the habitual component. The group differences did not survive controlling for performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task. CONCLUSION Chronic alcohol use appears to selectively impair goal-directed function, rather than promoting habitual responding. It appears to do so particularly after nonrewards, and this may be mediated by the effects of alcohol on more general cognitive functions subserved by the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Garbusow M, Schad DJ, Sommer C, Jünger E, Sebold M, Friedel E, Wendt J, Kathmann N, Schlagenhauf F, Zimmermann US, Heinz A, Huys QJM, Rapp MA. Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol dependence: a pilot study. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:111-21. [PMID: 25359491 DOI: 10.1159/000363507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping ongoing thought and behavior. The influence of pavlovian stimuli on ongoing behavior is paradigmatically measured by pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced PIT. METHODS Thirty-two recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviors. The task involved both pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. RESULTS Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect, and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. CONCLUSION The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Berlin
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7
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Sommer C, Seipt C, Spreer M, Blümke T, Markovic A, Jünger E, Plawecki MH, Zimmermann US. Laboratory alcohol self-administration experiments do not increase subsequent real-life drinking in young adult social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1057-63. [PMID: 25903217 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the utility of experimental free-access alcohol self-administration paradigms is well established, little data exist addressing the question of whether study participation influences subsequent natural alcohol consumption. We here present drinking reports of young adults before and after participation in intravenous alcohol self-administration studies. METHODS Timeline Follow-back drinking reports for the 6 weeks immediately preceding the first, and the 6 weeks after the last experimental alcohol challenge were examined from subjects completing 1 of 2 similar alcohol self-administration paradigms. In study 1, 18 social drinkers (9 females, mean age 24.1 years) participated in 3 alcohol self-infusion sessions up to a maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 160 mg%. Study 2 involved 60 participants (30 females, mean age 18.3 years) of the Dresden Longitudinal Study on Alcohol Use in Young Adults (D-LAYA), who participated in 2 sessions of alcohol self-infusion up to a maximum BAC of 120 mg%, and a nonexposed age-matched control group of 42 (28 females, mean age 18.4 years) subjects. RESULTS In study 1, participants reported (3.7%) fewer heavy drinking days as well as a decrease of 2.5 drinks per drinking day after study participation compared to prestudy levels (p < 0.05, respectively). In study 2, alcohol-exposed participants reported 7.1% and non-alcohol-exposed controls 6.5% fewer drinking days at poststudy measurement (p < 0.001), while percent heavy drinking days and drinks per drinking day did not differ. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that participation in intravenous alcohol self-administration experiments does not increase subsequent real-life drinking of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Seipt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik Spreer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Toni Blümke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Markovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Juraeva D, Treutlein J, Scholz H, Frank J, Degenhardt F, Cichon S, Ridinger M, Mattheisen M, Witt SH, Lang M, Sommer WH, Hoffmann P, Herms S, Wodarz N, Soyka M, Zill P, Maier W, Jünger E, Gaebel W, Dahmen N, Scherbaum N, Schmäl C, Steffens M, Lucae S, Ising M, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US, Müller-Myhsok B, Nöthen MM, Mann K, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Brors B, Rietschel M. XRCC5 as a risk gene for alcohol dependence: evidence from a genome-wide gene-set-based analysis and follow-up studies in Drosophila and humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:361-71. [PMID: 25035082 PMCID: PMC4443948 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors have as large role as environmental factors in the etiology of alcohol dependence (AD). Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) enable systematic searches for loci not hitherto implicated in the etiology of AD, many true findings may be missed owing to correction for multiple testing. The aim of the present study was to circumvent this limitation by searching for biological system-level differences, and then following up these findings in humans and animals. Gene-set-based analysis of GWAS data from 1333 cases and 2168 controls identified 19 significantly associated gene-sets, of which 5 could be replicated in an independent sample. Clustered in these gene-sets were novel and previously identified susceptibility genes. The most frequently present gene, ie in 6 out of 19 gene-sets, was X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 5 (XRCC5). Previous human and animal studies have implicated XRCC5 in alcohol sensitivity. This phenotype is inversely correlated with the development of AD, presumably as more alcohol is required to achieve the desired effects. In the present study, the functional role of XRCC5 in AD was further validated in animals and humans. Drosophila mutants with reduced function of Ku80-the homolog of mammalian XRCC5-due to RNAi silencing showed reduced sensitivity to ethanol. In humans with free access to intravenous ethanol self-administration in the laboratory, the maximum achieved blood alcohol concentration was influenced in an allele-dose-dependent manner by genetic variation in XRCC5. In conclusion, our convergent approach identified new candidates and generated independent evidence for the involvement of XRCC5 in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilafruz Juraeva
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Ridinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Lang
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Wodarz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Soyka
- Private Hospital Meiringen, Meiringen, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Zill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Dahmen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Addiction Research Group at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Schmäl
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Steffens
- Division of Research, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Department of Psychiatric Pharmacogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany,Institute of Translational Medicine Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany, Tel: +49 621 1703 6051, Fax: +49 621 1703 6055, E-mail:
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9
