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Cremonese C, Souza FN, Palma FAG, Sodré JFA, Brito RL, Ribeiro PDS, Santana JO, Coelho RH, Ticona JPA, Nazaré RJ, de Oliveira D, Silva CQ, Eyre MT, Mendes VDA, Knee J, Ristow P, Stauber CE, López YAA, Giorgi E, Diggle PJ, Reis MGG, Cumming O, Ko A, Costa F. Simplified sewerage to prevent urban leptospirosis transmission: a cluster non-randomised controlled trial protocol in disadvantaged urban communities of Salvador, Brazil. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065009. [PMID: 37355266 PMCID: PMC10314607 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic and environmentally mediated disease that has emerged as a major health problem in urban slums in developing countries. Its aetiological agent is bacteria of the genus Leptospira, which are mainly spread in the urine of infected rodents, especially in an environment where adequate sanitation facilities are lacking, and it is known that open sewers are key transmission sources of the disease. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of a simplified sewerage intervention in reducing the risk of exposure to contaminated environments and Leptospira infection and to characterise the transmission mechanisms involved. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This matched quasi-experimental study design using non-randomised intervention and control clusters was designed to assess the effectiveness of an urban simplified sewerage intervention in the low-income communities of Salvador, Brazil. The intervention consists of household-level piped sewerage connections and community engagement and public involvement activities. A cohort of 1400 adult participants will be recruited and grouped into eight clusters consisting of four matched intervention-control pairs with approximately 175 individuals in each cluster in baseline. The primary outcome is the seroincidence of Leptospira infection assessed through five serological measurements: one preintervention (baseline) and four postintervention. As a secondary outcome, we will assess Leptospira load in soil, before and after the intervention. We will also assess Leptospira exposures before and after the intervention, through transmission modelling, accounting for residents' movement, contact with flooding, contaminated soil and water, and rat infestation, to examine whether and how routes of exposure for Leptospira change following the introduction of sanitation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the ethics boards at the Federal University of Bahia and the Brazilian National Research Ethics Committee. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations to implementers, researchers and participating communities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-8cjjpgm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber Cremonese
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabio Neves Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Almerinda Gonçalves Palma
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Lustosa Brito
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Priscyla Dos Santos Ribeiro
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juliet Oliveira Santana
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Juan P Aguilar Ticona
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Romero J Nazaré
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Cainã Queiroz Silva
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Max T Eyre
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London, UK
| | | | - Jackie Knee
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London, UK
| | - Paula Ristow
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Christine E Stauber
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Emanuele Giorgi
- Lancaster University Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, UK
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Lancaster University Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, UK
| | - Mitermayer Galvão G Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Oliver Cumming
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London, UK
| | - Albert Ko
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Federico Costa
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Lancaster University Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Awoniyi AM, Venegas-Vargas C, Souza FN, Zeppelini CG, Hacker KP, Carvalho-Pereira T, Marins CL, de Santana MC, Pertile AC, Begon M, Ko AI, Diggle PJ, Reis MG, Childs JE, da Silva EM, Costa F, Khalil H. Population dynamics of synanthropic rodents after a chemical and infrastructural intervention in an urban low-income community. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10109. [PMID: 35710879 PMCID: PMC9203450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Synanthropic rodents are ubiquitous in low-income communities and pose risks for human health, as they are generally resistant to control programs. However, few or no studies have evaluated the long-term effect of chemical and infrastructural interventions on rodent population dynamics, especially in urban low-income communities, or evaluated the potential recovery of their population following interventions. We conducted a longitudinal study in a low-income community in the city of Salvador (BA, Brazil) to characterize the effect of interventions (chemical and infrastructural) on the dynamics of rodent population, and documented the post-intervention recovery of their population. We evaluated the degree of rodent infestation in 117 households/sampling points over three years (2014-2017), using tracking plates, a proxy for rodent abundance/activity. We reported a significant lower rodent activity/abundance after the chemical and infrastructural interventions (Z = -4.691 (p < 0.001)), with track plate positivity decreasing to 28% from 70% after and before interventions respectively. Therefore, the combination of chemical and infrastructural interventions significantly decreased the degree of rodent infestation in the study area. In addition, no rodent population rebound was recorded until almost a year post-intervention, and the post-intervention infestation level did not attain the pre-intervention level all through the study. Moreover, among pre-treatment conditions, access to sewer rather than the availability of food was the variable most closely associated with household rodent infestation. Our study indicates that Integrated Pest Management (IPM)-approaches are more effective in reducing rodent infestation than the use of a single method. Our findings will be useful in providing guidance for long-term rodent control programs, especially in urban low-income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Neves Souza
