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Abstract
The high metabolic demands of the brain require an efficient vascular system to be coupled with neural activity to supply adequate nutrients and oxygen. This supply is coordinated by the action of neurons, glial and vascular cells, known collectively as the neurovascular unit, which temporally and spatially regulate local cerebral blood flow through a process known as neurovascular coupling. In many neurodegenerative diseases, changes in functions of the neurovascular unit not only impair neurovascular coupling but also permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cerebral blood flow and clearance of waste from the brain. In order to study disease mechanisms, we need improved physiologically-relevant human models of the neurovascular unit. Advances towards modeling the cellular complexity of the neurovascular unit in vitro have been made using stem-cell derived organoids and more recently, vascularized organoids, enabling intricate studies of non-cell autonomous processes. Engineering and design innovations in microfluidic devices and tissue engineering are progressing our ability to interrogate the cerebrovasculature. These advanced models are being used to gain a better understanding of neurodegenerative disease processes and potential therapeutics. Continued innovation is required to build more physiologically-relevant models of the neurovascular unit encompassing both the cellular complexity and designed features to interrogate neurovascular unit functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Caffrey
- Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emily B Button
- Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health; Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerome Robert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Button EB, Boyce GK, Wilkinson A, Stukas SK, Hayat A, Cheng WH, Wadsworth BJ, Fan J, Robert J, Martens KM, Wellington CL. The effects of peripheral lipoprotein metabolism on cerebrovascular inflammation in APP/PS1 mice. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.045613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arooj Hayat
- University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | | | | | - Jianjia Fan
- University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Robert J, Button EB, Martin E, McAlary L, Gidden Z, Gilmore M, Boyce GK, Caffrey TM, Agbay A, Clark A, Silverman JM, Cashman NR, Wellington CL. Cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy in bioengineered vessels is reduced by high‐density lipoprotein particles enriched in apolipoprotein E. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.043473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Martin
- University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Luke McAlary
- University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Zoe Gidden
- University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Agbay
- University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Amanda Clark
- University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Robert J, Weilinger NL, Cao LP, Cataldi S, Button EB, Stukas S, Martin EM, Seibler P, Gilmour M, Caffrey TM, Rowe EM, Fan J, MacVicar B, Farrer MJ, Wellington CL. An in vitro bioengineered model of the human arterial neurovascular unit to study neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:70. [PMID: 33213497 PMCID: PMC7678181 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurovascular unit (NVU) - the interaction between the neurons and the cerebrovasculature - is increasingly important to interrogate through human-based experimental models. Although advanced models of cerebral capillaries have been developed in the last decade, there is currently no in vitro 3-dimensional (3D) perfusible model of the human cortical arterial NVU. METHOD We used a tissue-engineering technique to develop a scaffold-directed, perfusible, 3D human NVU that is cultured in native-like flow conditions that mimics the anatomy and physiology of cortical penetrating arteries. RESULTS This system, composed of primary human vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and astrocytes) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neurons, demonstrates a physiological multilayer organization of the involved cell types. It reproduces key characteristics of cortical neurons and astrocytes and enables formation of a selective and functional endothelial barrier. We provide proof-of-principle data showing that this in vitro human arterial NVU may be suitable to study neurovascular components of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), as endogenously produced phosphorylated tau and beta-amyloid accumulate in the model over time. Finally, neuronal and glial fluid biomarkers relevant to neurodegenerative diseases are measurable in our arterial NVU model. CONCLUSION This model is a suitable research tool to investigate arterial NVU functions in healthy and disease states. Further, the design of the platform allows culture under native-like flow conditions for extended periods of time and yields sufficient tissue and media for downstream immunohistochemistry and biochemistry analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University hospital Zurich, 8000 Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas L. Weilinger
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Li-Ping Cao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Stefano Cataldi
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Emily B. Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Emma M. Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Megan Gilmour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Tara M. Caffrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Elyn M. Rowe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Brian MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Matthew J. Farrer
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics & Neuroscience, McKnight and Fixel Institutes, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610 USA
