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Crispi F, Naci H, Barkauskaite E, Osipenko L, Mossialos E. Assessment of Devices, Diagnostics and Digital Technologies: A Review of NICE Medical Technologies Guidance. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2019; 17:189-211. [PMID: 30367349 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-018-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Medical Technologies Evaluation Programme (MTEP) of NICE in England aims to evaluate medical devices that are deemed to be cost-saving or cost-neutral and produce Medical Technology Guidance (MTG) to encourage their adoption. OBJECTIVE To review the MTGs since MTEP's inception in 2009 until February 2017. METHODS One researcher assessed all published MTGs and extracted data on the clinical and economic evidence supporting each technology. The NICE Committee's decision outcome for each assessment was also recorded. A qualitative analysis was performed on technologies that were not supported for adoption to identify the main drivers of the decision. RESULTS Thirty-one MTGs were reviewed. The committee fully supported the medical devices in 14 MTGs, 11 were partially supported and six were not supported. Of the MTGs, 58% had no RCT data available and the main source of evidence came from non-experimental studies. There was no statistically significant difference in the average number of RCTs and non-experimental studies between the fully-supported, partially-supported, and not-supported technologies. Whilst all the fully-supported MTGs demonstrated cost-saving results, only 50% of the not-supported MTGs did. The sponsor estimated a higher average cost-saving than the EAC in most of the cases (20/31). The qualitative evaluation suggests that the main drivers for negative decisions were the quantity or quality of studies, and costs incurred in the economic evaluation results. CONCLUSIONS The main drivers of the decision-making process are the quality and quantity of the submitted evidence supporting the technologies, as well as the economic evaluation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Crispi
- LSE Health, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, 20 Houghton St, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Huseyin Naci
- LSE Health, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, 20 Houghton St, London, WC2A 2AE, UK.
| | - Eva Barkauskaite
- NICE Scientific Advice, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 10 Spring Gardens, London, SW1A 2BU, UK
| | - Leeza Osipenko
- NICE Scientific Advice, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 10 Spring Gardens, London, SW1A 2BU, UK
| | - Elias Mossialos
- LSE Health, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, 20 Houghton St, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
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Barkauskaite E, Jankevicius G, Ahel I. Structures and Mechanisms of Enzymes Employed in the Synthesis and Degradation of PARP-Dependent Protein ADP-Ribosylation. Mol Cell 2015; 58:935-46. [PMID: 26091342 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a major family of enzymes capable of modifying proteins by ADP-ribosylation. Due to the large size and diversity of this family, PARPs affect almost every aspect of cellular life and have fundamental roles in DNA repair, transcription, heat shock and cytoplasmic stress responses, cell division, protein degradation, and much more. In the past decade, our understanding of the PARP enzymatic mechanism and activation, as well as regulation of ADP-ribosylation signals by the readers and erasers of protein ADP-ribosylation, has been significantly advanced by the emergence of new structural data, reviewed herein, which allow for better understanding of the biological roles of this widespread post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barkauskaite
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Gytis Jankevicius
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK.
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Lambrecht MJ, Brichacek M, Barkauskaite E, Ariza A, Ahel I, Hergenrother PJ. Synthesis of dimeric ADP-ribose and its structure with human poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3558-64. [PMID: 25706250 PMCID: PMC6089346 DOI: 10.1021/ja512528p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a common post-translational modification that mediates a wide variety of cellular processes including DNA damage repair, chromatin regulation, transcription, and apoptosis. The difficulty associated with accessing poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in a homogeneous form has been an impediment to understanding the interactions of PAR with poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and other binding proteins. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of the ADP-ribose dimer, and we use this compound to obtain the first human PARG substrate-enzyme cocrystal structure. Chemical synthesis of PAR is an attractive alternative to traditional enzymatic synthesis and fractionation, allowing access to products such as dimeric ADP-ribose, which has been detected but never isolated from natural sources. Additionally, we describe the synthesis of an alkynylated dimer and demonstrate that this compound can be used to synthesize PAR probes including biotin and fluorophore-labeled compounds. The fluorescently labeled ADP-ribose dimer was then utilized in a general fluorescence polarization-based PAR-protein binding assay. Finally, we use intermediates of our synthesis to access various PAR fragments, and evaluation of these compounds as substrates for PARG reveals the minimal features for substrate recognition and enzymatic cleavage. Homogeneous PAR oligomers and unnatural variants produced from chemical synthesis will allow for further detailed structural and biochemical studies on the interaction of PAR with its many protein binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lambrecht