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Kathryn P Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Catarina Lobo Marins
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Mayara Carvalho de Santana
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Arsinoê Cristina Pertile
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Albert I Ko
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Bahia Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Praça Conselheiro Almeida Couto, s/n - Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, 40025-010, Brazil
| | - James E Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eduardo Mendes da Silva
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies (VFM), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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Casanovas-Massana A, Souza FN, Curry M, de Oliveira D, de Oliveira AS, Eyre MT, Santiago D, Santos MA, Serra RMR, Lopes E, Xavier BIA, Diggle PJ, Wunder EA, Reis MG, Ko AI, Costa F. Effect of Sewerage on the Contamination of Soil with Pathogenic Leptospira in Urban Slums. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15882-15890. [PMID: 34767339 PMCID: PMC9302045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an environmentally transmitted zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. that affects poor communities worldwide. In urban slums, leptospirosis is associated with deficient sanitary infrastructure. Yet, the role of sewerage in the reduction of the environmental contamination with pathogenic Leptospira has not been explored. Here, we conducted a survey of the pathogen in soils surrounding open and closed sewer sections in six urban slums in Brazil. We found that soils surrounding conventionally closed sewers (governmental interventions) were 3 times less likely to contain pathogenic Leptospira (inverse OR 3.44, 95% CI = 1.66-8.33; p < 0.001) and contained a 6 times lower load of the pathogen (0.82 log10 units difference, p < 0.01) when compared to their open counterparts. However, no differences were observed in community-closed sewers (poor-quality closings performed by the slum dwellers). Human fecal markers (BacHum) were positively associated with pathogenic Leptospira even in closed sewers, and rat presence was not predictive of the presence of the pathogen in soils, suggesting that site-specific rodent control may not be sufficient to reduce the environmental contamination with Leptospira. Overall, our results indicate that sewerage expansion to urban slums may help reduce the environmental contamination with the pathogen and therefore reduce the risk of human leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anderson S. de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Max T. Eyre
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40110-040, Brazil; Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo Santiago
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Maísa Aguiar Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. R. Serra
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Lopes
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Barbara IA Xavier
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Peter J. Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40026-010, Brazil
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4
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Shafie NJ, Abdul Halim NS, Nor Zalipah M, Mohd Amin NAZ, Syed Esa SM, Md-Nor S, Casanovas-Massana A, Ko AI, Palma F, Neves Souza F, Costa F. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices regarding Leptospirosis among Visitors to a Recreational Forest in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1290-1296. [PMID: 33534768 PMCID: PMC8045624 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease and a worldwide public health problem that affects mainly high-risk groups. Characterizing knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among high-risk groups is important to develop appropriate prevention programs. Here, we performed a cross-sectional study among 300 visitors of a recreational forest in Malaysia to examine leptospirosis KAP and demographics. These variables were integrated to create knowledge and practice scores for each respondent. All respondents had heard about leptospirosis, and 87% of them correctly identified it as a disease. The majority of respondents had high knowledge (63%), positive attitude, and good practice (68%) toward prevention of the disease. However, there were gaps in knowledge, with 78% of the respondents indicating eating without washing hands as the major cause of leptospirosis transmission. Our final model identified that higher knowledge score was associated with higher practice score. Our results indicate that it is important to increase knowledge, especially on transmission routes of leptospirosis, among visitors in recreational areas. Moreover, more attention needs to be paid to promote good practice habits among visitors, targeting those at higher risk of being infected by leptospirosis to prevent potential outbreaks in the recreational areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Juliani Shafie
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohamed Nor Zalipah
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Shukor Md-Nor