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3 Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
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Robert J, Button EB, Martin EM, McAlary L, Gidden Z, Gilmour M, Boyce G, Caffrey TM, Agbay A, Clark A, Silverman JM, Cashman NR, Wellington CL. Cerebrovascular amyloid Angiopathy in bioengineered vessels is reduced by high-density lipoprotein particles enriched in Apolipoprotein E. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:23. [PMID: 32213187 PMCID: PMC7093966 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence suggest that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reduces Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk by decreasing vascular beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and inflammation, however, the mechanisms by which HDL improve cerebrovascular functions relevant to AD remain poorly understood. Methods Here we use a human bioengineered model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) to define several mechanisms by which HDL reduces Aβ deposition within the vasculature and attenuates endothelial inflammation as measured by monocyte binding. Results We demonstrate that HDL reduces vascular Aβ accumulation independently of its principal binding protein, scavenger receptor (SR)-BI, in contrast to the SR-BI-dependent mechanism by which HDL prevents Aβ-induced vascular inflammation. We describe multiple novel mechanisms by which HDL acts to reduce CAA, namely: i) altering Aβ binding to collagen-I, ii) forming a complex with Aβ that maintains its solubility, iii) lowering collagen-I protein levels produced by smooth-muscle cells (SMC), and iv) attenuating Aβ uptake into SMC that associates with reduced low density lipoprotein related protein 1 (LRP1) levels. Furthermore, we show that HDL particles enriched in apolipoprotein (apo)E appear to be the major drivers of these effects, providing new insights into the peripheral role of apoE in AD, in particular, the fraction of HDL that contains apoE. Conclusion The findings in this study identify new mechanisms by which circulating HDL, particularly HDL particles enriched in apoE, may provide vascular resilience to Aβ and shed new light on a potential role of peripherally-acting apoE in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Present address: Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8000, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Emily B Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emma M Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Luke McAlary
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zoe Gidden
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Megan Gilmour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guilaine Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tara M Caffrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrew Agbay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Amanda Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Judith M Silverman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Bashir A, Abebe ZA, McInnes KA, Button EB, Tatarnikov I, Cheng WH, Haber M, Wilkinson A, Barron C, Diaz-Arrastia R, Stukas S, Cripton PA, Wellington CL. Increased severity of the CHIMERA model induces acute vascular injury, sub-acute deficits in memory recall, and chronic white matter gliosis. Exp Neurol 2019; 324:113116. [PMID: 31734317 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in modern societies. Diffuse axonal and vascular injury are nearly universal consequences of mechanical energy impacting the head and contribute to disability throughout the injury severity spectrum. CHIMERA (Closed Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration) is a non-surgical, impact-acceleration model of rodent TBI that reliably produces diffuse axonal injury characterized by white matter gliosis and axonal damage. At impact energies up to 0.7 joules, which result in mild TBI in mice, CHIMERA does not produce detectable vascular or grey matter injury. This study was designed to expand CHIMERA's capacity to induce more severe injuries, including vascular damage and grey matter gliosis. This was made possible by designing a physical interface positioned between the piston and animal's head to allow higher impact energies to be transmitted to the head without causing skull fracture. Here, we assessed interface-assisted single CHIMERA TBI at 2.5 joules in wild-type mice using a study design that spanned 6 h-60 d time points. Injured animals displayed robust acute neurological deficits, elevated plasma total tau and neurofilament-light levels, transiently increased proinflammatory cytokines in brain tissue, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and microstructural vascular abnormalities, and grey matter microgliosis. Memory deficits were evident at 30 d and resolved by 60 d. Intriguingly, white matter injury was not remarkable at acute time points but evolved over time, with white matter gliosis being most extensive at 60 d. Interface-assisted CHIMERA thus enables experimental modeling of distinct endophenotypes of TBI that include acute vascular and grey matter injury in addition to chronic evolution of white matter damage, similar to the natural history of human TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Bashir
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Zelalem A Abebe
- International Centre On Repair Discoveries, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, BC, Canada
| | - Kurt A McInnes
- International Centre On Repair Discoveries, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, BC, Canada
| | - Emily B Button
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Igor Tatarnikov
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada; Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Wai Hang Cheng
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Margalit Haber
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Carlos Barron
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Peter A Cripton
- International Centre On Repair Discoveries, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, BC, Canada.