- University of Illinois, Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Matthew Brichacek
- University of Illinois, Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eva Barkauskaite
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Antonio Ariza
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- University of Illinois, Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Barkauskaite E, Jankevicius G, Ladurner AG, Ahel I, Timinszky G. The recognition and removal of cellular poly(ADP-ribose) signals. FEBS J 2013; 280:3491-507. [PMID: 23711178 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular pathways, including, but not limited to, transcription, chromatin, DNA damage and other stress signalling. Similar to other tightly regulated post-translational modifications, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation employs 'writers', 'readers' and 'erasers' to confer regulatory functions. The generation of poly(ADP-ribose) is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes, which use NAD(+) as a cofactor to sequentially transfer ADP-ribose units generating long polymers, which, in turn, can affect protein function or serve as a recruitment platform for additional factors. Historically, research has focused on poly(ADP-ribose) generation pathways, with knowledge about PAR recognition and degradation lagging behind. Over recent years, several discoveries have significantly furthered our understanding of poly(ADP-ribose) recognition and, even more so, of poly(ADP-ribose) degradation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the protein modules recognizing poly(ADP-ribose) and discuss the newest developments on the complete reversibility of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barkauskaite
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Zaja R, Mikoč A, Barkauskaite E, Ahel I. Molecular Insights into Poly(ADP-ribose) Recognition and Processing. Biomolecules 2012; 3:1-17. [PMID: 24970154 PMCID: PMC4030884 DOI: 10.3390/biom3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational protein modification involved in the regulation of important cellular functions including DNA repair, transcription, mitosis and apoptosis. The amount of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) in cells reflects the balance of synthesis, mediated by the PARP protein family, and degradation, which is catalyzed by a glycohydrolase, PARG. Many of the proteins mediating PAR metabolism possess specialised high affinity PAR-binding modules that allow the efficient sensing or processing of the PAR signal. The identification of four such PAR-binding modules and the characterization of a number of proteins utilising these elements during the last decade has provided important insights into how PAR regulates different cellular activities. The macrodomain represents a unique PAR-binding module which is, in some instances, known to possess enzymatic activity on ADP-ribose derivatives (in addition to PAR-binding). The most recently discovered example for this is the PARG protein, and several available PARG structures have provided an understanding into how the PARG macrodomain evolved into a major enzyme that maintains PAR homeostasis in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roko Zaja
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Andreja Mikoč
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Eva Barkauskaite
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Dunstan MS, Barkauskaite E, Lafite P, Knezevic CE, Brassington A, Ahel M, Hergenrother PJ, Leys D, Ahel I. Structure and mechanism of a canonical poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Nat Commun 2012; 3:878. [PMID: 22673905 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a reversible post-translational protein modification involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including DNA repair, chromatin structure, mitosis, transcription, checkpoint activation, apoptosis and asexual development. The reversion of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) glycohydrolase (PARG), which specifically targets the unique PAR (1''-2') ribose-ribose bonds. Here we report the structure and mechanism of the first canonical PARG from the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. In addition, we reveal the structure of T. thermophila PARG in a complex with a novel rhodanine-containing mammalian PARG inhibitor RBPI-3. Our data demonstrate that the protozoan PARG represents a good model for human PARG and is therefore likely to prove useful in guiding structure-based discovery of new classes of PARG inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dunstan
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Princess Street 131, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
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Daehn I, Brem R, Barkauskaite E, Karran P. 6-Thioguanine damages mitochondrial DNA and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in human cells. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3941-6. [PMID: 22062154 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer and immunosuppressant thiopurines cause 6-thioguanine (6-TG) to accumulate in nuclear DNA. We report that 6-TG is also readily incorporated into mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) where it is rapidly oxidized. The oxidized forms of mtDNA 6-TG inhibit replication by DNA Pol-γ. Accumulation of oxidized 6-TG is associated with reduced mtDNA transcription, a decline in mitochondrial protein levels, and loss of mitochondrial function. Ultraviolet A radiation (UVA) also oxidizes mtDNA 6-TG. Cells without mtDNA are less sensitive to killing by a combination of 6-TG and UVA than their mtDNA-containing counterparts, indicating that photochemical mtDNA 6-TG oxidation contributes to 6-TG-mediated UVA photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Daehn
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, UK.
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