1
|
Papoutsopoulou S, Morris L, Bayliff A, Mair T, England H, Stagi M, Bergey F, Alam MT, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Rosenstiel P, Müller W, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Campbell BJ. Effects of Human RelA Transgene on Murine Macrophage Inflammatory Responses. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040757. [PMID: 35453507 PMCID: PMC9027775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The NFκB transcription factors are major regulators of innate immune responses, and NFκB signal pathway dysregulation is linked to inflammatory disease. Here, we utilised bone marrow-derived macrophages from the p65-DsRedxp/IκBα-eGFP transgenic strain to study the functional implication of xenogeneic (human) RelA(p65) protein introduced into the mouse genome. Confocal imaging showed that human RelA is expressed in the cells and can translocate to the nucleus following activation of Toll-like receptor 4. RNA sequencing of lipid A-stimulated macrophages, revealed that human RelA impacts on murine gene transcription, affecting both non-NFκB and NFκB target genes, including immediate-early and late response genes, e.g., Fos and Cxcl10. Validation experiments on NFκB targets revealed markedly reduced mRNA levels, but similar kinetic profiles in transgenic cells compared to wild-type. Enrichment pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed interferon and cytokine signaling were affected. These immune response pathways were also affected in macrophages treated with tumor necrosis factor. Data suggests that the presence of xenogeneic RelA protein likely has inhibitory activity, altering specific transcriptional profiles of key molecules involved in immune responses. It is therefore essential that this information be taken into consideration when designing and interpreting future experiments using this transgenic strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (H.E.); (W.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 413 34 Larissa, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (B.J.C.)
| | - Lorna Morris
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstr. 39A, 12163 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (F.B.); (V.A.P.M.D.S.)
| | - Andrew Bayliff
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK; (A.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mair
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK; (A.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Hazel England
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (H.E.); (W.M.)
| | - Massimiliano Stagi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK;
| | - François Bergey
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstr. 39A, 12163 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (F.B.); (V.A.P.M.D.S.)
| | - Mohammad Tauqeer Alam
- Warwick Medical School, Bioinformatics RTP, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raheleh Sheibani-Tezerji
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, 6708 WE Kiel, Germany; (R.S.-T.); (P.R.)
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, 6708 WE Kiel, Germany; (R.S.-T.); (P.R.)
| | - Werner Müller
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (H.E.); (W.M.)
| | - Vitor A. P. Martins Dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstr. 39A, 12163 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (F.B.); (V.A.P.M.D.S.)
- Laboratory of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8033, 6700 EJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barry J. Campbell
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK; (A.B.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (B.J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cawley C, Bergey F, Mehl A, Finckh A, Gilsdorf A. Novel Methods in the Surveillance of Influenza-Like Illness in Germany Using Data From a Symptom Assessment App (Ada): Observational Case Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e26523. [PMID: 34734836 PMCID: PMC8722671 DOI: 10.2196/26523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Participatory epidemiology is an emerging field harnessing consumer data entries of symptoms. The free app Ada allows users to enter the symptoms they are experiencing and applies a probabilistic reasoning model to provide a list of possible causes for these symptoms. Objective The objective of our study is to explore the potential contribution of Ada data to syndromic surveillance by comparing symptoms of influenza-like illness (ILI) entered by Ada users in Germany with data from a national population-based reporting system called GrippeWeb. Methods We extracted data for all assessments performed by Ada users in Germany over 3 seasons (2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20) and identified those with ILI (report of fever with cough or sore throat). The weekly proportion of assessments in which ILI was reported was calculated (overall and stratified by age group), standardized for the German population, and compared with trends in ILI rates reported by GrippeWeb using time series graphs, scatterplots, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results In total, 2.1 million Ada assessments (for any symptoms) were included. Within seasons and across age groups, the Ada data broadly replicated trends in estimated weekly ILI rates when compared with GrippeWeb data (Pearson correlation—2017-18: r=0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.92; P<.001; 2018-19: r=0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.94; P<.001; 2019-20: r=0.64, 95% CI 0.44-0.78; P<.001). However, there were differences in the exact timing and nature of the epidemic curves between years. Conclusions With careful interpretation, Ada data could contribute to identifying broad ILI trends in countries without existing population-based monitoring systems or to the syndromic surveillance of symptoms not covered by existing systems.
