1
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Blackie L, Tozluoglu M, Trylinski M, Walther RF, Schweisguth F, Mao Y, Pichaud F. A combination of Notch signaling, preferential adhesion and endocytosis induces a slow mode of cell intercalation in the Drosophila retina. Development 2021; 148:264928. [PMID: 33999996 PMCID: PMC8180261 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Movement of epithelial cells in a tissue occurs through neighbor exchange and drives tissue shape changes. It requires intercellular junction remodeling, a process typically powered by the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton. This has been investigated mainly in homogeneous epithelia, where intercalation takes minutes. However, in some tissues, intercalation involves different cell types and can take hours. Whether slow and fast intercalation share the same mechanisms remains to be examined. To address this issue, we used the fly eye, where the cone cells exchange neighbors over ∼10 h to shape the lens. We uncovered three pathways regulating this slow mode of cell intercalation. First, we found a limited requirement for MyosinII. In this case, mathematical modeling predicts an adhesion-dominant intercalation mechanism. Genetic experiments support this prediction, revealing a role for adhesion through the Nephrin proteins Roughest and Hibris. Second, we found that cone cell intercalation is regulated by the Notch pathway. Third, we show that endocytosis is required for membrane removal and Notch activation. Taken together, our work indicates that adhesion, endocytosis and Notch can direct slow cell intercalation during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blackie
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Melda Tozluoglu
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mateusz Trylinski
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Pasteur Institute, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Rhian F Walther
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - François Schweisguth
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Pasteur Institute, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Franck Pichaud
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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2
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Shard C, Luna-Escalante J, Schweisguth F. Tissue-wide coordination of epithelium-to-neural stem cell transition in the Drosophila optic lobe requires Neuralized. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152101. [PMID: 32946560 PMCID: PMC7594497 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tissues are produced by specialized progenitor cells emanating from epithelia via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Most studies have so far focused on EMT involving single or isolated groups of cells. Here we describe an EMT-like process that requires tissue-level coordination. This EMT-like process occurs along a continuous front in the Drosophila optic lobe neuroepithelium to produce neural stem cells (NSCs). We find that emerging NSCs remain epithelial and apically constrict before dividing asymmetrically to produce neurons. Apical constriction is associated with contractile myosin pulses and involves RhoGEF3 and down-regulation of the Crumbs complex by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized. Anisotropy in Crumbs complex levels also results in accumulation of junctional myosin. Disrupting the regulation of Crumbs by Neuralized lowered junctional myosin and led to imprecision in the integration of emerging NSCs into the front. Thus, Neuralized promotes smooth progression of the differentiation front by coupling epithelium remodeling at the tissue level with NSC fate acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Shard
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR3738, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Juan Luna-Escalante
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR3738, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR3738, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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3
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Abstract
Self-organization is pervasive in development, from symmetry breaking in the early embryo to tissue patterning and morphogenesis. For a few model systems, the underlying molecular and cellular processes are now sufficiently characterized that mathematical models can be confronted with experiments, to explore the dynamics of pattern formation. Here, we review selected systems, ranging from cyanobacteria to mammals, where different forms of cell-cell communication, acting alone or together with positional cues, drive the patterning of cell fates, highlighting the insights that even very simple models can provide as well as the challenges on the path to a predictive understanding of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 3738 F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Francis Corson
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot 75005 Paris, France.
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4
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Gervais L, van den Beek M, Josserand M, Sallé J, Stefanutti M, Perdigoto CN, Skorski P, Mazouni K, Marshall OJ, Brand AH, Schweisguth F, Bardin AJ. Stem Cell Proliferation Is Kept in Check by the Chromatin Regulators Kismet/CHD7/CHD8 and Trr/MLL3/4. Dev Cell 2020; 49:556-573.e6. [PMID: 31112698 PMCID: PMC6547167 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling accompanies differentiation, however, its role in self-renewal is less well understood. We report that in Drosophila, the chromatin remodeler Kismet/CHD7/CHD8 limits intestinal stem cell (ISC) number and proliferation without affecting differentiation. Stem-cell-specific whole-genome profiling of Kismet revealed its enrichment at transcriptionally active regions bound by RNA polymerase II and Brahma, its recruitment to the transcription start site of activated genes and developmental enhancers and its depletion from regions bound by Polycomb, Histone H1, and heterochromatin Protein 1. We demonstrate that the Trithorax-related/MLL3/4 chromatin modifier regulates ISC proliferation, colocalizes extensively with Kismet throughout the ISC genome, and co-regulates genes in ISCs, including Cbl, a negative regulator of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Loss of kismet or trr leads to elevated levels of EGFR protein and signaling, thereby promoting ISC self-renewal. We propose that Kismet with Trr establishes a chromatin state that limits EGFR proliferative signaling, preventing tumor-like stem cell overgrowths. Chromatin modifiers Kismet and Trr limit intestinal stem cell proliferation Kismet and Trr colocalize at transcriptionally active regions and co-regulate genes EGFR negative regulator Cbl is a target gene of Kismet and Trr Kismet and Trr limit EGFR signaling in ISCs, preventing tumor-like ISC accumulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gervais
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France.
| | - Marius van den Beek
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Manon Josserand
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Marine Stefanutti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Carolina N Perdigoto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Skorski
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Khallil Mazouni
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris 75015, France; CNRS, URA2578, Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Owen J Marshall
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris 75015, France; CNRS, URA2578, Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Allison J Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France.
