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Khalil S, Strah R, Lodovici A, Vojta P, Berardinis FD, Ziegler J, Pompe Novak M, Zanin L, Tomasi N, Forneck A, Griesser M. The activation of iron deficiency responses of grapevine rootstocks is dependent to the availability of the nitrogen forms. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:218. [PMID: 38532351 PMCID: PMC10964708 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In viticulture, iron (Fe) chlorosis is a common abiotic stress that impairs plant development and leads to yield and quality losses. Under low availability of the metal, the applied N form (nitrate and ammonium) can play a role in promoting or mitigating Fe deficiency stresses. However, the processes involved are not clear in grapevine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of two grapevine rootstocks to the interaction between N forms and Fe uptake. This process was evaluated in a hydroponic experiment using two ungrafted grapevine rootstocks Fercal (Vitis berlandieri x V. vinifera) tolerant to deficiency induced Fe chlorosis and Couderc 3309 (V. riparia x V. rupestris) susceptible to deficiency induced Fe chlorosis. RESULTS The results could differentiate Fe deficiency effects, N-forms effects, and rootstock effects. Interveinal chlorosis of young leaves appeared earlier on 3309 C from the second week of treatment with NO3-/NH4+ (1:0)/-Fe, while Fercal leaves showed less severe symptoms after four weeks of treatment, corresponding to decreased chlorophyll concentrations lowered by 75% in 3309 C and 57% in Fercal. Ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activity was by trend enhanced under Fe deficiency in Fercal with both N combinations, whereas 3309 C showed an increase in FCR activity under Fe deficiency only with NO3-/NH4+ (1:1) treatment. With the transcriptome analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) revealed multiple biological processes and molecular functions that were significantly regulated in grapevine rootstocks under Fe-deficient conditions, with more genes regulated in Fercal responses, especially when both forms of N were supplied. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in the auxin and abscisic acid metabolic pathways was markedly increased by the equal supply of both forms of N under Fe deficiency conditions. In addition, changes in the expression of genes related to Fe uptake, regulation, and transport reflected the different responses of the two grapevine rootstocks to different N forms. CONCLUSIONS Results show a clear contribution of N forms to the response of the two grapevine rootstocks under Fe deficiency, highlighting the importance of providing both N forms (nitrate and ammonium) in an appropriate ratio in order to ease the rootstock responses to Fe deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarhan Khalil
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Rebeka Strah
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana,, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arianna Lodovici
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, Udine, Italy
| | - Petr Vojta
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Computational Biology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federica De Berardinis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department Molecular Signal Processing, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maruša Pompe Novak
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana,, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Faculty of Viticulture and Enology, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Laura Zanin
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, Udine, Italy
| | - Astrid Forneck
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michaela Griesser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Théroux-Rancourt G, Herrera JC, Voggeneder K, De Berardinis F, Luijken N, Nocker L, Savi T, Scheffknecht S, Schneck M, Tholen D. Analyzing anatomy over three dimensions unpacks the differences in mesophyll diffusive area between sun and shade Vitis vinifera leaves. AoB Plants 2023; 15:plad001. [PMID: 36959914 PMCID: PMC10029806 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaves grown at different light intensities exhibit considerable differences in physiology, morphology and anatomy. Because plant leaves develop over three dimensions, analyses of the leaf structure should account for differences in lengths, surfaces, as well as volumes. In this manuscript, we set out to disentangle the mesophyll surface area available for diffusion per leaf area (S m,LA) into underlying one-, two- and three-dimensional components. This allowed us to estimate the contribution of each component to S m,LA, a whole-leaf trait known to link structure and function. We introduce the novel concept of a 'stomatal vaporshed,' i.e. the intercellular airspace unit most closely connected to a single stoma, and use it to describe the stomata-to-diffusive-surface pathway. To illustrate our new theoretical framework, we grew two cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. under high and low light, imaged 3D leaf anatomy using microcomputed tomography (microCT) and measured leaf gas exchange. Leaves grown under high light were less porous and thicker. Our analysis showed that these two traits and the lower S m per mesophyll cell volume (S m,Vcl) in sun leaves could almost completely explain the difference in S m,LA. Further, the studied cultivars exhibited different responses in carbon assimilation per photosynthesizing cell volume (A Vcl). While Cabernet Sauvignon maintained A Vcl constant between sun and shade leaves, it was lower in Blaufränkisch sun leaves. This difference may be related to genotype-specific strategies in building the stomata-to-diffusive-surface pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Théroux-Rancourt
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - José Carlos Herrera
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Klara Voggeneder
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Federica De Berardinis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Natascha Luijken
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Nocker
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Tadeja Savi
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Scheffknecht
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Schneck
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Danny Tholen
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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Herrera JC, Savi T, Mattocks J, De Berardinis F, Scheffknecht S, Hietz P, Rosner S, Forneck A. Container volume affects drought experiments in grapevines: Insights on xylem anatomy and time of dehydration. Physiol Plant 2021; 173:2181-2190. [PMID: 34549436 PMCID: PMC9293413 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress experiments are commonly performed with plants grown in containers to better control environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the container can constrain plant growth and development, and this confounding effect is generally ignored, particularly in studies on woody species. Here, we evaluate the effect of the container volume in drought experiments using grapevine as a model plant. Grapevines grown in small (7 L, S) or large (20 L, L) containers were subjected to drought stress and rewatering treatments. We monitored plant stomatal conductance (gs ), midday stem water potential (Ψs ), and photosynthetic rate (AN ) throughout the experiment. The effect of the container volume on the stem and petiole xylem anatomy, as well as on the total leaf area (LA), was assessed before drought imposition. The results showed that LA did not differ between plants in L or S containers, but S vines exhibited a higher theoretical hydraulic conductance at the petiole level. Under drought L and S similarly reduced gs and AN , but plants in S containers reached lower Ψs than those in L. Nevertheless, upon rewatering droughted plants in S containers exhibited a faster stomata re-opening than those in L, probably as a consequence of the differences in the stress degree experienced and the biochemical adjustment at the leaf level. Therefore, a suitable experimental design should consider the container volume used in relation to the desired traits to be studied for unbiased results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Herrera
- Institute of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Institute of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaTullnAustria
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Joseph Mattocks
- Institute of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Federica De Berardinis
- Institute of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Susanne Scheffknecht
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sabine Rosner
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Astrid Forneck
- Institute of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaTullnAustria
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