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Palma
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fabio Neves Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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5
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Souza FN, Blagitz MG, Batista CF, Takano PV, Gargano RG, Diniz SA, Silva MX, Ferronatto JA, Santos KR, Heinemann MB, De Vliegher S, Della Libera AMMP. Immune response in nonspecific mastitis: What can it tell us? J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5376-5386. [PMID: 32229113 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed a large number of immune response parameters from quarter milk samples with distinct bacteriological and quarter somatic cell count (qSCC) statuses. Furthermore, we sought to explore and identify displayed immune response patterns in milk samples from mammary glands with nonspecific mastitis. Thus, 92 quarter milk samples from 28 cows were stratified into 4 groups, as follows: (1) 49 culture-negative control quarters with a low qSCC (<1 × 105 cells/mL) from 19 dairy cows (so-called healthy quarters); (2) 15 culture-negative quarters with high qSCC (>2 × 105 cells/mL; so-called quarters with nonspecific mastitis) from 10 dairy cows; (3) 8 culture-positive quarters with low qSCC (noninflammatory quarters with low qSCC) from 5 dairy cows; and (4) 20 culture-positive quarters with high qSCC (so-called truly infected quarters) from 8 dairy cows. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk neutrophils and their viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, phagocytosis, and the expression of CD62L, CD11b, and CD44 for each of the 4 quarter strata. Furthermore, the percentage of monocyte/macrophages, B cells, and T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. Milk samples from bacteriologically negative quarters (both with a low and elevated qSCC) had a lower qSCC than those with bacteriologically positive outcomes (both with a low and elevated qSCC). As expected, the healthy quarters showed the lowest percentage of neutrophils and also showed a higher percentage of milk monocytes/macrophages and lower percentage of T lymphocytes than truly infected quarters. The most prominent result of the present study is that quarters with nonspecific mastitis showed the highest percentage of milk CD4+ T lymphocytes. The healthy quarters had a lower percentage of apoptotic neutrophils than noninflammatory and truly infected quarters, although it did not differ from those from the quarters with nonspecific mastitis. Our study supports the role of differential cell counting in the diagnosis of mastitis, as the milk leukocyte populations markedly fluctuate under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, an increase in milk CD4+ T cells was associated with nonspecific mastitis, suggesting an increase in this leukocyte subpopulation is correlated with low bacterial shedding. Our study allows us to go further in our understanding of mammary gland immunity, providing further insights on potential protective mammary gland immunity, which we hypothesize can open new avenues for the development of novel targets that can promote bovine udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - M G Blagitz
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Bem-estar e Produção Animal Sustentável na Fronteira Sul, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Realeza 85770-000, Brazil
| | - C F Batista
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - P V Takano
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - R G Gargano
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S A Diniz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil
| | - M X Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil
| | - J A Ferronatto
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - K R Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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6
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Cunha AF, Andrade HM, Souza FN, Fialho Júnior LC, Rosa DLSO, Ramos Sanchez EM, Gidlund M, Goto H, Brito MAVP, Guimarães AS, Lage AP, Reis LC, Della Libera AMMP, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MMOP. Comparison of antibody repertories against Staphylococcus aureus in healthy and infected dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4588-4605. [PMID: 32113759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from cases of mastitis worldwide. To decrease the effect of S. aureus mastitis in dairy farming, alternative strategies for controlling mastitis are needed that depend on a better knowledge of cow-to-cow variations in S. aureus antibody production. The present study sought to explore the diversity of S. aureus antibodies produced by dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. We obtained protein extracts from S. aureus isolates derived from persistent subclinical mastitis. Proteins were fractionated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Then, Western blotting membranes were exposed to sera from 24 dairy cows that had been divided into the following groups: vaccinated dairy cows that were infected with S. aureus, further subdivided according to whether they (a) remained infected by S. aureus or (b) recovered from the intramammary infection; unvaccinated dairy cows infected with S. aureus; and vaccinated healthy dairy cows with no history of S. aureus mastitis. Proteins found to be reactive by Western blot were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-TOF). Our most important finding was that F0F1 ATP synthase subunit α, succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase were potential candidate proteins for the prevention of S. aureus mastitis. This study strengthens the notion that variations among animals should not be ignored and shows that the heterogeneity of antibody production against anti-staphylococcal antigens in animals may enable the identification of new immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Cunha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil.