Collapse
|
3
|
Papoutsopoulou S, Pollock L, Walker C, Tench W, Samad SS, Bergey F, Lenzi L, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Rosenstiel P, Alam MT, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Müller W, Campbell BJ. Impact of Interleukin 10 Deficiency on Intestinal Epithelium Responses to Inflammatory Signals. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690817. [PMID: 34220850 PMCID: PMC8244292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic, anti-inflammatory cytokine that has a major protective role in the intestine. Although its production by cells of the innate and adaptive immune system has been extensively studied, its intrinsic role in intestinal epithelial cells is poorly understood. In this study, we utilised both ATAC sequencing and RNA sequencing to define the transcriptional response of murine enteroids to tumour necrosis factor (TNF). We identified that the key early phase drivers of the transcriptional response to TNF within intestinal epithelium were NFκB transcription factor dependent. Using wild-type and Il10-/- enteroid cultures, we showed an intrinsic, intestinal epithelium specific effect of IL-10 deficiency on TNF-induced gene transcription, with significant downregulation of identified NFκB target genes Tnf, Ccl20, and Cxcl10, and delayed overexpression of NFκB inhibitor encoding genes, Nfkbia and Tnfaip3. IL-10 deficiency, or immunoblockade of IL-10 receptor, impacted on TNF-induced endogenous NFκB activity and downstream NFκB target gene transcription. Intestinal epithelium-derived IL-10 appears to play a crucial role as a positive regulator of the canonical NFκB pathway, contributing to maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. This is particularly important in the context of an inflammatory environment and highlights the potential for future tissue-targeted IL-10 therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Liam Pollock
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Walker
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William Tench
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sakim Shakh Samad
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luca Lenzi
- Centre for Genomic Research (CGR), Department of Evolution, Ecology & Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Phillip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohammad Tauqeer Alam
- Warwick Medical School, Bioinformatics Research Technology Platform (RTP), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vitor A. P. Martins Dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Werner Müller
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J. Campbell
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Molecular & Cellular Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papoutsopoulou S, Burkitt MD, Bergey F, England H, Hough R, Schmidt L, Spiller DG, White MHR, Paszek P, Jackson DA, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Sellge G, Pritchard DM, Campbell BJ, Müller W, Probert CS. Macrophage-Specific NF-κB Activation Dynamics Can Segregate Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2168. [PMID: 31572379 PMCID: PMC6749845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) presents challenges, particularly when choosing therapy. Activation of the NF-κB transcription factor is a highly regulated, dynamic event in IBD pathogenesis. Using a lentivirus approach, NF-κB-regulated luciferase was expressed in patient macrophages, isolated from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. Following activation, samples could be segregated into three clusters based on the NF-κB-regulated luciferase response. The ulcerative colitis (UC) samples appeared only in the hypo-responsive Cluster 1, and in Cluster 2. Conversely, Crohn's disease (CD) patients appeared in all Clusters with their percentage being higher in the hyper-responsive Cluster 3. A positive correlation was seen between NF-κB-induced luciferase activity and the concentrations of cytokines released into medium from stimulated macrophages, but not with serum or biopsy cytokine levels. Confocal imaging of lentivirally-expressed p65 activation revealed that a higher proportion of macrophages from CD patients responded to endotoxin lipid A compared to controls. In contrast, cells from UC patients exhibited a shorter duration of NF-κB p65 subunit nuclear localization compared to healthy controls, and CD donors. Analysis of macrophage cytokine responses and patient metadata revealed a strong correlation between CD patients who smoked and hyper-activation of p65. These in vitro dynamic assays of NF-κB activation in blood-derived macrophages have the potential to segregate IBD patients into groups with different phenotypes and may therefore help determine response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Burkitt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hazel England
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Hough
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G Spiller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H R White
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Paszek