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
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Button EB, Boyce GK, Wilkinson A, Stukas SK, Robert J, Button EB, Fan J, Martens KM, Wellington CL. P4-164: APOA-I DEFICIENCY INCREASES CORTICAL AMYLOID DEPOSITION, CEREBRAL AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY, CORTICAL AND HIPPOCAMPAL ASTROGLIOSIS AND AMYLOID-ASSOCIATED ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY IN APP/PS1 MICE. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianjia Fan
- University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Cheng WH, Martens KM, Bashir A, Cheung H, Stukas SK, Gibbs E, Namjoshi D, Button EB, Wilkinson A, Barron CJ, Kent BA, Nygaard HB, Cashman NR, Cripton PA, Wellington CL. O3-01-02: CHIMERA REPETITIVE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY INDUCES CHRONIC BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL PHENOTYPES IN WILD-TYPE AND APP/PS1 MICE. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asma Bashir
- University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Honor Cheung
- University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | | | - Ebrima Gibbs
- University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review current knowledge regarding HDL and Alzheimer's disease, focusing on HDL's vasoprotective functions and potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for the vascular contributions of Alzheimer's disease. RECENT FINDINGS Many epidemiological studies have observed that circulating HDL levels associate with decreased Alzheimer's disease risk. However, it is now understood that the functions of HDL may be more informative than levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Animal model studies demonstrate that HDL protects against memory deficits, neuroinflammation, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In-vitro studies using state-of-the-art 3D models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) confirm that HDL reduces vascular Aβ accumulation and attenuates Aβ-induced endothelial inflammation. Although HDL-based therapeutics have not been tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease , several HDL formulations are in advanced phase clinical trials for coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis and could be leveraged toward Alzheimer's disease . SUMMARY Evidence from human studies, animal models, and bioengineered arteries supports the hypothesis that HDL protects against cerebrovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Assays of HDL functions relevant to Alzheimer's disease may be desirable biomarkers of cerebrovascular health. HDL-based therapeutics may also be of interest for Alzheimer's disease, using stand-alone or combination therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jérôme Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara M. Caffrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Button EB, Boyce GK, Wilkinson A, Stukas S, Hayat A, Fan J, Wadsworth BJ, Robert J, Martens KM, Wellington CL. ApoA-I deficiency increases cortical amyloid deposition, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cortical and hippocampal astrogliosis, and amyloid-associated astrocyte reactivity in APP/PS1 mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:44. [PMID: 31084613 PMCID: PMC6515644 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is defined by amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles and characterized by neurodegeneration and memory loss. The majority of AD patients also have Aβ deposition in cerebral vessels known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), microhemorrhages, and vascular co-morbidities, suggesting that cerebrovascular dysfunction contributes to AD etiology. Promoting cerebrovascular resilience may therefore be a promising therapeutic or preventative strategy for AD. Plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) have several vasoprotective functions and are associated with reduced AD risk in some epidemiological studies and with reduced Aβ deposition and Aβ-induced inflammation in 3D engineered human cerebral vessels. In mice, deficiency of apoA-I, the primary protein component of HDL, increases CAA and cognitive dysfunction, whereas overexpression of apoA-I from its native promoter in liver and intestine has the opposite effect and lessens neuroinflammation. Similarly, acute peripheral administration of HDL reduces soluble Aβ pools in the brain and some studies have observed reduced CAA as well. Here, we expand upon the known effects of plasma HDL in mouse models and in vitro 3D artery models to investigate the interaction of amyloid, astrocytes, and HDL on the cerebrovasculature in APP/PS1 mice. Methods APP/PS1 mice deficient or hemizygous for Apoa1 were aged to 12 months. Plasma lipids, amyloid plaque deposition, Aβ protein levels, protein and mRNA markers of neuroinflammation, and astrogliosis were assessed using ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Contextual and cued fear conditioning were used to assess behavior. Results In APP/PS1 mice, complete apoA-I deficiency increased total and vascular Aβ deposition in the cortex but not the hippocampus compared to APP/PS1 littermate controls hemizygous for apoA-I. Markers of both general and vascular neuroinflammation, including Il1b mRNA, ICAM-1 protein, PDGFRβ protein, and GFAP protein, were elevated in apoA-I-deficient APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, apoA-I-deficient APP/PS1 mice had elevated levels of vascular-associated ICAM-1 in the cortex and hippocampus and vascular-associated GFAP in the cortex. A striking observation was that astrocytes associated with cerebral vessels laden with Aβ or associated with Aβ plaques showed increased reactivity in APP/PS1 mice lacking apoA-I. No behavioral changes were observed. Conclusions ApoA-I-containing HDL can reduce amyloid pathology and astrocyte reactivity to parenchymal and vascular amyloid in APP/PS1 mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-019-0497-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Guilaine K Boyce
