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Bhattacharya S, Li J, Sockell A, Kan MJ, Bava FA, Chen SC, Ávila-Arcos MC, Ji X, Smith E, Asadi NB, Lachman RS, Lam HYK, Bustamante CD, Butte AJ, Nolan GP. Whole-genome sequencing of Atacama skeleton shows novel mutations linked with dysplasia. Genome Res 2018; 28:423-431. [PMID: 29567674 PMCID: PMC5880234 DOI: 10.1101/gr.223693.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over a decade ago, the Atacama humanoid skeleton (Ata) was discovered in the Atacama region of Chile. The Ata specimen carried a strange phenotype-6-in stature, fewer than expected ribs, elongated cranium, and accelerated bone age-leading to speculation that this was a preserved nonhuman primate, human fetus harboring genetic mutations, or even an extraterrestrial. We previously reported that it was human by DNA analysis with an estimated bone age of about 6-8 yr at the time of demise. To determine the possible genetic drivers of the observed morphology, DNA from the specimen was subjected to whole-genome sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq platform with an average 11.5× coverage of 101-bp, paired-end reads. In total, 3,356,569 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were found as compared to the human reference genome, 518,365 insertions and deletions (indels), and 1047 structural variations (SVs) were detected. Here, we present the detailed whole-genome analysis showing that Ata is a female of human origin, likely of Chilean descent, and its genome harbors mutations in genes (COL1A1, COL2A1, KMT2D, FLNB, ATR, TRIP11, PCNT) previously linked with diseases of small stature, rib anomalies, cranial malformations, premature joint fusion, and osteochondrodysplasia (also known as skeletal dysplasia). Together, these findings provide a molecular characterization of Ata's peculiar phenotype, which likely results from multiple known and novel putative gene mutations affecting bone development and ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Bhattacharya
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Roche Sequencing Solutions, Belmont, California 94002, USA
| | - Alexandra Sockell
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Matthew J Kan
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Felice A Bava
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shann-Ching Chen
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - María C Ávila-Arcos
- International Laboratory for Human Genome Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Xuhuai Ji
- Human Immune Monitoring Center and Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Emery Smith
- Ultra Intelligence Corporation, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Narges B Asadi
- Roche Sequencing Solutions, Belmont, California 94002, USA
| | - Ralph S Lachman
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hugo Y K Lam
- Roche Sequencing Solutions, Belmont, California 94002, USA
| | - Carlos D Bustamante
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Burns TJ, Frei AP, Gherardini PF, Bava FA, Batchelder JE, Yoshiyasu Y, Yu JM, Groziak AR, Kimmey SC, Gonzalez VD, Fantl WJ, Nolan GP. High-throughput precision measurement of subcellular localization in single cells. Cytometry A 2017; 91:180-189. [PMID: 28094900 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To quantify visual and spatial information in single cells with a throughput of thousands of cells per second, we developed Subcellular Localization Assay (SLA). This adaptation of Proximity Ligation Assay expands the capabilities of flow cytometry to include data relating to localization of proteins to and within organelles. We used SLA to detect the nuclear import of transcription factors across cell subsets in complex samples. We further measured intranuclear re-localization of target proteins across the cell cycle and upon DNA damage induction. SLA combines multiple single-cell methods to bring about a new dimension of inquiry and analysis in complex cell populations. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Burns
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andreas P Frei
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford, California
| | - Pier F Gherardini
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford, California
| | - Felice A Bava
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford, California
| | - Jake E Batchelder
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Yuki Yoshiyasu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Julie M Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Samuel C Kimmey
- Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Veronica D Gonzalez
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford, California
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Institute and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Visco V, Bava FA, d'Alessandro F, Cavallini M, Ziparo V, Torrisi MR. Human colon fibroblasts induce differentiation and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells through the direct paracrine action of keratinocyte growth factor. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:204-13. [PMID: 19326389 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects exerted by the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on intestinal epithelial cells cultured in vitro are influenced by cell confluence and differentiation through the modulation of keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) expression. In order to better define the contribution of KGF on the intestinal epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation, here we developed a coculture model, able to mimick in vitro the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions of the bowel. In consequence of its ability to produce KGF, demonstrated by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, the human colon fibroblast cell line CCD-18 has been selected as coculture partner for the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line. Analysis of the expression of the differentiation and proliferation markers CEA and Ki67, through double immunofluorescence assays, showed that either the coculture with CCD-18 cells or the incubation with primary colon fibroblast-derived conditioned media (CM-F and CM-F2) induced an increase in differentiation and proliferation of confluent intestinal epithelial Caco-2 or HT29 cells, parallel to that obtained by KGF treatment. Use of anti-KGF blocking antibodies and of a tyrosine kinase KGFR inhibitor demonstrated the contribution of KGF and the direct role of its receptor in the regulation of epithelial growth and differentiation, indicating that KGF is a crucial paracrine factor involved in promoting these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Visco
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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