1
|
Figueiro Longo MG, Tan CO, Chan ST, Welt J, Avesta A, Ratai E, Mercaldo ND, Yendiki A, Namati J, Chico-Calero I, Parry BA, Drake L, Anderson R, Rauch T, Diaz-Arrastia R, Lev M, Lee J, Hamblin M, Vakoc B, Gupta R. Effect of Transcranial Low-Level Light Therapy vs Sham Therapy Among Patients With Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2017337. [PMID: 32926117 PMCID: PMC7490644 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Preclinical studies have shown that transcranial near-infrared low-level light therapy (LLLT) administered after traumatic brain injury (TBI) confers a neuroprotective response. OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility and safety of LLLT administered acutely after a moderate TBI and the neuroreactivity to LLLT through quantitative magnetic resonance imaging metrics and neurocognitive assessment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, single-center, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group trial was conducted from November 27, 2015, through July 11, 2019. Participants included 68 men and women with acute, nonpenetrating, moderate TBI who were randomized to LLLT or sham treatment. Analysis of the response-evaluable population was conducted. INTERVENTIONS Transcranial LLLT was administered using a custom-built helmet starting within 72 hours after the trauma. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in the acute (within 72 hours), early subacute (2-3 weeks), and late subacute (approximately 3 months) stages of recovery. Clinical assessments were performed concomitantly and at 6 months via the Rivermead Post-Concussion Questionnaire (RPQ), a 16-item questionnaire with each item assessed on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (no problem) to 4 (severe problem). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The number of participants to successfully and safely complete LLLT without any adverse events within the first 7 days after the therapy was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcomes were the differential effect of LLLT on MR brain diffusion parameters and RPQ scores compared with the sham group. RESULTS Of the 68 patients who were randomized (33 to LLLT and 35 to sham therapy), 28 completed at least 1 LLLT session. No adverse events referable to LLLT were reported. Forty-three patients (22 men [51.2%]; mean [SD] age, 50.49 [17.44] years]) completed the study with at least 1 magnetic resonance imaging scan: 19 individuals in the LLLT group and 24 in the sham treatment group. Radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) showed significant time and treatment interaction at 3-month time point (RD: 0.013; 95% CI, 0.006 to 0.019; P < .001; MD: 0.008; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.015; P = .03; FA: -0.018; 95% CI, -0.026 to -0.010; P < .001).The LLLT group had lower RPQ scores, but this effect did not reach statistical significance (time effect P = .39, treatment effect P = .61, and time × treatment effect P = .91). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, LLLT was feasible in all patients and did not exhibit any adverse events. Light therapy altered multiple diffusion tensor parameters in a statistically significant manner in the late subacute stage. This study provides the first human evidence to date that light therapy engages neural substrates that play a role in the pathophysiologic factors of moderate TBI and also suggests diffusion imaging as the biomarker of therapeutic response. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02233413.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Can Ozan Tan
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suk-tak Chan
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Welt
- School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Arman Avesta
- Department of Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eva Ratai
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacqueline Namati
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Isabel Chico-Calero
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Blair A. Parry
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lynn Drake
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rox Anderson
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Terry Rauch
- Office of Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense, Washington, DC
| | | | - Michael Lev
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jarone Lee
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Michael Hamblin
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Benjamin Vakoc
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajiv Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prakkamakul S, Witzel T, Huang S, Boulter D, Borja MJ, Schaefer P, Rosen B, Heberlein K, Ratai E, Gonzalez G, Rapalino O. Ultrafast Brain MRI: Clinical Deployment and Comparison to Conventional Brain MRI at 3T. J Neuroimaging 2016; 26:503-10. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Supada Prakkamakul
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA
- Department of Radiology; King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital; Thai Red Cross Society; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Thomas Witzel
- Department of Radiology; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA
| | - Susie Huang
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA
- Department of Radiology; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA
| | - Daniel Boulter
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; Ohio State University; Columbus OH
| | - Maria J. Borja
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; New York University School of Medicine; New York NY
| | - Pamela Schaefer
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA
| | - Bruce Rosen
- Department of Radiology; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA
| | | | - Eva Ratai
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA
- Department of Radiology; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA
- Department of Radiology; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA
| | - Otto Rapalino