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5
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Couturier L, Mazouni K, Corson F, Schweisguth F. Regulation of Notch output dynamics via specific E(spl)-HLH factors during bristle patterning in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3486. [PMID: 31375669 PMCID: PMC6677740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereotyped arrangement of sensory bristles on the adult fly thorax arises from a self-organized process, in which inhibitory Notch signaling both delimits proneural stripes and singles out sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs). A dynamic balance between proneural factors and Enhancer of split-HLH (E(spl)-HLH) Notch targets underlies patterning, but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, were identify two classes of E(spl)-HLH factors, whose expression both precedes and delimits proneural activity, and is dependent on proneural activity and required for proper SOP spacing within the stripes, respectively. These two classes are partially redundant, since a member of the second class, that is normally cross-repressed by members of the first class, can functionally compensate for their absence. The regulation of specific E(spl)-HLH genes by proneural factors amplifies the response to Notch as SOPs are being selected, contributing to patterning dynamics in the notum, and likely operates in other developmental contexts. The patterning of sensory bristles on the dorsal thorax of flies is regulated by two transcription factor families but the dynamics of this regulation is unclear. Here, the authors visualize seven E(spl)-HLH proteins, showing their regulated expression promotes mutual inhibition by Notch during notum patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Francis Corson
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, 75005, Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR3738, 75015, Paris, France.
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6
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Abstract
In a recent Current Biology paper [1], we reported that pheromone communication occurred during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Female pheromones appeared to influence various aspects of the physiology and development of adult males. In particular, we observed that this communication regulated testis development and had a positive impact on reproduction, as measured by a difference in the % of eggs developing into larvae in crosses involving adult male flies that had developed at metamorphosis with or without female pupae [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Pontier
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
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7
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Abstract
Most cells in our body communicate during development and throughout life via Notch receptors and their ligands. Notch receptors relay information from the cell surface to the genome via a very simple mechanism, yet Notch plays multiple roles in development and disease. Recent studies suggest that this versatility in Notch function may not necessarily arise from complex and context-dependent integration of Notch signaling with other developmental signals, but instead arises, in part, from signaling dynamics. Here, we review recent findings on the core Notch signaling mechanism and discuss how spatial-temporal dynamics contribute to Notch signaling output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingos Henrique
- Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento and Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egaz Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
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8
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Andriatsilavo M, Stefanutti M, Siudeja K, Perdigoto CN, Boumard B, Gervais L, Gillet-Markowska A, Al Zouabi L, Schweisguth F, Bardin AJ. Spen limits intestinal stem cell self-renewal. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007773. [PMID: 30452449 PMCID: PMC6277126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation properties is essential for tissue homeostasis. Using the adult Drosophila intestine to study molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell properties, we identify the gene split-ends (spen) in a genetic screen as a novel regulator of intestinal stem cell fate (ISC). Spen family genes encode conserved RNA recognition motif-containing proteins that are reported to have roles in RNA splicing and transcriptional regulation. We demonstrate that spen acts at multiple points in the ISC lineage with an ISC-intrinsic function in controlling early commitment events of the stem cells and functions in terminally differentiated cells to further limit the proliferation of ISCs. Using two-color cell sorting of stem cells and their daughters, we characterize spen-dependent changes in RNA abundance and exon usage and find potential key regulators downstream of spen. Our work identifies spen as an important regulator of adult stem cells in the Drosophila intestine, provides new insight to Spen-family protein functions, and may also shed light on Spen's mode of action in other developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheva Andriatsilavo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Marine Stefanutti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Siudeja
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Carolina N. Perdigoto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Boumard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Louis Gervais
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | - Lara Al Zouabi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Dept of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Allison J. Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
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9
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Couturier L, Mazouni K, Bernard F, Besson C, Reynaud E, Schweisguth F. Regulation of cortical stability by RhoGEF3 in mitotic Sensory Organ Precursor cells in Drosophila. Biol Open 2017; 6:1851-1860. [PMID: 29101098 PMCID: PMC5769646 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelia, mitotic cells round up and push against their neighbors to divide. Mitotic rounding results from increased assembly of F-actin and cortical recruitment of Myosin II, leading to increased cortical stability. Whether this process is developmentally regulated is not well known. Here, we examined the regulation of cortical stability in Sensory Organ Precursor cells (SOPs) in the Drosophila pupal notum. SOPs differed in apical shape and actomyosin dynamics from their epidermal neighbors prior to division, and appeared to have a more rigid cortex at mitosis. We identified RhoGEF3 as an actin regulator expressed at higher levels in SOPs, and showed that RhoGEF3 had in vitro GTPase Exchange Factor (GEF) activity for Cdc42. Additionally, RhoGEF3 genetically interacted with both Cdc42 and Rac1 when overexpressed in the fly eye. Using a null RhoGEF3 mutation generated by CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination, we showed using live imaging that the RhoGEF3 gene, despite being dispensable for normal development, contributed to cortical stability in dividing SOPs. We therefore suggest that cortical stability is developmentally regulated in dividing SOPs of the fly notum. Summary: RhoGEF3 is a developmentally regulated Cdc42 GEF that contributes to cortical stability during asymmetric divisions of Sensory Organ Precursor cells in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fred Bernard
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Besson
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reynaud
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
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10
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Perez-Mockus G, Mazouni K, Roca V, Corradi G, Conte V, Schweisguth F. Spatial regulation of contractility by Neuralized and Bearded during furrow invagination in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1594. [PMID: 29150614 PMCID: PMC5693868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo-scale morphogenesis arises from patterned mechanical forces. During Drosophila gastrulation, actomyosin contractility drives apical constriction in ventral cells, leading to furrow formation and mesoderm invagination. It remains unclear whether and how mechanical properties of the ectoderm influence this process. Here, we show that Neuralized (Neur), an E3 ubiquitin ligase active in the mesoderm, regulates collective apical constriction and furrow formation. Conversely, the Bearded (Brd) proteins antagonize maternal Neur and lower medial-apical contractility in the ectoderm: in Brd-mutant embryos, the ventral furrow invaginates properly but rapidly unfolds as medial MyoII levels increase in the ectoderm. Increasing contractility in the ectoderm via activated Rho similarly triggers furrow unfolding whereas decreasing contractility restores furrow invagination in Brd-mutant embryos. Thus, the inhibition of Neur by Brd in the ectoderm differentiates the mechanics of the ectoderm from that of the mesoderm and patterns the activity of MyoII along the dorsal-ventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantas Perez-Mockus
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015, Paris, France.,Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Roca
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Corradi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Vito Conte
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - François Schweisguth
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015, Paris, France.