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Schad DJ, Jünger E, Sebold M, Garbusow M, Bernhardt N, Javadi AH, Zimmermann US, Smolka MN, Heinz A, Rapp MA, Huys QJM. Processing speed enhances model-based over model-free reinforcement learning in the presence of high working memory functioning. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1450. [PMID: 25566131 PMCID: PMC4269125 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories of decision-making and its neural substrates have long assumed the existence of two distinct and competing valuation systems, variously described as goal-directed vs. habitual, or, more recently and based on statistical arguments, as model-free vs. model-based reinforcement-learning. Though both have been shown to control choices, the cognitive abilities associated with these systems are under ongoing investigation. Here we examine the link to cognitive abilities, and find that individual differences in processing speed covary with a shift from model-free to model-based choice control in the presence of above-average working memory function. This suggests shared cognitive and neural processes; provides a bridge between literatures on intelligence and valuation; and may guide the development of process models of different valuation components. Furthermore, it provides a rationale for individual differences in the tendency to deploy valuation systems, which may be important for understanding the manifold neuropsychiatric diseases associated with malfunctions of valuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Schad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Michael A. Rapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Quentin J. M. Huys
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
The effect of repeating features in a short-term memory task was tested in three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 used a recognition paradigm. Participants encoded four serially presented objects and then decided whether a probe matched one of them with regard to all three features. In the control condition no feature was repeated; in the experimental condition features were repeated in two memory objects. Experiment 3 used a cued recall paradigm with the same list design. After list presentation one feature was used as a cue uniquely indicating one of the memory objects. Participants recalled the remaining two features of the probed object. Feature overwriting as one component of the interference model of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) predicts worse performance in the experimental compared to the control condition. Results of all three experiments did not support this hypothesis. Recognition performances in Experiments 1 and 2 were not impaired by repeating features. Recall performance in Experiment 3 was better for repeated features, contrary to the predictions of feature overwriting. Predictions from feature overwriting for the shape of serial position curves were also not confirmed.
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11
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Schwab S, Jünger E, Spranger M, Dörfler A, Albert F, Steiner HH, Hacke W. Craniectomy: an aggressive treatment approach in severe encephalitis. Neurology 1997; 48:412-7. [PMID: 9040731 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.48.2.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Focal encephalitis may be associated with brain edema, which is often fatal. The control of intracranial pressure (ICP) is therefore crucial for further therapeutic strategies in space-occupying edema following encephalitis. However, aggressive treatment strategies such as hemicraniectomy have not been described in a larger series of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We describe the clinical course and outcome in six patients who developed severe brain edema associated with acute encephalitis. All received maximum medical treatment for elevated ICP, but with signs of brainstem compression emerging, hemicraniectomy was performed to control ICP. RESULTS All patients had a very severe encephalitic syndrome and were treated over the course of weeks in the neurocritical care unit (NCCU). However, all patients recovered almost completely and showed only mild or no neurologic deficit when reexamined after 4 months to 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Hemicraniectomy should be considered in patients with severe brain edema following encephalitis as a potentially lifesaving therapeutic measure. Moreover, the initial neurologic deficit seems to have no impact on the long-term clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Kücherer H, Ratz K, Jünger E, Hardt S, el-Arousy M, Winter R, Kübler W. [Recognition of cardiac normal variants as the cause of cerebral ischemia: significance of transesophageal echocardiography]. Z Kardiol 1996; 85:917-23. [PMID: 9082669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The significance of cardiac normal variants such as patent foramen ovale (PFO), mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) as potential intracardiac sources of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia is still discussed controversially. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of PFO, MVP and ASA in patients with suspected embolic cerebral events after exclusion of cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, 164 consecutive patients with suspected embolic cerebral events as suggested by cranial computer tomography or clinical neurological examination were divided into two groups: patients with "classical" potential cardiac source of embolism (group I, n = 81, age 52 +/- 10 years) and patients without such potential cardiac sources of embolism (group II, n = 83, age 56 +/- 12 years). The prevalence of PFO, but not that of MVP and ASA, was significantly higher in group I than in group II (group I: 33.3% vs. group II: 2.4%; chi-square 88.5, p < 0.0001). In the absence of "classical" potential cardiac sources of embolism transesophageal echocardiography reveals a PFO in approximately 30% of the cases. This finding supports the significance of PFO as a potential cardiac source of embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kücherer
- Universität Heidelberg, Innere Medizin III
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13
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Newell D, Jünger E, Grant G, Avellino A, Ghatan S, Aaslid R, Winn HR. Cerebral Autoregulation After Minor and Moderate Head Injury Paper #706. Neurosurgery 1996. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199609000-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Jünger E, Bajer-Rapić B, Schmid ER. [Enzymatic detection of carbamate pesticides on impregnated cellulose plates]. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1975; 157:281-5. [PMID: 1146417 DOI: 10.1007/bf01139542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The detection of carbamate pesticides by an enzyme-inhibition method on impregnated (ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, beta,beta'-oxydipropionitrile) cellulose thin layer plates is described. The enzyme-substrate combination: pig liver esterase-indophenylacetate (chromogenic substrate) was the most sensitive. The following parameters concerning the sensitivity of the method were investigated: enzyme source, substrate, pH, inhibition time, inhibition temperature, thickness of the cellulose layer, stationary phase.
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