- Department of Surgery, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Arooj Hayat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Brennan J Wadsworth
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kris M Martens
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Cheng WH, Martens KM, Bashir A, Cheung H, Stukas S, Gibbs E, Namjoshi DR, Button EB, Wilkinson A, Barron CJ, Cashman NR, Cripton PA, Wellington CL. CHIMERA repetitive mild traumatic brain injury induces chronic behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes in wild-type and APP/PS1 mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:6. [PMID: 30636629 PMCID: PMC6330571 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The annual incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States is over 2.5 million, with approximately 3–5 million people living with chronic sequelae. Compared with moderate-severe TBI, the long-term effects of mild TBI (mTBI) are less understood but important to address, particularly for contact sport athletes and military personnel who have high mTBI exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes induced by the Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA) model of mTBI in both wild-type (WT) and APP/PS1 mice up to 8 months post-injury. Methods Male WT and APP/PS1 littermates were randomized to sham or repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI; 2 × 0.5 J impacts 24 h apart) groups at 5.7 months of age. Animals were assessed up to 8 months post-injury for acute neurological deficits using the loss of righting reflex (LRR) and Neurological Severity Score (NSS) tasks, and chronic behavioural changes using the passive avoidance (PA), Barnes maze (BM), elevated plus maze (EPM) and rotarod (RR) tasks. Neuropathological assessments included white matter damage; grey matter inflammation; and measures of Aβ levels, deposition, and aducanumab binding activity. Results The very mild CHIMERA rmTBI conditions used here produced no significant acute neurological or motor deficits in WT and APP/PS1 mice, but they profoundly inhibited extinction of fear memory specifically in APP/PS1 mice over the 8-month assessment period. Spatial learning and memory were affected by both injury and genotype. Anxiety and risk-taking behaviour were affected by injury but not genotype. CHIMERA rmTBI induced chronic white matter microgliosis, axonal injury and astrogliosis independent of genotype in the optic tract but not the corpus callosum, and it altered microgliosis in APP/PS1 amygdala and hippocampus. Finally, rmTBI did not alter long-term tau, Aβ or amyloid levels, but it increased aducanumab binding activity. Conclusions CHIMERA is a useful model to investigate the chronic consequences of rmTBI, including behavioural abnormalities consistent with features of post-traumatic stress disorder and inflammation of both white and grey matter. The presence of human Aβ greatly modified extinction of fear memory after rmTBI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0461-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kris M Martens
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Asma Bashir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Honor Cheung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ebrima Gibbs
- Department of Neurology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dhananjay R Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily B Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carlos J Barron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Department of Neurology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peter A Cripton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Sciences Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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12
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Cheng WH, Stukas S, Martens KM, Namjoshi DR, Button EB, Wilkinson A, Bashir A, Robert J, Cripton PA, Wellington CL. Age at injury and genotype modify acute inflammatory and neurofilament-light responses to mild CHIMERA traumatic brain injury in wild-type and APP/PS1 mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:26-38. [PMID: 29269117 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peak incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs in both young and old individuals, and older age at injury is associated with worse outcome and poorer recovery. Moderate-severe TBI is a reported risk factor for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), but whether mild TBI (mTBI) alters AD pathogenesis is not clear. To delineate how age at injury and predisposition to amyloid formation affect the acute response to mTBI, we used the Closed Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA) model of TBI to induce two mild injuries in wild-type (WT) and APP/PS1 mice at either 6 or 13months of age and assessed behavioural, histological and biochemical changes up to 14days post-injury. Age at injury did not alter acute behavioural responses to mTBI, including measures of neurological status, motor performance, spatial memory, fear, or anxiety, in either strain. Young APP/PS1 mice showed a subtle and transient increase in diffuse Aβ deposits after injury, whereas old APP/PS1 mice showed decreased amyloid deposits, without significant alterations in total soluble or insoluble Aβ levels at either age. Age at injury and genotype showed complex responses with respect to microglial and cytokine outcomes, where post-injury neuroinflammation is increased in old WT mice but attenuated in old APP/PS1 mice. Intriguingly, silver staining confirmed axonal damage in both strains and ages, yet only young WT and APP/PS1 mice showed neurofilament-positive axonal swellings after mTBI, as this response was almost entirely attenuated in old mice. Plasma neurofilament-light levels were significantly elevated after injury only in young APP/PS1 mice. This study suggests that mild TBI has minimal effects on Aβ metabolism, but that age and genotype can each modify acute outcomes related to white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kris M Martens