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11
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Perez-Mockus G, Roca V, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F. Neuralized regulates Crumbs endocytosis and epithelium morphogenesis via specific Stardust isoforms. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1405-1420. [PMID: 28400441 PMCID: PMC5412571 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized is shown to interact with a subset of the Stardust isoforms to regulate the endocytosis of the apical protein Crumbs and thereby promote epithelial remodeling during Drosophila development. Crumbs (Crb) is a conserved determinant of apical membrane identity that regulates epithelial morphogenesis in many developmental contexts. In this study, we identify the Crb complex protein Stardust (Sdt) as a target of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized (Neur) in Drosophila melanogaster. Neur interacts with and down-regulates specific Sdt isoforms containing a Neur binding motif (NBM). Using a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-induced deletion of the NBM-encoding exon, we found that Sdt is a key Neur target and that Neur acts via Sdt to down-regulate Crb. We further show that Neur promotes the endocytosis of Crb via the NBM-containing isoforms of Sdt. Although the regulation of Crb by Neur is not strictly essential, it contributes to epithelium remodeling in the posterior midgut and thereby facilitates the trans-epithelial migration of the primordial germ cells in early embryos. Thus, our study uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism for the developmental control of Crb-mediated morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantas Perez-Mockus
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France.,Cellule Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Roca
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France .,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
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12
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Corson F, Couturier L, Rouault H, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F. Self-organized Notch dynamics generate stereotyped sensory organ patterns in Drosophila. Science 2017; 356:science.aai7407. [PMID: 28386027 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of spatial patterns in developing multicellular organisms relies on positional cues and cell-cell communication. Drosophila sensory organs have informed a paradigm in which these operate in two distinct steps: Prepattern factors drive localized proneural activity, then Notch-mediated lateral inhibition singles out neural precursors. Here we show that self-organization through Notch signaling also establishes the proneural stripes that resolve into rows of sensory bristles on the fly thorax. Patterning, initiated by a gradient of Delta ligand expression, progresses through inhibitory signaling between and within stripes. Thus, Notch signaling can support self-organized tissue patterning as a prepattern is transduced by cell-cell interactions into a refined arrangement of cellular fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Corson
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Lydie Couturier
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Rouault
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
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Dornier E, Coumailleau F, Ottavi JF, Moretti J, Boucheix C, Mauduit P, Schweisguth F, Rubinstein E. Correction: TspanC8 tetraspanins regulate ADAM10/Kuzbanian trafficking and promote Notch activation in flies and mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 213:495-6. [PMID: 27185832 PMCID: PMC4878088 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.20120113304262016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pontier SM, Schweisguth F. A Wolbachia-Sensitive Communication between Male and Female Pupae Controls Gamete Compatibility in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2339-48. [PMID: 26344089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gamete compatibility is fundamental to sexual reproduction. Wolbachia are maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that manipulate gamete compatibility in many arthropod species. In Drosophila, the fertilization of uninfected eggs by sperm from Wolbachia-infected males often results in early developmental arrest. This gamete incompatibility is called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI is highest in young males, suggesting that Wolbachia affect sperm properties during male development. Here, we show that Wolbachia modulate testis development. Unexpectedly, this effect was associated with Wolbachia infection in females, not males. This raised the possibility that females influenced testis development by communicating with males prior to adulthood. Using a combinatorial rearing protocol, we provide evidence for such a female-to-male communication during metamorphosis. This communication involves the perception of female pheromones by male olfactory receptors. We found that this communication determines the compatibility range of sperm. Wolbachia interfere with this female-to-male communication through changes in female pheromone production. Strikingly, restoring this communication partially suppressed CI in Wolbachia-infected males. We further identified a reciprocal male-to-female communication at metamorphosis that restricts the compatibility range of female gametes. Wolbachia also perturb this communication by feminizing male pheromone production. Thus, Wolbachia broaden the compatibility range of eggs, promoting thereby the reproductive success of Wolbachia-infected females. We conclude that pheromone communication between pupae regulates gamete compatibility and is sensitive to Wolbachia in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M Pontier
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - François Schweisguth
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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Besson C, Bernard F, Corson F, Rouault H, Reynaud E, Keder A, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F. Planar Cell Polarity Breaks the Symmetry of PAR Protein Distribution prior to Mitosis in Drosophila Sensory Organ Precursor Cells. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1104-10. [PMID: 25843034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During development, cell-fate diversity can result from the unequal segregation of fate determinants at mitosis. Polarization of the mother cell is essential for asymmetric cell division (ACD). It often involves the formation of a cortical domain containing the PAR complex proteins Par3, Par6, and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). In the fly notum, sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs) divide asymmetrically within the plane of the epithelium and along the body axis to generate two distinct cells. Fate asymmetry depends on the asymmetric localization of the PAR complex. In the absence of planar cell polarity (PCP), SOPs divide with a random planar orientation but still asymmetrically, showing that PCP is dispensable for PAR asymmetry at mitosis. To study when and how the PAR complex localizes asymmetrically, we have used a quantitative imaging approach to measure the planar polarization of the proteins Bazooka (Baz, fly Par3), Par6, and aPKC in living pupae. By using imaging of functional GFP-tagged proteins with image processing and computational modeling, we find that Baz, Par6, and aPKC become planar polarized prior to mitosis in a manner independent of the AuroraA kinase and that PCP is required for the planar polarization of Baz, Par6, and aPKC during interphase. This indicates that a "mitosis rescue" mechanism establishes asymmetry at mitosis in PCP mutants. This study therefore identifies PCP as the initial symmetry-breaking signal for the planar polarization of PAR proteins in asymmetrically dividing SOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Besson
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; UPMC, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fred Bernard
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Rouault
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reynaud
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alyona Keder
