1
|
Li H, Ghorbani S, Zhang R, Ebacher V, Stephenson EL, Keough MB, Yong VW, Xue M. Prominent elevation of extracellular matrix molecules in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1251432. [PMID: 38025264 PMCID: PMC10658787 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1251432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the predominant type of hemorrhagic stroke with high mortality and disability. In other neurological conditions, the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules is a prominent obstacle for regenerative processes and an enhancer of neuroinflammation. Whether ECM molecules alter in composition after ICH, and which ECM members may inhibit repair, remain largely unknown in hemorrhagic stroke. Methods The collagenase-induced ICH mouse model and an autopsied human ICH specimen were investigated for expression of ECM members by immunofluorescence microscopy. Confocal image z-stacks were analyzed with Imaris 3D to assess the association of immune cells and ECM molecules. Sections from a mouse model of multiple sclerosis were used as disease and staining controls. Tissue culture was employed to examine the roles of ECM members on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Results Among the lectican chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) members, neurocan but not aggrecan, versican-V1 and versican-V2 was prominently expressed in perihematomal tissue and lesion core compared to the contralateral area in murine ICH. Fibrinogen, fibronectin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) were also elevated after murine ICH while thrombospondin and tenascin-C was not. Confocal microscopy with Imaris 3D rendering co-localized neurocan, fibrinogen, fibronectin and HSPG molecules to Iba1+ microglia/macrophages or GFAP+ astrocytes. Marked differentiation from the multiple sclerosis model was observed, the latter with high versican-V1 and negligible neurocan. In culture, purified neurocan inhibited adhesion and process outgrowth of OPCs, which are early steps in myelination in vivo. The prominent expression of neurocan in murine ICH was corroborated in human ICH sections. Conclusion ICH caused distinct alterations in ECM molecules. Among CSPG members, neurocan was selectively upregulated in both murine and human ICH. In tissue culture, neurocan impeded the properties of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Alterations to the ECM in ICH may adversely affect reparative outcomes after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vincent Ebacher
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erin L. Stephenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael B. Keough
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pu A, Mishra MK, Dong Y, Ghorbanigazar S, Stephenson EL, Rawji KS, Silva C, Kitagawa H, Sawcer S, Yong VW. The glycosyltransferase EXTL2 promotes proteoglycan deposition and injurious neuroinflammation following demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:220. [PMID: 32703234 PMCID: PMC7379813 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent inhibitors of axonal regrowth and remyelination. More recently, they have also been highlighted as a modulator of macrophage infiltration into the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. Methods We interrogated results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lying in or close to genes regulating CSPG metabolism in the summary results from two publicly available systematic studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) genetics. A demyelinating injury model in the spinal cord of exostosin-like 2 deficient (EXTL2-/-) mice was used to investigate the effects of dysregulation of EXTL2 on remyelination. Cell cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons were supplemented with purified CSPGs or conditioned media to assess potential mechanisms of action. Results The strongest evidence for genetic association was seen for SNPs mapping to the region containing the glycosyltransferase exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2), an enzyme that normally suppresses CSPG biosynthesis. Six of these SNPs showed genome-wide significant evidence for association in one of the studies with concordant and nominally significant effects in the second study. We then went on to show that a demyelinating injury to the spinal cord of EXTL2−/− mice resulted in excessive deposition of CSPGs in the lesion area. EXTL2−/− mice had exacerbated axonal damage and myelin disruption relative to wild-type mice, and increased representation of microglia/macrophages within lesions. In tissue culture, activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from EXTL2−/− mice overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Conclusions These results emphasize CSPGs as a prominent modulator of neuroinflammation and they highlight CSPGs accumulating in lesions in promoting axonal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Pu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbanigazar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Erin L Stephenson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada. .,University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T3A 4X9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stephenson EL, Zhang P, Ghorbani S, Wang A, Gu J, Keough MB, Rawji KS, Silva C, Yong VW, Ling CC. Targeting the Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans: Evaluating Fluorinated Glucosamines and Xylosides in Screens Pertinent to Multiple Sclerosis. ACS Cent Sci 2019; 5:1223-1234. [PMID: 31404231 PMCID: PMC6661872 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated in insults to the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating condition of the central nervous system. CSPGs appear to be detrimental in MS, as they enhance immune responses and act as barriers to oligodendrocyte differentiation and thus remyelination. Despite their deleterious roles, strategies to selectively reduce CSPG production are lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop, screen, and describe a series of glucosamine derivatives and xylosides for their capacity to overcome detrimental CSPGs and inflammatory processes. Specifically, we assess the ability of analogues to interfere with CSPG biosynthesis, promote the outgrowth of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in an inhibitory environment, and lower inflammation by attenuating the proliferation of T lymphocytes. We highlight the beneficial activities of a novel compound, per-O-acetylated 4,4-difluoro-N-acetylglucosamine (Ac-4,4-diF-GlcNAc) in vitro, and report that it reduced inflammation and clinical severity in a mouse model of MS. Thus, this study represents an important advance, as we uncover that targeting CSPG biosynthesis with a potent inhibitor is an effective avenue to ameliorate inflammatory cascades and promote repair processes in MS and other neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Stephenson
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ping Zhang
