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Raggi P, Milic J, Manicardi M, Cinque F, Swain MG, Sebastiani G, Guaraldi G. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: An opportunity for collaboration between cardiology and hepatology. Atherosclerosis 2024; 392:117523. [PMID: 38522165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Altered metabolic function has many detrimental effects on the body that can manifest as cardiovascular and liver diseases. Traditional approaches to understanding and treating metabolic dysfunction-associated disorders have been organ-centered, leading to silo-type disease care. However, given the broad impact that systemic metabolic dysfunction has on the human body, approaches that simultaneously involve multiple medical specialists need to be developed and encouraged to optimize patient outcomes. In this review, we highlight how several of the treatments developed for cardiac care may have a beneficial effect on the liver and vice versa, suggesting that there is a need to target the disease process, rather than specifically target the cardiovascular or liver specific sequelae of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Raggi
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jovana Milic
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marcella Manicardi
- Cardiology Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Felice Cinque
- SC-Medicina Indirizzo Metabolico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark G Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Guaraldi G, Milic J, Renzetti S, Motta F, Cinque F, Bischoff J, Desilani A, Conti J, Medioli F, Del Monte M, Kablawi D, Elgretli W, Calza S, Mussini C, Rockstroh JK, Sebastiani G. The effect of weight gain and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease on liver fibrosis progression and regression in people with HIV. AIDS 2024:00002030-990000000-00475. [PMID: 38597416 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with HIV (PWH) have high risk of liver fibrosis. We investigated the effect of weight gain and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) on liver fibrosis dynamics. DESIGN Multicenter cohort study. METHODS Fibrosis progression was defined as development of significant fibrosis (liver stiffness measurement [LSM]≥8 kPa), or transition to cirrhosis (LSM≥13 kPa), for those with significant fibrosis at baseline. Fibrosis regression was defined as transition to LSM<8 kPa, or to LSM<13 kPa for those with cirrhosis at baseline. MASLD was defined as hepatic steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter >248 dB/m) with at least one metabolic abnormality. A continuous-time multi-state Markov model was used to describe transitions across fibrosis states. RESULTS Among 1183 PWH included from three centres (25.2% with viral hepatitis coinfection), baseline prevalence of significant fibrosis and MASLD was 14.4% and 46.8%, respectively. During a median follow-up of 2.5 years (interquartile range 1.9-3.5) the incidence rate of fibrosis progression and regression was 2.8 (95% CI, 2.3-3.4) and 2.2 (95% CI, 1.9-2.6) per 100 person-years, respectively. In Markov model, weight gain increased the odds of fibrosis progression (odds ratio [OR] 3.11, 95% CI 1.59-6.08), whereas weight gain (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.84) and male sex (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.14-0.75) decreased the odds of fibrosis regression. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, predictors of fibrosis progression were weight gain (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.12, 95% CI 1.41-6.90) and MASLD (aHR 2.72, 95% CI 1.05-7.02). CONCLUSIONS Fibrosis transitions are driven by metabolic health variables in PWH, independently of viral hepatitis coinfection and antiretroviral class therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Guaraldi
- Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jovana Milic
- Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Motta
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Felice Cinque
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jenny Bischoff
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Venusberg Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn Germany
| | - Andrea Desilani
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Jacopo Conti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Medioli
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Martina Del Monte
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Dana Kablawi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wesal Elgretli
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Juergen K Rockstroh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Venusberg Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn Germany