- Neuroradiology Division; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Annamalai L, Bhaskar V, Pauley DR, Knight H, Williams K, Lentz M, Ratai E, Westmoreland SV, González RG, O'Neil SP. Impact of short-term combined antiretroviral therapy on brain virus burden in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected and CD8+ lymphocyte-depleted rhesus macaques. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:777-91. [PMID: 20595631 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs suppress virus burden in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals; however, the direct effect of antiretrovirals on virus replication in brain parenchyma is poorly understood. We investigated the effect of short-term combined antiretroviral therapy (CART) on brain virus burden in rhesus monkeys using the CD8-depletion model of accelerated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encephalitis. Four monkeys received CART (consisting of the nonpenetrating agents PMPA and RCV) for four weeks, beginning 28 days after SIV inoculation. Lower virus burdens were measured by real-time RT-PCR in four of four regions of brain from monkeys that received CART as compared with four SIV-infected, untreated controls; however, the difference was only significant for the frontal cortex (P < 0.05). In contrast, significantly lower virus burdens were measured in plasma and four of five lymphoid compartments from animals that received CART. Surprisingly, despite normalization of neuronal function in treated animals, the numbers of activated macrophages/microglia and the magnitude of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in brain were similar between treated animals and controls. These results suggest that short-term therapy with antiretrovirals that fail to penetrate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier can reduce brain virus burden provided systemic virus burden is suppressed; however, longer treatment may be required to completely resolve encephalitic lesions and microglial activation, which may reflect the longer half-life of the principal target cells of HIV/SIV in the brain (macrophages) versus lymphoid tissues (T lymphocytes).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Annamalai
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
AbstractFrequency-dependent conductivities are a valuable tool for studying the ion dynamics on different time scales, the latter being determined by the inverse of the experimental frequency. Therefore, wide range conductivity spectra probe the transition from elementary steps of the ionic movement to macroscopic transport. We have studied the ion dynamics in mixed alkali borate glasses where we have systematically varied the total and the relative ion concentration. The glass system under investigation isy[xLi2O · (1−x) Na2O] · (1−y) B2O3withx= 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 andy= 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. The conductivity spectra can be formally divided into a low-frequency and a high-frequency regime. In the low-frequency regime the conductivities of all glasses show a transition from their dc values into a dispersive regime where the conductivity is found to increase continuously with frequency, tending towards a linear frequency dependence at sufficiently low temperatures. The conductivity spectra can be described by the MIGRATION concept developed by Funke. We discuss the spectral shape of the conductivity spectra and its implications for the ion transport. In addition, we report on a new mixed alkali effect occurring in the high-frequency regime of the ac conductivity. From our results we conclude that apart from a low-frequency contribution to the conductivity which is linked to ion hopping sequencess, there is an additional contribution involving localized motions of both the mobile ions and the glassy network.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ratai E, Kok T, Wiggins C, Wiggins G, Grant E, Gagoski B, O'Neill G, Adalsteinsson E, Eichler F. Seven-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in adult X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:1488-94. [PMID: 19001168 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.65.11.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) remain at risk for progressive neurological deterioration. Phenotypes vary in their pathology, ranging from axonal degeneration to inflammatory demyelination. The severity of symptoms is poorly explained by conventional imaging. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that neurochemistry in normal-appearing brains differs in adult phenotypes of X-ALD and that neurochemical changes correlate with the severity of symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a 7-Tesla scanner, we performed structural and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in 13 adult patients with X-ALD: 4 patients with adult cerebral ALD, 5 patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and 4 female heterozygotes. Nine healthy controls were included. RESULTS Among adult X-ALD phenotypes, the myo-inositol to creatine ratio was 46% higher and the choline to creatine ratio was 21% higher in normal-appearing white matter of those with adult cerebral ALD compared with those with AMN (P < .05). Both N-acetylaspartate to creatine (P = .03) and glutamate to creatine (P = .04) ratios were lower in AMN patients than in controls. There were no significant differences between patients with AMN and female heterozygotes. In the cortex, patients with adult cerebral ALD had lower N-acetylaspartate to creatine ratios compared with female heterozygotes and controls (P = .02). The global myo-inositol to creatine ratio demonstrated a significant association with Expanded Disability Status Scale score (Spearman rho = 0.66, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Seven-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging reveals differences in the neurochemistry of adult cerebral ALD but cannot distinguish AMN patients from female heterozygotes. Myo-inositol to creatine ratio correlates with the severity of the symptoms and may be a meaningful biomarker in adult X-ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ratai
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singhal AB, Ratai E, Benner T, Vangel M, Lee V, Koroshetz WJ, Schaefer PW, Sorensen AG, Gonzalez RG. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Oxygen Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2007; 38:2851-4. [PMID: 17761914 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.487280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent studies suggest that normobaric oxygen therapy (NBO) is neuroprotective in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS We performed multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and diffusion/perfusion MRI in patients with stroke treated with NBO or room air. Imaging was performed before, during, and after therapy. RESULTS Voxel-based analysis showed excellent correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient values, lactate, and N-acetyl-aspartate levels at all time points. Lactate decreased during NBO and increased post-NBO. N-acetyl-aspartate decreased in patients receiving room air but not in NBO-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that NBO improves aerobic metabolism and preserves neuronal integrity in the ischemic brain.