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Aixia Wang
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jiamin Gu
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael B. Keough
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khalil Sherali Rawji
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss
Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stephenson EL, Mishra MK, Moussienko D, Laflamme N, Rivest S, Ling CC, Yong VW. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans as novel drivers of leucocyte infiltration in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2019; 141:1094-1110. [PMID: 29506186 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis presents with profound changes in the network of molecules involved in maintaining central nervous system architecture, the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix components, particularly the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, have functions beyond structural support including their potential interaction with, and regulation of, inflammatory molecules. To investigate the roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in multiple sclerosis, we used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in a time course study. We found that the 4-sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and the core protein of a particular family member, versican V1, were upregulated in the spinal cord of mice at peak clinical severity, correspondent with areas of inflammation. Versican V1 expression in the spinal cord rose progressively over the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A particular structure in the spinal cord and cerebellum that presented with intense upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans is the leucocyte-containing perivascular cuff, an important portal of entry of immune cells into the central nervous system parenchyma. In these inflammatory perivascular cuffs, versican V1 and the glycosaminoglycan side chains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were observed by immunohistochemistry within and in proximity to lymphocytes and macrophages as they migrated across the basement membrane into the central nervous system. Expression of versican V1 transcript was also documented in infiltrating CD45+ leucocytes and F4/80+ macrophages by in situ hybridization. To test the hypothesis that the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans regulate leucocyte mobility, we used macrophages in tissue culture studies. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans significantly upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in macrophages. Strikingly, and more potently than the toll-like receptor-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans increased the levels of several members of the matrix metalloproteinase family, which are implicated in the capacity of leucocytes to cross barriers. In support, the migratory capacity of macrophages in vitro in a Boyden chamber transwell assay was enhanced by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Finally, using brain specimens from four subjects with multiple sclerosis with active lesions, we found chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans to be associated with leucocytes in inflammatory perivascular cuffs in all four patients. We conclude that the accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the perivascular cuff in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis boosts the activity and migration of leucocytes across the glia limitans into the central nervous system parenchyma. Thus, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans represent a new class of molecules to overcome in order to reduce the inflammatory cascades and clinical severity of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Stephenson
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Moussienko
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nataly Laflamme
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stephenson EL, Yong VW. Pro-inflammatory roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in disorders of the central nervous system. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:432-442. [PMID: 29702175 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the central nervous system is an interconnected network of proteins and sugars. It is crucial for homeostasis, but its remodeling in neurological diseases impacts both injury and repair. Here we introduce an extracellular matrix family member that participates in immune-matrix interactions, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans integrate signals from the microenvironment to activate immune cells, and they boost inflammatory responses by binding immunological receptors including toll-like receptors, selectins, CD44, and β1 integrin. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans also bind signaling molecules for immune cells such as cytokines and chemokines, and they activate matrix-degrading enzymes. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans accumulate in the damaged CNS, including during traumatic brain/spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis, and they help drive pathogenesis. This Review aims to give new insights into the remodeling of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans during inflammation, and how these matrix glycoproteins are able to drive neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Stephenson
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stephenson EL, Larson JM, Meyer AM. 170 Effect of Time of Birth on Fall- Born Beef Calf Rectal Temperature and Metabolites in First 72 Hours of Life. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E L Stephenson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - J M Larson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - A M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Keough MB, Rogers JA, Zhang P, Jensen SK, Stephenson EL, Chen T, Hurlbert MG, Lau LW, Rawji KS, Plemel JR, Koch M, Ling CC, Yong VW. An inhibitor of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis promotes central nervous system remyelination. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11312. [PMID: 27115988 PMCID: PMC4853428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is the generation of new myelin sheaths after injury facilitated by processes of differentiating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Although this repair phenomenon occurs in lesions of multiple sclerosis patients, many lesions fail to completely remyelinate. A number of factors have been identified that contribute to remyelination failure, including the upregulated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that comprise part of the astrogliotic scar. We show that in vitro, OPCs have dramatically reduced process outgrowth in the presence of CSPGs, and a medication library that includes a number of recently reported OPC differentiation drugs failed to rescue this inhibitory phenotype on CSPGs. We introduce a novel CSPG synthesis inhibitor to reduce CSPG content and find rescued process outgrowth from OPCs in vitro and accelerated remyelination following focal demyelination in mice. Preventing CSPG deposition into the lesion microenvironment may be a useful strategy to promote repair in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Keough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - James A Rogers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Samuel K Jensen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Erin L Stephenson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Tieyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mitchel G Hurlbert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Lorraine W Lau