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Lombardi R, Colavolpe L, Alletto F, Cespiati A, Fatta E, Bertelli C, Cinque F, Pisano G, Pulixi E, Francione P, Maffi G, Iuculano F, Dongiovanni P, Meroni M, Burdick L, Bignamini D, Maggioni M, Valenti L, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL. Comparison of the severity of metabolic, liver and cardiovascular damage in NAFLD patients attending the hepatology clinic over the last three decades. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:144-151. [PMID: 37507284 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD prevalence is increasing worldwide. AIM to assess whether severity of hepatic, metabolic and cardiovascular (CV) disease changed over time. METHODS 422 NAFLD patients (388 biopsy proven and 34 clinical cirrhosis) diagnosed between 1990 and 2021 and subdivided according to decade of presentation. Metabolic parameters, early atherosclerosis (carotid plaques at Doppler ultrasound), severity of liver damage (NAS score, NASH, significant fibrosis (≥2) and cirrhosis) and PNPLA3 genotyping were assessed. RESULTS No difference in age, sex and prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension was found across decades (p for trend), whereas a higher prevalence of diabetes (p = 0.02), obesity (p<0.001), histological severe steatosis (p<0.001), NASH (p<0.001), fibrosis ≥2 (p<0.001), cirrhosis (p<0.001) and carotid plaques (p = 0.05) was observed in the last decade compared to the others. A higher prevalence of PNPLA3 GG polymorphism was found over time (p = 0.02). In the whole cohort, age, metabolic alterations and PNPLA3 G homozygosity were independent risk factors for hepatic fibrosis and carotid plaques, independently of the decade considered. CONCLUSION Over the past 10 years compared to previous decades, NAFLD patients presented to observation with more severe liver disease and subclinical atherosclerosis, paralleling the spread of diabetes and obesity. PNPLA3 unfavorable genotype became more prevalent over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lombardi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Lucia Colavolpe
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Alletto
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cespiati
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Fatta
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Felice Cinque
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pisano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pulixi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Francione
- UO di Medicina, Azienda Ospedaliera "Card. G. Panico" di Tricase, Italy
| | - Gabriele Maffi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Iuculano
- UO Medicina Interna, Asst Nord Milano, Ospedale Edoardo Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Larry Burdick
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Bignamini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Maggioni
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
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Sebastiani G, Milic J, Tsochatzis EA, Marzolini C, Betel M, Bhagani S, Morse CG, Cinque F, Maurice JB, Ingiliz P, Price J, Lemoine M, Rockstroh JK, Guaraldi G. Letter to the Editor: People living with HIV and NAFLD-A population left behind in the global effort for liver fibrosis screening? Hepatology 2023; 78:E87-E88. [PMID: 37199181 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jovana Milic
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, UK
| | - Catia Marzolini
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Caryn G Morse
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Felice Cinque
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - James B Maurice
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, UK
| | - Patrick Ingiliz
- Department of Hepatology, APHP Henri-Mondor University Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Jennifer Price
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Liver Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, UK
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Cinque F, Saeed S, Kablawi D, Ramos Ballesteros L, Elgretli W, Moodie EEM, Price C, Monteith K, Cooper C, Walmsley SL, Pick N, Murray MCM, Cox J, Kronfli N, Costiniuk CT, de Pokomandy A, Routy JP, Lebouché B, Klein MB, Sebastiani G. Role of fatty liver in the epidemic of advanced chronic liver disease among people with HIV: protocol for the Canadian LIVEHIV multicentre prospective cohort. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076547. [PMID: 37607785 PMCID: PMC10445396 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) is a major cause of death for people with HIV (PWH). While viral hepatitis coinfections are largely responsible for this trend, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an emerging concern for PWH. We aimed to assess the contribution of MASLD to incident ACLD in PWH. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This multicentre prospective observational cohort study will enrol 968 consecutive HIV monoinfected patients from four Canadian sites, excluding subjects with alcohol abuse, liver disease other than MASLD, or ACLD at baseline. Participants will be followed annually for 4 years by clinical evaluation, questionnaires, laboratory testing and Fibroscan to measure liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). The primary outcome will be incidence of ACLD, defined as LSM>10 kPa, by MASLD status, defined as CAP≥285 dB/m with at least one metabolic abnormality, and to develop a score to classify PWH according to their risk of ACLD. Secondary outcomes will include health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare resource usage. Kaplan-Meier survival method and Cox proportional hazards regression will calculate the incidence and predictors of ACLD, respectively. Propensity score methods and marginal structural models will account for time-varying exposures. We will split the cohort into a training set (to develop the risk score) and a validation set (for validation of the score). HRQoL scores and healthcare resource usage will be compared by MASLD status using generalised linear mixed effects model. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol has been approved by the ethics committees of all participating institutions. Written informed consent will be obtained from all study participants. The results of this study will be shared through scientific publications and public presentations to advocate for the inclusion of PWH in clinical trials of MASLD-targeted therapies and case-finding of ACLD in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Cinque