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dhananjay R Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily B Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Asma Bashir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peter A Cripton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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13
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Robert J, Button EB, Yuen B, Gilmour M, Kang K, Bahrabadi A, Stukas S, Zhao W, Kulic I, Wellington CL. Clearance of beta-amyloid is facilitated by apolipoprotein E and circulating high-density lipoproteins in bioengineered human vessels. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28994390 PMCID: PMC5634784 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques, consisting of deposited beta-amyloid (Aβ), are a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Cerebral vessels play a major role in AD, as Aβ is cleared from the brain by pathways involving the cerebrovasculature, most AD patients have cerebrovascular amyloid (cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and cardiovascular risk factors increase dementia risk. Here we present a notable advance in vascular tissue engineering by generating the first functional 3-dimensioinal model of CAA in bioengineered human vessels. We show that lipoproteins including brain (apoE) and circulating (high-density lipoprotein, HDL) synergize to facilitate Aβ transport across bioengineered human cerebral vessels. These lipoproteins facilitate Aβ42 transport more efficiently than Aβ40, consistent with Aβ40 being the primary species that accumulates in CAA. Moreover, apoE4 is less effective than apoE2 in promoting Aβ transport, also consistent with the well-established role of apoE4 in Aβ deposition in AD. Alzheimer’s disease causes gradual loss of memory and difficulties in learning. The brains of patients with the disease show several abnormalities including deposits of a peptide molecule called beta-amyloid that is known to be toxic to nerve cells. This peptide can also cause damage to the brain by accumulating within the muscular walls of large blood vessels, a condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and is present in most Alzheimer’s disease patients. A group of molecules known as lipoproteins, which transport fats throughout body fluids, are thought to be involved in the process by which beta-amyloid leaves the brain. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is one such molecule and it is made in the brain by cells called astrocytes. There are three different versions of apoE that are associated with different levels of risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Other lipoproteins, such as high-density lipoprotein, which is present in the blood, may also play a role in clearing beta-amyloid proteins from the brain. However, it has been difficult to investigate the roles of these lipoproteins in Alzheimer’s disease because current test-tube models do not fully mimic the composition of human brain blood vessels or show how they work. Robert et al. have used a tissue engineering approach to generate the first three-dimensional model of human brain blood vessels that can reproduce cerebral amyloid angiopathy. To make the model, different types of human cells similar to those found in real blood vessels and astrocytes were grown under conditions that resemble real-life conditions, including mimicking blood flow through the engineered vessels. Having established that the engineered vessels behaved similarly to normal blood vessels, Robert et al. used them to test whether lipoproteins helped to clear beta-amyloid proteins from the vessels. These experiments showed that a form of apoE that protects against Alzheimer’s disease was more effective in transporting beta-amyloid proteins across the walls of blood vessels than other forms of apoE. Further experiments showed that high-density lipoprotein in the blood and apoE on the brain side of the vessel work together to help transport beta-amyloid into the vessels. Together, these findings show that the model of CAA developed by Robert et al. provides a valuable new tool for exploring how this condition develops. The model could also be used more widely in the future, for example, to study how to deliver new drugs that could help treat Alzheimer’s disease into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Emily B Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian Yuen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Megan Gilmour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kevin Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Arvin Bahrabadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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14