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Marcus Koch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bamm VV, Lanthier DK, Stephenson EL, Smith GST, Harauz G. In vitro study of the direct effect of extracellular hemoglobin on myelin components. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:92-103. [PMID: 25463632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a relationship between cerebral vasculature and multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions: abnormal accumulations of iron have been found in the walls of dilated veins in MS plaques. The sources of this iron can be varied, but capillary and venous hemorrhages leading to blood extravasation have been recorded, and could result in the release of hemoglobin extracellularly. Extracellular hemoglobin oxidizes quickly and is known to become a reactive molecule that triggers low-density lipoprotein oxidation and plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis. In MS, it could lead to local oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage. Here, we investigated whether extracellular hemoglobin and its breakdown products can cause direct oxidative damage to myelin components in a peroxidative environment such as occurs in inflamed tissue. Oxidation of lipids was assessed by the formation of fluorescent peroxidized lipid-protein covalent adducts, by the increase in conjugated diene and malondialdehyde. Oxidation of proteins was analyzed by the change in protein mass. The results suggest that the globin radical could be a trigger of myelin basic protein oxidative cross-linking, and that heme transferred to the lipids is involved in lipid peroxidation. This study provides new insight into the mechanism by which hemoglobin exerts its pathological oxidative activity towards myelin components. This work supports further research into the vascular pathology in MS, to gain insight into the origin and role of iron deposits in disease pathogenesis, or in stimulation of different comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Bamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Danielle K Lanthier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Erin L Stephenson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Graham S T Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - George Harauz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stephenson EL, Rogers JA, Keough MB, Yong VW. Changes in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Embryos surplus to therapeutic requirements following preimplantation genetic diagnosis can be used to derive human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines carrying mutations significant to human disease. These cells provide a powerful in vitro tool for modelling disease progression in a number of cell types as well as having the potential to revolutionise drug discovery. Robust and reproducible directed differentiation protocols are needed to maximise the potential of these cells. In this review, we explore the current use of hESC and induced pluripotent stem cells in disease-specific research and discuss the use of stem cell technology in drug discovery and toxicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Stephenson
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, and Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Winstead CS, Meinecke CF, Miller A, Beasley JN, Skeeles K, Stephenson EL. Factors related to the incidence of the malabsorption syndrome. Poult Sci 1985; 64:499-501. [PMID: 3991423 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0640499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malabsorption syndrome has been produced in the laboratory with chicks and feed supplied by poultry integrators who had experienced the problem. Feed supplied by one company produced chicks that developed pale shanks and had apparent malabsorption of certain nutrients. One chick source also had a statistically lower pigmentation score than the other.
Collapse
|
12
|
Meinecke CF, Skeeles JK, Stephenson EL, Nelson TS. An intermittent problem with tibial dyschondroplasia. Avian Dis 1980; 24:517-9. [PMID: 7436970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Broilers observed in the summer of 1978 had an excessively high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia, causing both downgrading and loss of parts from broken legs. No etiological agent was determined. Birds held to 16 weeks of age retained the cartilaginous lesions. Bone ash was not diagnostic. Serology indicated no correlation with infectious bursal disease. No bacteria were isolated. The condition was not observed in the next placement of chicks.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharby TF, Templeton GE, Beasley JN, Stephenson EL. Toxicity resulting from feeding experimentally molded corn to broiler chicks. Poult Sci 1973; 52:1007-14. [PMID: 4201879 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0521007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
14
|
|
15
|
Waldroup PW, Maxey JF, Ivy RE, Greene DE, Stephenson EL. The influence of several histomoniastats on performance of large white turkeys. Poult Sci 1969; 48:978-85. [PMID: 5389934 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0480978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
16
|
Kealy RD, Greene DE, Waldroup PW, Stephenson EL. Absorption and distribution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ingested by the chick. Poult Sci 1969; 48:94-9. [PMID: 4982238 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0480094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
17
|
|
18
|
Greene DE, Rinehart KE, Stephenson EL. The influence of EDTA on blood antibiotic levels following oral administration of tetracycline compounds. Poult Sci 1968; 47:1500-4. [PMID: 4973405 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0471500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
19
|
|
20
|
Waldroup PW, Landes DR, Kealy RD, Greene DE, Stephenson EL. Comparison of the growth stimulating properties of vigofac and streptomycin in broiler diets with and without fish meal. Poult Sci 1967; 46:974-6. [PMID: 6064494 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0460974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
21
|
|