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sahar Saeed
- Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana Kablawi
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luz Ramos Ballesteros
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wesal Elgretli
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erica E M Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colleen Price
- Canadian HIV/AIDS and Chronic Pain Society, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Curtis Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon L Walmsley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neora Pick
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melanie C M Murray
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadine Kronfli
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra de Pokomandy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marina B Klein
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cinque F, Cespiati A, Lombardi R, Guaraldi G, Sebastiani G. Nutritional and Lifestyle Therapy for NAFLD in People with HIV. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081990. [PMID: 37111209 PMCID: PMC10140991 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two major epidemics affecting millions of people worldwide. As people with HIV (PWH) age, there is an increased prevalence of metabolic comorbidities, along with unique HIV factors, such as HIV chronic inflammation and life-long exposure to antiretroviral therapy, which leads to a high prevalence of NAFLD. An unhealthy lifestyle, with a high dietary intake of refined carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, fructose added beverages, and processed red meat, as well as physical inactivity, are known to trigger and promote the progression of NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, with no currently approved pharmacotherapy and a lack of clinical trials that are inclusive of HIV, nutritional and lifestyle approaches still represent the most recommended treatments for PWH with NAFLD. While sharing common features with the general population, NAFLD in PWH displays its own peculiarities that may also reflect different impacts of nutrition and exercise on its onset and treatment. Therefore, in this narrative review, we aimed to explore the role of nutrients in the development of NAFLD in PWH. In addition, we discussed the nutritional and lifestyle approaches to managing NAFLD in the setting of HIV, with insights into the role of gut microbiota and lean NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Cinque
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cespiati
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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7
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Filtz A, Carandina A, Fasiello A, Barbetta L, Lombardi R, Cinque F, Rizzi G, Ceriani E, Furlan L, Bellocchi C, Fracanzani AL, Hu C, Cogliati C, Canetta C, Peyvandi F, Montano N, Tobaldini E. Remdesivir-induced bradycardia in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV2 infection: a possible vagally-mediated mechanism. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:359-366. [PMID: 36539604 PMCID: PMC9767799 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, case series studies on patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection reported an association between remdesivir (RDV) administration and incidental bradycardia. However, the phenomenon has not yet been described in detail. We conducted a retrospective case-control study to evaluate the occurrence of RDV-related bradycardia in patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV2 pneumoniae. We retrospectively evaluated 71 patients, hospitalized in six internal medicine wards of the Milan area, affected by mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who received RDV (RDV group) and 54 controls, matched for sex, age and disease severity on admission (CTR group). The mean heart rate value recorded during the first two days of hospitalization was considered as baseline heart rate (HRb). Heart rate values relative to the 5-days treatment and the 5-days post-treatment were extracted for RDV group, while heart rate values relative to 10 days of hospitalization were considered for the CTR group. ΔHR values were calculated as maximum HR drop versus HRb. Possible associations between ΔHR and clinical-demographic factors were assessed through regression analysis. The RDV group experienced a significantly higher incidence of bradycardia compared to the CTR group (56% vs 33%, OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.4, p value = 0.011). Moreover, the RDV group showed higher ΔHR values than the CTR group. The HR progressively decreased with daily administration of RDV, reaching the maximun drop on day six (-8.6±1.9 bpm). In RDV group, patients who experienced bradycardia had higher drop in HR, higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values at the baseline (bALT) and during the RDV administration period. ΔHR was positively associated with HRb (β = 0.772, p < 0.001) and bALT (β = 0.245, p = 0.005). In conclusion, our results confirmed a significant association between RDV administration and development of bradycardia. This effect was proportional to baseline HR and was associated with higher levels of baseline ALT, suggesting a possible interaction between RDV liver metabolism and a vagally-mediated effect on HR due to increased availability of RDV metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Filtz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Carandina