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Schweisguth F. Asymmetric cell division in the Drosophila bristle lineage: from the polarization of sensory organ precursor cells to Notch-mediated binary fate decision. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 2015; 4:299-309. [PMID: 25619594 PMCID: PMC4671255 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a simple and evolutionary conserved process whereby a mother divides to generate two daughter cells with distinct developmental potentials. This process can generate cell fate diversity during development. Fate asymmetry may result from the unequal segregation of molecules and/or organelles between the two daughter cells. Here, I will review how fate asymmetry is regulated in the sensory bristle lineage in Drosophila and focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying ACD of the sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs). WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:299–309. doi: 10.1002/wdev.175 For further resources related to this article, please visit theWIREs website. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Couturier L, Trylinski M, Mazouni K, Darnet L, Schweisguth F. A fluorescent tagging approach in Drosophila reveals late endosomal trafficking of Notch and Sanpodo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:351-63. [PMID: 25365996 PMCID: PMC4226730 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201407071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling and endocytosis are highly integrated processes that regulate cell fate. In the Drosophila melanogaster sensory bristle lineages, Numb inhibits the recycling of Notch and its trafficking partner Sanpodo (Spdo) to regulate cell fate after asymmetric cell division. In this paper, we have used a dual GFP/Cherry tagging approach to study the distribution and endosomal sorting of Notch and Spdo in living pupae. The specific properties of GFP, i.e., quenching at low pH, and Cherry, i.e., slow maturation time, revealed distinct pools of Notch and Spdo: cargoes exhibiting high GFP/low Cherry fluorescence intensities localized mostly at the plasma membrane and early/sorting endosomes, whereas low GFP/high Cherry cargoes accumulated in late acidic endosomes. These properties were used to show that Spdo is sorted toward late endosomes in a Numb-dependent manner. This dual-tagging approach should be generally applicable to study the trafficking dynamics of membrane proteins in living cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mateusz Trylinski
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France Master Biosciences, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Khallil Mazouni
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Léa Darnet
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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Rouault H, Santolini M, Schweisguth F, Hakim V. Imogene: identification of motifs and cis-regulatory modules underlying gene co-regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6128-45. [PMID: 24682824 PMCID: PMC4041412 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) and motifs play a central role in tissue and condition-specific gene expression. Here we present Imogene, an ensemble of statistical tools that we have developed to facilitate their identification and implemented in a publicly available software. Starting from a small training set of mammalian or fly CRMs that drive similar gene expression profiles, Imogene determines de novocis-regulatory motifs that underlie this co-expression. It can then predict on a genome-wide scale other CRMs with a regulatory potential similar to the training set. Imogene bypasses the need of large datasets for statistical analyses by making central use of the information provided by the sequenced genomes of multiple species, based on the developed statistical tools and explicit models for transcription factor binding site evolution. We test Imogene on characterized tissue-specific mouse developmental CRMs. Its ability to identify CRMs with the same specificity based on its de novo created motifs is comparable to that of previously evaluated ‘motif-blind’ methods. We further show, both in flies and in mammals, that Imogene de novo generated motifs are sufficient to discriminate CRMs related to different developmental programs. Notably, purely relying on sequence data, Imogene performs as well in this discrimination task as a previously reported learning algorithm based on Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data for multiple transcription factors at multiple developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rouault
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France CNRS, URA2578, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Santolini
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université P. et M. Curie, Université Paris-Diderot
| | - François Schweisguth
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France CNRS, URA2578, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Hakim
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université P. et M. Curie, Université Paris-Diderot
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Abstract
Notch signaling depends on regulated intracellular trafficking of the receptor and its ligands (Kopan and Ilagan, Cell 137:216-233, 2009; Le Borgne et al., Development 132:1751-1762, 2005). Here we describe two methods to study the intracellular trafficking of Notch and Delta in Drosophila. First, an ex vivo antibody uptake assay is used to monitor endocytosis of Notch and Delta by living cells in dissected explants (Le Borgne and Schweisguth, Dev Cell 5:139-148, 2003). Second, real-time imaging of fluorescent proteins that are expressed at physiological levels is used to study trafficking of Notch in living flies (Venken et al., Science 314:1747-1751, 2006; Couturier et al., Nat Cell Biol 14, 131-139, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Département de Biologie du Développement, Unité de Génétique du Développement de la Drosophile, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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Mathieu J, Cauvin C, Moch C, Radford SJ, Sampaio P, Perdigoto CN, Schweisguth F, Bardin AJ, Sunkel CE, McKim K, Echard A, Huynh JR. Aurora B and cyclin B have opposite effects on the timing of cytokinesis abscission in Drosophila germ cells and in vertebrate somatic cells. Dev Cell 2013; 26:250-65. [PMID: 23948252 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abscission is the last step of cytokinesis that physically separates the cytoplasm of sister cells. As the final stage of cell division, abscission is poorly characterized during animal development. Here, we show that Aurora B and Survivin regulate the number of germ cells in each Drosophila egg chamber by inhibiting abscission during differentiation. This inhibition is mediated by an Aurora B-dependent phosphorylation of Cyclin B, as a phosphomimic form of Cyclin B rescues premature abscission caused by a loss of function of Aurora B. We show that Cyclin B localizes at the cytokinesis bridge, where it promotes abscission. We propose that mutual inhibitions between Aurora B and Cyclin B regulate the duration of abscission and thereby the number of sister cells in each cyst. Finally, we show that inhibitions of Aurora B and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity in vertebrate cells also have opposite effects on the timing of abscission, suggesting a possible conservation of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Mathieu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France
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Couturier L, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F. Numb localizes at endosomes and controls the endosomal sorting of notch after asymmetric division in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2013; 23:588-93. [PMID: 23523245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numb acts as a cell-fate determinant during asymmetric and stem cell divisions in both vertebrates and invertebrates [1, 2]. In Drosophila, Numb is unequally segregated in asymmetrically dividing sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs). Numb is inherited by the pIIb cell (Notch OFF) and is absent from the pIIa cell (Notch ON) [3, 4]. Numb is required to establish directional Notch signaling during cytokinesis [3, 5-7]. Using real-time imaging of a functional GFP-tagged Numb, we show that Numb relocalizes during cytokinesis from the basal cortex of pIIb to subapical endosomes. This relocalization appeared to depend on its interaction with the α-adaptin [8, 9]. Live imaging of Sanpodo (Spdo), a membrane protein interacting with Numb and regulating the trafficking of Notch [6, 7, 10-15], revealed that Spdo is internalized during cytokinesis and coaccumulates with Numb in pIIb endosomes. Using a GFP-tagged Notch [6], we found that Notch coaccumulates with Spdo in a Numb-dependent manner in these pIIb endosomes. Numb was, however, dispensable for the internalization of Notch and Spdo. We propose that Numb interacts with internalized Spdo-Notch oligomers at sorting endosomes and inhibits the recycling of Notch, thereby creating an asymmetry in Notch distribution along the pIIa-pIIb interface and regulating binary fate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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24