Collapse
|
7
|
Williams K, Westmoreland S, Greco J, Ratai E, Lentz M, Kim WK, Fuller RA, Kim JP, Autissier P, Sehgal PK, Schinazi RF, Bischofberger N, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Masliah E, González RG. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals that activated monocytes contribute to neuronal injury in SIV neuroAIDS. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2534-45. [PMID: 16110325 PMCID: PMC1187930 DOI: 10.1172/jci22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in understanding the mechanisms of HIV neuropathogenesis include the inability to study dynamic processes of infection, cumulative effects of the virus, and contributing host immune responses. We used H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and studied monocyte activation and progression of CNS neuronal injury in a CD8 lymphocyte depletion model of neuroAIDS in SIV-infected rhesus macaque monkeys. We found early, consistent neuronal injury coincident with viremia and SIV infection/activation of monocyte subsets and sought to define the role of plasma virus and monocytes in contributing to CNS disease. Antiretroviral therapy with essentially non-CNS-penetrating agents resulted in slightly decreased levels of plasma virus, a significant reduction in the number of activated and infected monocytes, and rapid, near-complete reversal of neuronal injury. Robust macrophage accumulation and productive virus replication were found in brains of infected and CD8 lymphocyte-depleted animals, but no detectable virus and few scattered infiltrating macrophages were observed in CD8 lymphocyte-depleted animals compared with animals not receiving antiretroviruses that were sacrificed at the same time after infection. These results underscore the role of activated monocytes and monocyte infection outside of the brain in driving CNS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Williams
- Viral Pathogenesis, RE113 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fuller RA, Westmoreland SV, Ratai E, Greco JB, Kim JP, Lentz MR, He J, Sehgal PK, Masliah E, Halpern E, Lackner AA, González RG. A prospective longitudinal in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy study of the SIV/macaque model of neuroAIDS. BMC Neurosci 2004; 5:10. [PMID: 15070430 PMCID: PMC385227 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurological complications of HIV infection remain poorly understood. Clinically, in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) demonstrates brain injury caused by HIV infection even when the MRI is normal. Our goal was to undertsand the dynamics of cerebral injury by performing a longitudinal in vivo 1H MRS study of the SIV/macaque model of neuroAIDS. RESULTS Eight rhesus macaques were infected with SIVmac251 and serially imaged with MRI and 1H MRS to terminal AIDS or the endpoint of 2 years. During acute infection, there were stereotypical brain MRS changes, dominated by a significant elevation of the Cho/Cr ratio in the frontal cortex. Subsequently, brain metabolic patterns diverged between animals. There was an elevation of basal ganglia Cho/Cr four weeks post-inoculation in 2 animals that developed SIV encephalitis (p = 0.022). Metabolite ratios averaged across all 8 animals were not significantly different from baseline at any time point after 2 weeks post inoculation. However, linear regression analysis on all 8 animals revealed a positive correlation between a change in frontal lobe Cho/Cr and plasma viral load (P < 0.001, R = 0.80), and a negative correlation between NAA/Cr in the basal ganglia and the plasma viral load (P < 0.02, R = -0.73). No MRI abnormalities were detected at any time. CONCLUSIONS After infection with SIV, macaque brain metabolism changes in a complex manner that is dependent on brain region, host factors and viral load. An elevation of basal ganglia Cho/Cr 4 weeks after SIV infection may be marker of a propensity to develop SIV encephalitis. Elevations of Cho/Cr, often observed in CNS inflammation, were associated with increased plasma viral load during acute and chronic infection. Evidence of neuronal injury in the basal ganglia was associated with increased plasma viral load in the chronic stage of infection. These observations support the use of drugs capable of controlling the viral replication and trafficking of virus into the CNS, and may help explain the reduction in incidence of HIV-associated dementia in the era of HAART despite the inability of most of those drugs to effectively enter the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fuller
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Susan V Westmoreland
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Eva Ratai
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jane B Greco
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - John P Kim
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Margaret R Lentz
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Julian He
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Prabhat K Sehgal
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elkan Halpern
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - R Gilberto González
- Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cramer C, Brunklaus S, Ratai E, Gao Y. New mixed alkali effect in the ac conductivity of ion-conducting glasses. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:266601. [PMID: 14754075 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.266601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the first wide-range conductivity spectra of a mixed alkali glass system, extending from 10(-3) Hz to 1.3 THz. We report on a new mixed alkali effect in the ac conductivity that is evident even if the low-frequency contributions (linked to hopping motions of the mobile cations) are removed from the experimental spectra. From our results we conclude that the nonhopping contributions to the ac conductivity involve both the mobile ions and the glassy network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cramer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Sonderforschungsbereich 458, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ratai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Matthew P. Augustine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Susan M. Kauzlarich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baldwin RK, Pettigrew KA, Ratai E, Augustine MP, Kauzlarich SM. Solution reduction synthesis of surface stabilized silicon nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:1822-3. [PMID: 12271626 DOI: 10.1039/b205301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the preparation of air and moisture stable octanol derivatized crystalline silicon nanoparticles by room temperature sodium naphthalenide reduction of silicon halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Baldwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|