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalaura Fasiello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Barbetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Felice Cinque
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Rizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Ceriani
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovico Furlan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cogliati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ciro Canetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tobaldini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Cinque F, Cespiati A, Lombardi R, Costantino A, Maffi G, Alletto F, Colavolpe L, Francione P, Oberti G, Fatta E, Bertelli C, Sigon G, Dongiovanni P, Vecchi M, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL. Interaction between Lifestyle Changes and PNPLA3 Genotype in NAFLD Patients during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030556. [PMID: 35276911 PMCID: PMC8838646 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown dramatically changed people’s lifestyles. Diet, physical activity, and the PNPLA3 gene are known risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Aim: To evaluate changes in metabolic and hepatic disease in NAFLD patients after the COVID-19 lockdown. Three hundred and fifty seven NAFLD patients were enrolled, all previously instructed to follow a Mediterranean diet (MD). Anthropometric, metabolic, and laboratory data were collected before the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy and 6 months apart, along with ultrasound (US) steatosis grading and information about adherence to MD and physical activity (PA). In 188 patients, PNPLA3 genotyping was performed. After the lockdown, 48% of patients gained weight, while 16% had a worsened steatosis grade. Weight gain was associated with poor adherence to MD (p = 0.005), reduced PA (p = 0.03), and increased prevalence of PNPLA3 GG (p = 0.04). At multivariate analysis (corrected for age, sex, MD, PA, and PNPLA3 GG), only PNPLA3 remained independently associated with weight gain (p = 0.04), which was also associated with worsened glycemia (p = 0.002) and transaminases (p = 0.02). During lockdown, due to a dramatic change in lifestyles, half of our cohort of NAFLD patients gained weight, with a worsening of metabolic and hepatologic features. Interestingly, the PNPLA3 GG genotype nullified the effect of lifestyle and emerged as an independent risk factor for weight gain, opening new perspectives in NAFLD patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Cinque
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Annalisa Cespiati
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-503-3784
| | - Andrea Costantino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Maffi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Francesca Alletto
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Lucia Colavolpe
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Paolo Francione
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Giovanna Oberti
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Erika Fatta
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Cristina Bertelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Giordano Sigon
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
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Brusco A, Saviozzi S, Cinque F, Bottaro A, DeMarchi M. A recurrent breakpoint in the most common deletion of the Ig heavy chain locus (del A1-GP-G2-G4-E). J Immunol 1999; 163:4392-8. [PMID: 10510380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Human Ig heavy chain constant regions are encoded by a cluster of genes, the IGHC locus, on 14q32.3. Several forms of IGHC deletions and duplications spanning one to five genes have been described in different populations, with frequencies of 1.5-3.5% and 4.5-44%, respectively. Despite the common occurrence of these gene rearrangements, little is known about the breakpoint sites; evidence obtained from deletions in the IGHC locus and in other regions of the human genome suggests that they preferentially occur in highly homologous regions and might be favored by a variety of recombinogenic signals. We present here a detailed study of three homozygotes for the most common type of IGHC multiple gene deletion, spanning the A1-GP-G2-G4-E genes. Using a combination of Southern blotting, long-range PCR, and automated sequencing, the unequal crossover events of all of the six studied haplotypes have been mapped to a region of approximately 2 kb with almost complete homology between EP1-A1 and E-A2, flanked by two minisatellites. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that segments of complete homology may be required for efficient homologous recombination in humans. The possible role of minisatellites as recombination signals is inferred, in agreement with current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brusco
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università di Torino, Italy.