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Gupta D, Beaufils S, Vie V, Paboeuf G, Broadhurst B, Schweisguth F, L. Blundell T, M. Bolanos-Garcia V. Crystal structure, biochemical and biophysical characterisation of NHR1 domain of E3 Ubiquitin ligase neutralized. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aer.2013.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dornier E, Coumailleau F, Ottavi JF, Moretti J, Boucheix C, Mauduit P, Schweisguth F, Rubinstein E. TspanC8 tetraspanins regulate ADAM10/Kuzbanian trafficking and promote Notch activation in flies and mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 199:481-96. [PMID: 23091066 PMCID: PMC3483123 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201201133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TspanC8 tetraspanins have a conserved function in the regulation of ADAM10 trafficking and activity, thereby positively regulating Notch activation. The metalloprotease ADAM10/Kuzbanian catalyzes the ligand-dependent ectodomain shedding of Notch receptors and activates Notch. Here, we show that the human tetraspanins of the evolutionary conserved TspanC8 subfamily (Tspan5, Tspan10, Tspan14, Tspan15, Tspan17, and Tspan33) directly interact with ADAM10, regulate its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, and that four of them regulate ADAM10 surface expression levels. In an independent RNAi screen in Drosophila, two TspanC8 genes were identified as Notch regulators. Functional analysis of the three Drosophila TspanC8 genes (Tsp3A, Tsp86D, and Tsp26D) indicated that these genes act redundantly to promote Notch signaling. During oogenesis, TspanC8 genes were up-regulated in border cells and regulated Kuzbanian distribution, Notch activity, and cell migration. Furthermore, the human TspanC8 tetraspanins Tspan5 and Tspan14 positively regulated ligand-induced ADAM10-dependent Notch1 signaling. We conclude that TspanC8 tetraspanins have a conserved function in the regulation of ADAM10 trafficking and activity, thereby positively regulating Notch receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dornier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1004, F-94807 Villejuif, France
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Schweisguth F. Des nouvelles de l'équateur... de l'*il de mouche. Med Sci (Paris) 2012. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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28
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Couturier L, Vodovar N, Schweisguth F. Endocytosis by Numb breaks Notch symmetry at cytokinesis. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:131-9. [PMID: 22267085 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-fate diversity can be generated by the unequal segregation of the Notch regulator Numb at mitosis in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Whereas the mechanisms underlying unequal inheritance of Numb are understood, how Numb antagonizes Notch has remained unsolved. Live imaging of Notch in sensory organ precursor cells revealed that nuclear Notch is detected at cytokinesis in the daughter cell that does not inherit Numb. Numb and Sanpodo act together to regulate Notch trafficking and establish directional Notch signalling at cytokinesis. We propose that unequal segregation of Numb results in increased endocytosis in one daughter cell, hence asymmetry of Notch at the cytokinetic furrow, directional signalling and binary fate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Institut Pasteur, Developmental Biology Department, F-75015 Paris, France
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29
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Pontier SM, Schweisguth F. Glycosphingolipids in signaling and development: From liposomes to model organisms. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:92-106. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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30
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Abstract
Notch receptors in a given cell are activated by cell surface ligands in neighbouring cells but can also be inhibited by the ligands present within the same cell. This process is known as cis-inhibition of Notch. Additionally, reciprocal cis-inhibition of the ligands by Notch has also been observed, albeit to a limited extent. Here, we review the mechanisms, functional relevance and potential implications of these cis-inhibitory interactions for Notch-mediated fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David del Álamo
- Institut Pasteur, Dépt. Biologie du Développement, F-75015 Paris, France
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31
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Abstract
In this article, it is shown that a pool of Delta localizes at the basolateral membrane of sensory organ precursor cells of Drosophila and of polarized MDCK cells and that Delta is endocytosed in a Neuralized-dependent manner from this basolateral membrane to allow for relocalization to the apical domain where it can bind and activate Notch. Notch receptors mediate short-range signaling controlling many developmental decisions in metazoans. Activation of Notch requires the ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis of its ligand Delta. How ligand endocytosis in signal-sending cells regulates receptor activation in juxtaposed signal-receiving cells remains largely unknown. We show here that a pool of Delta localizes at the basolateral membrane of signal-sending sensory organ precursor cells in the dorsal thorax neuroepithelium of Drosophila and that Delta is endocytosed in a Neuralized-dependent manner from this basolateral membrane. This basolateral pool of Delta is segregated from Notch that accumulates apically. Using a compartimentalized antibody uptake assay, we show that murine Delta-like 1 is similarly internalized by mNeuralized2 from the basolateral membrane of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and that internalized ligands are transcytosed to the apical plasma membrane where mNotch1 accumulates. Thus, endocytosis of Delta by Neuralized relocalizes Delta from the basolateral to the apical membrane domain. We speculate that this Neuralized-dependent transcytosis regulates the signaling activity of Delta by relocalizing Delta from a membrane domain where it cannot interact with Notch to another membrane domain where it can bind and activate Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najate Benhra
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
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32
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Abstract
Endocytosis of the transmembrane ligands Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser) is required for the proper activation of Notch receptors. The E3 ubiquitin ligases Mindbomb1 (Mib1) and Neuralized (Neur) regulate the ubiquitination of Dl and Ser and thereby promote both ligand endocytosis and Notch receptor activation. In this study, we identify the alpha1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (alpha4GT1) gene as a gain of function suppressor of Mib1 inhibition. Expression of alpha4GT1 suppressed the signaling and endocytosis defects of Dl and Ser resulting from the inhibition of mib1 and/or neur activity. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicate that alpha4GT1 plays a regulatory but nonessential function in Notch signaling via the synthesis of a specific glycosphingolipid (GSL), N5, produced by alpha4GT1. Furthermore, we show that the extracellular domain of Ser interacts with GSLs in vitro via a conserved GSL-binding motif, raising the possibility that direct GSL-protein interactions modulate the endocytosis of Notch ligands. Together, our data indicate that specific GSLs modulate the signaling activity of Notch ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hamel
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA2578, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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Bardin AJ, Perdigoto CN, Southall TD, Brand AH, Schweisguth F. Transcriptional control of stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila intestine. Development 2010; 137:705-14. [PMID: 20147375 DOI: 10.1242/dev.039404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by controlling the proper balance of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. The adult midgut of Drosophila contains multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that self-renew and produce differentiated progeny. Control of ISC identity and maintenance is poorly understood. Here we find that transcriptional repression of Notch target genes by a Hairless-Suppressor of Hairless complex is required for ISC maintenance, and identify genes of the Enhancer of split complex [E(spl)-C] as the major targets of this repression. In addition, we find that the bHLH transcription factor Daughterless is essential to maintain ISC identity and that bHLH binding sites promote ISC-specific enhancer activity. We propose that Daughterless-dependent bHLH activity is important for the ISC fate and that E(spl)-C factors inhibit this activity to promote differentiation.
