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Chance RJ, Tinel L, Sherwen T, Baker AR, Bell T, Brindle J, Campos MLAM, Croot P, Ducklow H, Peng H, Hopkins F, Hoogakker B, Hughes C, Jickells TD, Loades D, Macaya DAR, Mahajan AS, Malin G, Phillips D, Roberts I, Roy R, Sarkar A, Sinha AK, Song X, Winkelbauer H, Wuttig K, Yang M, Peng Z, Carpenter LJ. Global sea-surface iodide observations, 1967-2018. Sci Data 2019; 6:286. [PMID: 31772255 PMCID: PMC6879483 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine iodine cycle has significant impacts on air quality and atmospheric chemistry. Specifically, the reaction of iodide with ozone in the top few micrometres of the surface ocean is an important sink for tropospheric ozone (a pollutant gas) and the dominant source of reactive iodine to the atmosphere. Sea surface iodide parameterisations are now being implemented in air quality models, but these are currently a major source of uncertainty. Relatively little observational data is available to estimate the global surface iodide concentrations, and this data has not hitherto been openly available in a collated, digital form. Here we present all available sea surface (<20 m depth) iodide observations. The dataset includes values digitised from published manuscripts, published and unpublished data supplied directly by the originators, and data obtained from repositories. It contains 1342 data points, and spans latitudes from 70°S to 68°N, representing all major basins. The data may be used to model sea surface iodide concentrations or as a reference for future observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie J Chance
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Liselotte Tinel
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alex R Baker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Thomas Bell
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK
| | - John Brindle
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Maria Lucia A M Campos
- Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Peter Croot
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hugh Ducklow
- Earth & Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, PO Box 1000, Palisades, New York, 10964-8000, USA
| | - He Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- School of Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | | | - Babette Hoogakker
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Hughes
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Timothy D Jickells
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David Loades
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India
| | - Gill Malin
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Ieuan Roberts
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rajdeep Roy
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amit Sarkar
- National Centre Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
- Ecosystem based management of marine resources, (EBMMR), Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - Alok Kumar Sinha
- National Centre Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Xiuxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Helge Winkelbauer
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathrin Wuttig
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24015, Kiel, Germany
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 80, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Mingxi Yang
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK
| | - Zhou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
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Krepel J, Patel J, Sproston A, Hopkins F, Jang D, Mahony J, Chernesky M. The impact on accuracy and cost of ligase chain reaction testing by pooling urine specimens for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:504-7. [PMID: 10534203 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199910000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nucleic acid amplification testing is the most accurate approach to diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Our objective was to compare the accuracy and cost savings of pooling urines as opposed to individual testing. STUDY DESIGN Strategies of pooling urine specimens into groups of four (4x pool) or eight (8x pool) followed by testing the positive pools individually were compared to individual specimen testing to determine if significant cost savingS could be realized without compromising the sensitivity and specificity of the LCx C. trachomatis Assay (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Chicago, IL) performed in a busy private medical laboratory. RESULTS A total of 1,220 patient urine samples, 1,187 male (97%) and 33 female (3%), were tested using the normal LCx specimen to cutoff ratio (S/CO) of 1.0 and a decreased S/CO value of 0.2. Individual testing identified 98.2% (109/111) of positive urines. The 4x pooling maneuver identified 92.8% (103/111) of positive patients with the regular cutoff and 96.4% (107/111) when the cutoff was decreased. These values were 95.9% (47/49) and 97.9% (48/49), respectively, when eight urines were pooled. Both pooling and individual testing strategies identified all the negative samples accurately. Cost savings of pooling were calculated to be 44.5% for pools of four and 37.5% for pools of eight, applying the lowered cutoff. CONCLUSIONS Pooling urine specimens for testing with the C. trachomatis LCx system is a simple, accurate, and cost-saving approach that can significantly reduce the cost of amplified nucleic acid testing with minimal sacrifice of testing accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krepel
- Scilab Microbiology Services, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada
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Stevens SL, Tyler JD, Freeman MB, Hopkins F, Lewis T, Bray J, Edwards AL, Brockbank K, Goldman MH. Factors affecting patency of venous allografts in miniature swine. J Vasc Surg 1990; 12:361-6. [PMID: 2398594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In immunologically defined National Institutes of Health miniswine, a segment of internal jugular vein was anastomosed to the carotid artery as an interposition graft. Patency of swine major histocompatibility complex matched, one haplotype mismatched, and complete mismatched veins was 9.8, 6.3, and 3.0 weeks respectively (p = 0.009). More than 90% of mismatched and 20% of matched allografts developed a positive crossmatch before occlusion (p = 0.006). The mixed lymphocyte response did not predict graft occlusion. Treatment of 10 swine with cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day) did not significantly improve patency for one haplotype mismatched grafts. In haplotype mismatched veins, cryopreserved grafts occluded more rapidly than noncryopreserved grafts: mean 2.4 versus 6.3 weeks, respectively (p = 0.002). In all cryopreserved vein grafts, alloantibody appeared at or after graft occlusion rather than before occlusion as seen with fresh allografts (p = 0.046). The mean patency of cryopreserved versus fresh autografts was 3.3 and greater than 32 weeks, respectively (p = 0.004). In summary, these results indicate that (1) allograft patency is related to the degree of swine major histocompatibility complex match and development of cytotoxic alloantibodies; (2) moderate-dose cyclosporine does not prolong allograft patency nor suppress development of antibody; (3) cryopreservation may accelerate graft occlusion through nonimmunologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Stevens
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville 37920
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