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Brusco A, Saviozzi S, Cinque F, DeMarchi M, Boccazzi C, de Lange G, van Leeuwen AM, Carbonara AO. Molecular characterization of immunoglobulin G4 gene isoallotypes. Eur J Immunogenet 1998; 25:349-55. [PMID: 9805657 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2370.1998.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular bases of classical serological immunoglobulin allotypes are progressively uncovered through detailed characterization of the relevant genes. Here we describe two isoallotypic determinants of the G4 gene. In the first, Leu 309, as in G1 and G3, is changed to Val, as in G2; studies on myeloma proteins have long assigned the immunologically defined nG4 m(a)/(b) to the same position. The two molecular variants, here called IGHG4*L309 and IGHG4*V309, are allelic in IGHC haplotypes with a single G4 gene, but can be found together in cis in G4-duplicated haplotypes. A second isoallotypic variant was found at codon 409, where either Arg, as in G1 and G3, or Lys, as in G2, can be found. Both isoallotypes are associated with several 'silent isoallotypic' substitutions dispersed through the hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains. This suggests segmental gene conversion as the common mechanism of origin.
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Brusco A, Saviozzi S, Cinque F, DeMarchi M, Boccazzi C, Lange G, Leeuwen AM, Carbonara AO. Molecular characterization of immunoglobulin G4 gene isoallotypes. Int J Immunogenet 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1998.tb01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Campana S, Corradini P, Astolfi M, Ladetto M, Cinque F, Novero D, Tarella C, Pileri A. Analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangement providing molecular evidence of second lymphoma in a patient in apparent relapse after autotransplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 20:341-3. [PMID: 9285551 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1700887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of a second lymphoma after autotransplantation is an unusual event. Its real incidence, however, could be underestimated, since histologic and immunophenotyping techniques are often unable to distinguish it from a relapse. We report a lymphoma patient in apparent relapse after 42 months of molecular remission achieved by autotransplantation. Sequencing analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes showed that the rearrangement of variable, diversity and joining segments had changed between diagnosis and relapse and suggested that a second lymphoma had developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Campana
- Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Azienda Ospedaliera S Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy
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Brusco A, Cinque F, Saviozzi S, Boccazzi C, DeMarchi M, Carbonara AO. The G4 gene is duplicated in 44% of human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region haplotypes. Hum Genet 1997; 100:84-9. [PMID: 9225974 DOI: 10.1007/s004390050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (IGHC), on chromosome 14q32, comprises nine CH genes and two pseudogenes, all originating from multiple duplication events. Continuing evolution of the region is demonstrated by the finding of various types of duplicated and deleted haplotypes, which together add up to 6%. Here we provide molecular and genetic evidence that the G4 gene is duplicated in 44% of IGHC haplotypes in the Italian population. The duplication spans about 20 kb of genomic DNA and probably originated through unequal crossing over. Refined characterisation of the genomic region downstream from the G4 gene improves our knowledge of the evolutionary history of CH genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brusco
- Dipartimento di Genetica Biologia e Chimica Medica and Centro CNR CIOS, Torino, Italy
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Fiorentino F, Simioli F, Conte M, Postiglione A, Cinque F, Santaniello A. Open study on the antidiarrhoeal effectiveness of the L 105 compound. Chemioterapia 1984; 3:132-5. [PMID: 6532538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutical effectiveness of L 105, a new drug preparation exhibiting antidiarrhoeal activity and containing Rifaxidin, was tested on 22 patients with acute gastroenteric syndrome of bacterial aetiology. In all patients there was a prompt restoration of intestinal function by the 2nd treatment day. Both local and systemic drug tolerance proved to be good in all cases.
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