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Bardin AJ, Perdigoto CN, Southall TD, Brand AH, Schweisguth F. Transcriptional control of stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila intestine. J Cell Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.069401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Abstract
Lateral inhibition, by which single cells become distinct from their neighbours, can be mediated by Notch signalling during animal development. Signalling directionality is presumably achieved by downregulation of the Notch ligand in signal-receiving cells. New evidence suggests that cis-inhibition of the receptor in the ligand-sending cell might also provide directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David del Alamo
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA2578, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
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36
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Schweisguth F. When you are Dishevelled, fat is good and acid is bad! Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:237-9. [PMID: 19255568 DOI: 10.1038/ncb0309-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Frizzled receptors regulate cell fate decisions and planar cell polarity by means of distinct intracellular effectors. The choice between these two signalling outputs may involve a pH-dependent interaction between Dishevelled and negatively charged lipids at the plasma membrane.
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Gomes JE, Corado M, Schweisguth F. Van Gogh and Frizzled act redundantly in the Drosophila sensory organ precursor cell to orient its asymmetric division. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4485. [PMID: 19214234 PMCID: PMC2637423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs) divide asymmetrically along the anterior-posterior (a-p) body axis to generate two different daughter cells. Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) regulates the a-p orientation of the SOP division. The localization of the PCP proteins Van Gogh (Vang) and Frizzled (Fz) define anterior and posterior apical membrane domains prior to SOP division. Here, we investigate the relative contributions of Vang, Fz and Dishevelled (Dsh), a membrane-associated protein acting downstream of Fz, in orienting SOP polarity. Genetic and live imaging analyses suggest that Dsh restricts the localization of a centrosome-attracting activity to the anterior cortex and that Vang is a target of Dsh in this process. Using a clone border assay, we provide evidence that the Vang and fz genes act redundantly in SOPs to orient its polarity axis in response to extrinsic local PCP cues. Additionally, we find that the activity of Vang is dispensable for the non-autonomous polarizing activity of fz. These observations indicate that both Vang and Fz act as cues for downstream effectors orienting the planar polarity axis of dividing SOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Corado
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8542, Paris, France
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38
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Smith CA, Lau KM, Rahmani Z, Dho SE, Brothers G, She YM, Berry DM, Bonneil E, Thibault P, Schweisguth F, Le Borgne R, McGlade CJ. aPKC-mediated phosphorylation regulates asymmetric membrane localization of the cell fate determinant Numb. EMBO J 2007; 26:468-80. [PMID: 17203073 PMCID: PMC1783459 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the partition defective (Par) complex containing Par3, Par6 and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) directs the polarized distribution and unequal segregation of the cell fate determinant Numb during asymmetric cell divisions. Unequal segregation of mammalian Numb has also been observed, but the factors involved are unknown. Here, we identify in vivo phosphorylation sites of mammalian Numb and show that both mammalian and Drosophila Numb interact with, and are substrates for aPKC in vitro. A form of mammalian Numb lacking two protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation sites (Numb2A) accumulates at the cell membrane and is refractory to PKC activation. In epithelial cells, mammalian Numb localizes to the basolateral membrane and is excluded from the apical domain, which accumulates aPKC. In contrast, Numb2A is distributed uniformly around the cell cortex. Mutational analysis of conserved aPKC phosphorylation sites in Drosophila Numb suggests that phosphorylation contributes to asymmetric localization of Numb, opposite to aPKC in dividing sensory organ precursor cells. These results suggest a model in which phosphorylation of Numb by aPKC regulates its polarized distribution in epithelial cells as well as during asymmetric cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Smith
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly M Lau
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zohra Rahmani
- Ecole Normale Supérieure. CNRS UMR 8542, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Sascha E Dho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Brothers
- Advanced Protein Technology Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ye Min She
- Advanced Protein Technology Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna M Berry
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Bonneil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - C Jane McGlade
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8. Tel.: +416 813 8657; Fax: +416 813 8456; E-mail:
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39
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Bardin AJ, Schweisguth F. Bearded family members inhibit Neuralized-mediated endocytosis and signaling activity of Delta in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2006; 10:245-55. [PMID: 16459303 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis of Notch receptor ligands in signaling cells is essential for Notch receptor activation. In Drosophila, the E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized (Neur) promotes the endocytosis and signaling activity of the ligand Delta (Dl). In this study, we identify proteins of the Bearded (Brd) family as interactors of Neur. We show that Tom, a prototypic Brd family member, inhibits Neur-dependent Notch signaling. Overexpression of Tom inhibits the endocytosis of Dl and interferes with the interaction of Dl with Neur. Deletion of the Brd gene complex results in ectopic endocytosis of Dl in dorsal cells of stage 5 embryos. This defect in Dl trafficking is associated with ectopic expression of the single-minded gene, a direct Notch target gene that specifies the mesectoderm. We propose that inhibition of Neur by Brd proteins is important for precise spatial regulation of Dl signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Bardin
- CNRS UMR 8542, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex, France
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40