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dean A Jackson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S Probert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Madsen MB, Skrede S, Perner A, Arnell P, Nekludov M, Bruun T, Karlsson Y, Hansen MB, Polzik P, Hedetoft M, Rosén A, Saccenti E, Bergey F, Martins dos Santos VAP, Norrby-Teglund A, Hyldegaard O. Patient’s characteristics and outcomes in necrotising soft-tissue infections: results from a Scandinavian, multicentre, prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:1241-1251. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Rosén A, Arnell P, Madsen MB, Nedrebø BG, Norrby-Teglund A, Hyldegaard O, Dos Santos VM, Bergey F, Saccenti E, Skrede S. Diabetes and necrotizing soft tissue infections-A prospective observational cohort study: Statistical analysis plan. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2018; 62:1171-1177. [PMID: 29671865 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are rare but carry a high morbidity and mortality. The multicenter INFECT project aims to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prognosis of NSTIs. This article describes the study outline and statistical analyses that will be used. METHODS Within the framework of INFECT project, patients with NSTI at 5 Scandinavian hospitals are enrolled in a prospective observational cohort study. The goal is to evaluate outcome and characteristics for patients with NSTI and diabetes compared to patients with NSTI without diabetes. The primary outcome is mortality at 90 days after inclusion. Secondary outcomes include days alive and out of ICU and hospital, SAPS II, SOFA score, infectious etiology, amputation, affected body area, and renal replacement therapy. Comparison in mortality between patients with diabetes type 1 and 2 as well as between insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated diabetes patients will be made. Clinical data for diabetic patients with NSTI will be reported. CONCLUSION The study will provide important data on patients with NSTI and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Arnell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M B Madsen
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B G Nedrebø
- Department of Medicine, Haugesund County Hospital, Haugesund, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Norrby-Teglund
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - V M Dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F Bergey
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Madsen MB, Skrede S, Bruun T, Arnell P, Rosén A, Nekludov M, Karlsson Y, Bergey F, Saccenti E, Martins dos Santos VAP, Perner A, Norrby-Teglund A, Hyldegaard O. Necrotizing soft tissue infections - a multicentre, prospective observational study (INFECT): protocol and statistical analysis plan. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2018; 62:272-279. [PMID: 29082520 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The INFECT project aims to advance our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms in necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs). The INFECT observational study is part of the INFECT project with the aim of studying the clinical profile of patients with NSTIs and correlating these to patient-important outcomes. With this protocol and statistical analysis plan we describe the methods used to obtain data and the details of the planned analyses. METHODS The INFECT study is a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients with NSTIs are enrolled in five Scandinavian hospitals, which are all referral centres for NSTIs. The primary outcomes are the descriptive variables of the patients. Secondary outcomes include identification of factors associated with 90-day mortality and amputation; associations between affected body part, maximum skin defect and Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score and 90-day mortality; 90-day mortality in patients with and without acute kidney injury (AKI) and LRINEC score of six and above or below six; and association between affected body part at arrival and microbiological findings. Exploratory outcomes include univariate analyses of baseline characteristics associations with 90-day mortality. The statistical analyses will be conducted in accordance with the predefined statistical analysis plan. CONCLUSION Necrotizing soft tissue infections result in severe morbidity and mortality. The INFECT study will be the largest prospective study in patients with NSTIs to date and will provide important data for clinicians, researchers and policy makers on the characteristics and outcomes of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Madsen
- Department of Intensive Care; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Skrede
- Department of Medicine; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Science; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. Bruun
- Department of Medicine; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - P. Arnell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - A. Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M. Nekludov
- Department of Anaesthesia; Surgical Services and Intensive Care; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Y. Karlsson
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Blekinge County Hospital; Karlskrona Sweden
| | | | - E. Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology; Wageningen University & Research; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - V. A. P. Martins dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmBH; Berlin Germany
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology; Wageningen University & Research; Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - A. Perner
- Department of Intensive Care; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. Norrby-Teglund
- Centre for Infectious Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - O. Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia; Centre of Head and Orthopaedics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|