| | - H M Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - F N Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil
| | - L C Fialho Júnior
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D L S O Rosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - E M Ramos Sanchez
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01000, Peru
| | - M Gidlund
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - H Goto
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - M A V P Brito
- EMBRAPA-Gado de Leite, Avenida Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Brazil
| | - A S Guimarães
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - A P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - L C Reis
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
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Blagitz MG, Souza FN, Batista CF, Azevedo LFF, Sanchez EMR, Diniz SA, Silva MX, Haddad JP, Della Libera AMMP. Immunological implications of bovine leukemia virus infection. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:109-116. [PMID: 28365518 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined neutrophil and monocyte functions and the blood lymphocyte profile of naturally BLV-infected cows with or without persistent lymphocytosis (PL). The percentage of neutrophils and monocytes that phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus was lower in BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL. The relative percentage of CD44+ monocytes and neutrophils and CD11b expression by neutrophils was also lower in BLV-infected dairy cows with PL. A correlation between the percentage of CD11b+ neutrophils and that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found. Furthermore, the percentage of CD44+ monocytes was positively correlated with the percentage of monocytes that phagocytosed S. aureus and the same phenomenon was observed for neutrophils. In BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL, inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil apoptosis was observed. Additionally, the percentage of neutrophils producing ROS was lower in BLV-infected cows with PL, in contrast to higher intensity of intracellular production of ROS by monocytes. The result from the lymphocyte immunophenotyping of BLV-infected cows with PL was an increase in B cells, mainly B CD5+ CD11b+, due to the apoptosis inhibition. In conclusion, this study provides novel insight into the implications of BLV infection for cattle, which can include the dysfunction of blood monocytes and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blagitz
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - F N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - C F Batista
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - L F F Azevedo
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - E M R Sanchez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - S A Diniz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - M X Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - J P Haddad
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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Blagitz MG, Souza FN, Batista CF, Diniz SA, Azevedo LFF, Silva MX, Haddad JPA, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MMOP, Della Libera AMMP. Flow cytometric analysis: Interdependence of healthy and infected udder quarters. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2401-8. [PMID: 25682144 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important question about intramammary infections that is still debated in the literature is the independence or interdependence of the quarters of dairy cows. The present study sought to explore milk neutrophil function and the milk lymphocyte profile of uninfected quarters from uninfected and infected (one infected quarter per cow) udders to evaluate interdependence of the quarters. Thus, 32 (8 cows) and 18 (6 cows) uninfected quarters from uninfected and infected udders were used, respectively. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk neutrophils and their expression of adhesion molecules L-selectin (CD62L), β2-integrin (CD11b), and an endothelial-selectin ligand (CD44); levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by milk neutrophils; and neutrophil viability. Furthermore, we assessed the percentage of B-cell (CD21(+)) and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD8(-), CD3(+)/CD8(+)/CD4(-), CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD25(-), CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD25(+), and CD3(+)/CD4(-)/CD25(-)) using flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies. The infected quarter did not affect somatic cell count or the percentage of neutrophils in the neighboring uninfected quarters. Furthermore, the infected quarter did not influence neutrophil viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, or phagocytosis of S. aureus by milk neutrophils. Conversely, the expression of adhesion molecules CD11b, CD62L, and CD44 by milk neutrophils differed between uninfected quarters from infected versus uninfected udders. The lymphocyte subsets did not differ between groups, except for a higher percentage of B cells in uninfected quarters from infected udders than in those from uninfected udders. Thus, our study strongly supports the hypothesis of interdependence of quarters based on the influence of infection on both the percentage of B cells and the expression of adhesion molecules by milk neutrophils in the neighboring uninfected quarters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blagitz
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - F N Souza
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - C F Batista
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S A Diniz
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - L F F Azevedo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M X Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - J P A Haddad
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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Blagitz MG, Souza FN, Santos BP, Batista CF, Parra AC, Azevedo LFF, Melville PA, Benites NR, Della Libera AMMP. Function of milk polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes in bovine mammary glands infected with Corynebacterium bovis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3750-7. [PMID: 23608489 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium bovis is one of the most commonly isolated bacteria from aseptically collected bovine milk samples. The objective of the current study was to characterize the bovine innate immune response by evaluating milk polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNL) in mammary glands infected with C. bovis. Twenty quarters infected with C. bovis and 28 culture-negative quarters (with milk somatic cell count <1×10(5) cells/mL) were used. The percentages of milk PMNL and the PMNL expression of L-selectin (CD62L), β2-integrin (CD11b), and one of the endothelial-selectin ligands (CD44), as well as the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, were evaluated by flow cytometry. The apoptosis and necrosis rates of the PMNL were quantified using dual-color flow cytometry with fluorescein-labeled annexin and propidium iodide. The present study revealed a higher percentage of PMNL in the milk from C. bovis-infected quarters, although no significant differences were found in levels of CD44, CD62L, or CD11b expression among the PMNL. A lower percentage of apoptotic PMNL was observed in C. bovis-infected quarters, as well as higher percentages of viable PMNL and of PMNL that produced intracellular ROS. However, no alterations were observed in phagocytosis of Staph. aureus by the PMNL or in intensity of intracellular ROS production by PMNL. Thus, results from this investigation of the PMNL function support, at least in part, the fact that intramammary infections by C. bovis may offer protection against intramammary infections by other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blagitz
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
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