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David NB, Martin CA, Segalen M, Rosenfeld F, Schweisguth F, Bellaïche Y. Drosophila Ric-8 regulates Galphai cortical localization to promote Galphai-dependent planar orientation of the mitotic spindle during asymmetric cell division. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 7:1083-90. [PMID: 16228010 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Localization and activation of heterotrimeric G proteins have a crucial role during asymmetric cell division. The asymmetric division of the Drosophila sensory precursor cell (pl) is polarized along the antero-posterior axis by Frizzled signalling and, during this division, activation of Galphai depends on Partner of Inscuteable (Pins). We establish here that Ric-8, which belongs to a family of guanine nucleotide-exchange factors for Galphai, regulates cortical localization of the subunits Galphai and Gbeta13F. Ric-8, Galphai and Pins are not necessary for the control of the anteroposterior orientation of the mitotic spindle during pl cell division downstream of Frizzled signalling, but they are required for maintainance of the spindle within the plane of the epithelium. On the contrary, Frizzled signalling orients the spindle along the antero-posterior axis but also tilts it along the apico-basal axis. Thus, Frizzled and heterotrimeric G-protein signalling act in opposition to ensure that the spindle aligns both in the plane of the epithelium and along the tissue polarity axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas B David
- Institute Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75248, France.
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41
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Abstract
In this issue of Cell, identify a first regulatory link between planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and apical-basal polarity. The authors propose that a component of the apical Crumbs complex regulates the phosphorylation of the Frizzled (Fz) PCP receptor, thus modulating PCP in the Drosophila eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Schweisguth
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8542, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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42
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Langevin J, Le Borgne R, Rosenfeld F, Gho M, Schweisguth F, Bellaïche Y. Lethal Giant Larvae Controls the Localization of Notch-Signaling Regulators Numb, Neuralized, and Sanpodo in Drosophila Sensory-Organ Precursor Cells. Curr Biol 2005; 15:955-62. [PMID: 15916953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric distribution of fate determinants is a fundamental mechanism underlying the acquisition of distinct cell fates during asymmetric division. In Drosophila neuroblasts, the apical DmPar6/DaPKC complex inhibits Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) to promote the basal localization of fate determinants. In contrast, in the sensory precursor (pI) cells that divide asymmetrically with a planar polarity, Lgl inhibits Notch signaling in the anterior pI daughter cell, pIIb, by a yet-unknown mechanism. We show here that Lgl promotes the cortical recruitment of Partner of Numb (Pon) and regulates the asymmetric distribution of the fate determinants Numb and Neuralized during the pI cell division. Analysis of Pon-GFP and Histone2B-mRFP distribution in two-color movies confirmed that Lgl regulates Pon localization. Moreover, posterior DaPKC restricts Lgl function to the anterior cortex at mitosis. Thus, Lgl functions similarly in neuroblasts and in pI cells. We also show that Lgl promotes the acquisition of the pIIb cell fate by inhibiting the plasma membrane localization of Sanpodo and thereby preventing the activation of Notch signaling in the anterior pI daughter cell. Thus, Lgl regulates cell fate by controlling Pon cortical localization, asymmetric localization of Numb and Neuralized, and plasma-membrane localization of Sandopo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Langevin
- Institut Curie, Unité mixte de recherche 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
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43
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Abstract
Cell-cell signaling is a central process in the formation of multicellular organisms. Notch (N) is the receptor of a conserved signaling pathway that regulates numerous developmental decisions, and the misregulation of N has been linked to various physiological and developmental disorders. The endocytosis of N and its ligands is a key mechanism by which N-mediated cell-cell signaling is developmentally regulated. We review here the recent findings that have highlighted the importance and complexity of this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Le Borgne
- CNRS UMR 8542, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46, rue d'Ulm 75230 Paris cedex, France
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44
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Le Borgne R, Remaud S, Hamel S, Schweisguth F. Two distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases have complementary functions in the regulation of delta and serrate signaling in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e96. [PMID: 15760269 PMCID: PMC1064853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the Notch ligands Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser) regulates a wide variety of essential cell-fate decisions during animal development. Two distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) and Mind bomb (Mib), have been shown to regulate Dl signaling in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio, respectively. While the neur and mib genes are evolutionarily conserved, their respective roles in the context of a single organism have not yet been examined. We show here that the Drosophila mind bomb (D-mib) gene regulates a subset of Notch signaling events, including wing margin specification, leg segmentation, and vein determination, that are distinct from those events requiring neur activity. D-mib also modulates lateral inhibition, a neur- and Dl-dependent signaling event, suggesting that D-mib regulates Dl signaling. During wing development, expression of D-mib in dorsal cells appears to be necessary and sufficient for wing margin specification, indicating that D-mib also regulates Ser signaling. Moreover, the activity of the D-mib gene is required for the endocytosis of Ser in wing imaginal disc cells. Finally, ectopic expression of neur in D-mib mutant larvae rescues the wing D-mib phenotype, indicating that Neur can compensate for the lack of D-mib activity. We conclude that D-mib and Neur are two structurally distinct proteins that have similar molecular activities but distinct developmental functions in Drosophila. The Notch pathway is an important mechanism for communication between cells. In this paper, the roles of two related proteins in the Notch pathway are unravelled
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Hamel
- 1Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8542ParisFrance
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45
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Orgogozo V, Schweisguth F. Evolution of the larval peripheral nervous system in Drosophila species has involved a change in sensory cell lineage. Dev Genes Evol 2004; 214:442-52. [PMID: 15293048 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-004-0422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in evolutionary biology is to identify developmental events responsible for morphological changes. To determine the cellular basis that underlies changes in the larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) of flies, we first described the PNS pattern of the abdominal segments A1-A7 in late embryos of several fly species using antibody staining. In contrast to the many variations reported previously for the adult PNS pattern, we found that the larval PNS pattern has remained very stable during evolution. Indeed, our observation that most of the analysed Drosophilinae species exhibit exactly the same pattern as Drosophila melanogaster reveals that the pattern observed in D. melanogaster embryos has remained constant for at least 40 million years. Furthermore, we observed that the PNS pattern in more distantly related flies (Calliphoridae and Phoridae) is only slightly different from the one in D. melanogaster. A single difference relative to D. melanogaster was identified in the PNS pattern of the Drosophilinae fly D. busckii, the absence of a specific external sensory organ. Our analysis of sensory organ development in D. busckii suggests that this specific loss resulted from a transformation in cell lineage, from a multidendritic-neuron-external-sensory-organ lineage to a multidendritic-neuron-solo lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Orgogozo