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Robert J, Button EB, Stukas S, Boyce GK, Gibbs E, Cowan CM, Gilmour M, Cheng WH, Soo SK, Yuen B, Bahrabadi A, Kang K, Kulic I, Francis G, Cashman N, Wellington CL. High-density lipoproteins suppress Aβ-induced PBMC adhesion to human endothelial cells in bioengineered vessels and in monoculture. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:60. [PMID: 28830501 PMCID: PMC5568306 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD), characterized by accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain, can be caused by age-related failures to clear Aβ from the brain through pathways that involve the cerebrovasculature. Vascular risk factors are known to increase AD risk, but less is known about potential protective factors. We hypothesize that high-density lipoproteins (HDL) may protect against AD, as HDL have vasoprotective properties that are well described for peripheral vessels. Epidemiological studies suggest that HDL is associated with reduced AD risk, and animal model studies support a beneficial role for HDL in selectively reducing cerebrovascular amyloid deposition and neuroinflammation. However, the mechanism by which HDL may protect the cerebrovascular endothelium in the context of AD is not understood. METHODS We used peripheral blood mononuclear cell adhesion assays in both a highly novel three dimensional (3D) biomimetic model of the human vasculature composed of primary human endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells cultured under flow conditions, as well as in monolayer cultures of ECs, to study how HDL protects ECs from the detrimental effects of Aβ. RESULTS Following Aβ addition to the abluminal (brain) side of the vessel, we demonstrate that HDL circulated within the lumen attenuates monocyte adhesion to ECs in this biofidelic vascular model. The mechanism by which HDL suppresses Aβ-mediated monocyte adhesion to ECs was investigated using monotypic EC cultures. We show that HDL reduces Aβ-induced PBMC adhesion to ECs independent of nitric oxide (NO) production, miR-233 and changes in adhesion molecule expression. Rather, HDL acts through scavenger receptor (SR)-BI to block Aβ uptake into ECs and, in cell-free assays, can maintain Aβ in a soluble state. We confirm the role of SR-BI in our bioengineered human vessel. CONCLUSION Our results define a novel activity of HDL that suppresses Aβ-mediated monocyte adhesion to the cerebrovascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Emily B. Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Guilaine K. Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Ebrima Gibbs
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Catherine M. Cowan
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Megan Gilmour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Wai Hang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Sonja K. Soo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Brian Yuen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Arvin Bahrabadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Kevin Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Gordon Francis
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
| | - Neil Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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15
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Button EB, Robert J, Stukas S, Boyce G, Gibbs E, Cowan C, Cheng WH, Soo S, Yuen B, Bahrabadi A, Kang K, Kulic I, Francis G, Cashman NR, Wellington C. [P4–118]: HIGH‐DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS SUPPRESS Aβ‐INDUCED BRAIN MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL ACTIVATION. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonja Soo
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Brian Yuen
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | | | - Kevin Kang
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Iva Kulic
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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16
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Robert J, Button EB, Soo S, Yuen B, Kang K, Bahrabadi A, Stukas S, Zhao W, Wellington C. [O2–04–01]: CLEARANCE OF BETA‐AMYLOID IS FACILITATED BY APOLIPOPROTEIN E AND CIRCULATING HIGH‐DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS IN BIOENGINEERED HUMAN VESSELS. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonja Soo
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Brian Yuen
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Kevin Kang
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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Button EB, Robert J, Stukus SK, Boyce G, Gibbs E, Cowan C, Cheng WH, Soo S, Yuen B, Kang K, Bahrabadi A, Kulic I, Francis G, Cashman N, Wellington CL. Abstract 574: High-Density Lipoproteins Suppress Amyloid Beta Induced Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.37.suppl_1.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Epidemiological studies suggest a link between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk through mechanisms that are not understood. We hypothesize that HDL protects against AD through actions at the blood-brain-barrier. HDL has vasoprotective functions in large peripheral arteries, however, it is unknown if these functions extend to cerebral vessels to reduce the contribution of cerebrovascular dysfunction in AD pathogenesis. We investigated
in vitro
interactions between HDL and amyloid beta (Aβ), the toxic peptide known to accumulate in AD, in peripheral and brain-derived endothelial cells (EC).
Methods:
HDL was isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and added to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Cell activation was measured by counting adhered labelled peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after stimulation with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) or Aβ. Aβ binding and uptake into cells was measured using ELISA and immunofluorescence. All experiments included at least 4 independent replicates.
Results:
We demonstrate that HDL attenuates Aβ-induced EC activation independent of nitric oxide production, miR-233 and changes in adhesion molecule expression. Rather, HDL acts through scavenger receptor BI to block Aβ uptake into ECs and,
in vitro
, can maintain Aβ in a soluble state. We validated our results using three dimensional engineered vessels composed of primary human endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Following Aβ addition to the abluminal (brain) side, we demonstrated that HDL circulated within the lumen attenuates EC activation, again independent of intracellular adhesion molecule changes.
Conclusions:
We show that the anti-inflammatory activities of HDL extend to cerebrovascular endothelial cells and work to suppress Aβ-induced activation through a novel mechanism involving the inhibition of Aβ binding and uptake into cells through SR-BI. The protective role for HDL against Aβ may explain the epidemiological evidence supporting a protective effect of high plasma HDL cholesterol levels against dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonja Soo
- Univ of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian Yuen
- Univ of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kevin Kang
- Univ of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Iva Kulic
- Univ of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Marvyn PM, Bradley RM, Button EB, Mardian EB, Duncan RE. Fasting upregulates adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase levels and phosphorylation in mouse kidney. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:262-7. [PMID: 25879679 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) rise during fasting and are taken up by the kidneys, either directly from the plasma or during re-uptake of albumin from glomerular filtrate, and are stored as triacylglycerol (TAG). Subsequent utilization of stored fatty acids requires their hydrolytic release from cellular lipid droplets, but relatively little is known about renal lipolysis. We found that total [(3)H]triolein hydrolase activity of kidney lysates was significantly increased by 15% in the fasted state. Adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl) and hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl) mRNA expression was time-dependently increased by fasting, along with other fatty acid metabolism genes (Pparα, Cd36, and Aox). ATGL and HSL protein levels were also significantly induced (by 239 ± 7% and 322 ± 8%, respectively). Concomitant with changes in total protein levels, there was an increase in ATGL phosphorylation at the AMPK-regulated serine 406 site in the 14-3-3 binding motif, and an increase in HSL phosphorylation at serines 565 and 660 that are regulated by AMPK and PKA, respectively. Using immunofluorescence, we further demonstrate nearly ubiquitous expression of ATGL in the renal cortex with a concentration on the apical/lumenal surface of some cortical tubules. Our findings suggest a role for ATGL and HSL in kidney lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Marvyn
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue W., BMH 1110, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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19
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Button EB, Mitchell AS, Domingos MM, Chung JHJ, Bradley RM, Hashemi A, Marvyn PM, Patterson AC, Stark KD, Quadrilatero J, Duncan RE. Microglial cell activation increases saturated and decreases monounsaturated fatty acid content, but both lipid species are proinflammatory. Lipids 2014; 49:305-16. [PMID: 24473753 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a component of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline. Saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids are bioactive molecules that may play different extrinsic and intrinsic roles in neuroinflammation, serving as exogenous ligands for cellular receptors, or endogenous components of cell structural, energetic and signaling pathways. We determined the fatty acyl profile of BV2 microglial cells before and after acute activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also investigated the effect of SFA and MUFA pretreatment on the production of an invasive, neurotoxic phenotype in BV2 cells. Acute activation of BV2 microglia resulted in an increase in the relative content of SFA (12:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 increased significantly), and a relative decrease in the content of MUFA (16:1n7, 18:1n7, 18:1n9, 20:1n9, 24:1n9 decreased significantly). In agreement, the major stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) isoform in BV2 cells, SCD2, was significantly down-regulated by LPS. We next treated cells with SFA (16:0 or 18:0) or MUFA (16:1n7 or 18:1n9), and found that levels of secreted IL6 were increased, as was secreted MMP9-mediated proteolytic activity. To test the functional significance, we treated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells with conditioned medium from BV2 cells pretreated with fatty acids, and found a small but significant induction of cell death. Our findings suggest differential intrinsic roles for SFA and MUFA in activated microglial cells, but similar extrinsic roles for these fatty acid species in inducing activation. Expansion of SFA is important during microglial cell activation, but either supplemental SFA or MUFA may contribute to chronic low-grade neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Button
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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