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8542, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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46
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Schweisguth F. Formation and remodeling of epithelial polarity. Dev Cell 2004; 6:749-55. [PMID: 15177024 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental property of all eukaryotic cells that underlies many developmental processes. A recent EMBO workshop (March 27-31) organized by Thomas Lecuit, Norbert Perrimon, and Keith Mostov brought cell and developmental biologists together on the Mediterranean coast near Marseille, France, to share views on how epithelium polarity is established and remodeled during development and disease. Participants witnessed and celebrated the emerging convergence of intellectual and experimental approaches to address how individual cells acquire polarity and form polarized tissues in the context of developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Schweisguth
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8542, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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47
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Orgogozo V, Schweisguth F, Bellaïche Y. Slit-Robo signalling prevents sensory cells from crossing the midline in Drosophila. Mech Dev 2004; 121:427-36. [PMID: 15147761 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of bilateral symmetry throughout animal development requires that both left and right halves of the body follow nearly identical patterns of cell proliferation, differentiation, death and migration. During formation of the perfectly bilateral Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS), the sensory precursor cells of the ventral multidendritic neuron vmd1a originating from each hemisegment migrate away from the ventral midline. Our observations indicate that in slit mutant embryos, as well as in robo, robo2 double mutants, sensory precursor cells of the left and right vmd1a neurons aberrantly cluster at the midline and then the pair of vmd1a neurons migrate to their final position on the same side of the embryo. This results in disruption of PNS bilateral symmetry. Expression of slit at the midline rescues the slit mutant vmd1a phenotype, suggesting that midline-secreted Slit activates Robo/Robo2 signalling to control the migration of the vmd1a sensory precursor cells. Our study indicates that midline-secreted Slit prevents vmd1a sensory cells from crossing the midline and thereby maintains PNS bilateral symmetry during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Orgogozo
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8542, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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48
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Abstract
One mechanism to generate daughter cells with distinct fates is the asymmetric inheritance of regulatory proteins, leading to differential gene regulation in the daughter cells. This mode of cell division is termed 'asymmetric cell division.' The nervous system of the fly employs asymmetric cell division, both in the central nervous system, to generate neural precursors, neurons and glial cells; and in the peripheral nervous system, to create sensory organs that are composed of multiple cell types. These cell lineages are excellent models to examine the gene expression program that leads to fate acquisition, the cell-fate determinants that control these programs and how these determinants, in turn, are distributed through cell polarity machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Bardin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8542, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
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49
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Abstract
Several epitheliums exhibit a clear polarity that lies within the plane of the epithelium. This polarity, referred to as planar polarity or tissue polarity, is oriented perpendicular to the apical-basal polarity of the epithelium. Over the last two decades, the genetic and molecular bases of planar polarity have been intensively investigated in Drosophila. Recent studies have shown that establishment of planar polarity relies on the unipolar distribution of a small number of signaling molecules localizing at the apical cortex. Unipolar localization of planar polarity proteins defines two opposite and complementary cortical domains. These domains show a stereotyped orientation at the tissue level. Positioning of these cortical domains is coordinated at the tissue level by a second class of signaling molecules that form an activity gradient across the epithelium. Together these data have led to a general model of planar polarity establishment. Considering that planar polarity genes have been conserved from flies to vertebrates, this model may be useful for our understanding of epithelium biology in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Schweisguth
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Cnrs UMR 8542, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex France.
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50
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Bellaïche Y, Beaudoin-Massiani O, Stuttem I, Schweisguth F. The planar cell polarity protein Strabismus promotes Pins anterior localization during asymmetric division of sensory organ precursor cells in Drosophila. Development 2004; 131:469-78. [PMID: 14701683 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate diversity is generated in part by the unequal segregation of cell-fate determinants during asymmetric cell division. In the Drosophila bristle lineage, the sensory organ precursor (pI) cell is polarized along the anteroposterior (AP) axis by Frizzled (Fz) receptor signaling. We show here that Fz localizes at the posterior apical cortex of the pI cell prior to mitosis, whereas Strabismus (Stbm) and Prickle (Pk), which are also required for AP polarization of the pI cell, co-localize at the anterior apical cortex. Thus, asymmetric localization of Fz, Stbm and Pk define two opposite cortical domains prior to mitosis of the pI cell. At mitosis, Stbm forms an anterior crescent that overlaps with the distribution of Partner of Inscuteable (Pins) and Discs-large (Dlg), two components of the anterior Dlg-Pins-Galphai complex that regulates the localization of cell-fate determinants. At prophase, Stbm promotes the anterior localization of Pins. By contrast, Dishevelled (Dsh) acts antagonistically to Stbm by excluding Pins from the posterior cortex. We propose that the Stbm-dependent recruitment of Pins at the anterior cortex of the pI cell is a novel read-out of planar cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanns Bellaïche
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8542, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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