Severity of illness by pregnancy status among laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections occurring in reproductive-aged women in Colombia

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies have described increased risk of severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women. The risk in middle-income countries where the distributions of age groups and preexisting conditions may differ is less known.

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at increased risk for severe COVID-19 compared to nonpregnant women in Colombia.

METHODS

We analysed national surveillance data from Colombia, of women aged 15-44 years with laboratory-confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 by molecular or antigen testing, from 6 March 2020 to 12 December 2020. An enhanced follow-up of pregnant women with COVID-19 was established to monitor pregnancy and birth outcomes.

RESULTS

Of 371,363 women aged 15-44 years with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 1.5% (n = 5614) were reported as pregnant; among those, 2610 (46.5%) were considered a complete pregnancy for reporting purposes at the time of analysis. Hospitalisation (23.9%) and death (1.3%) occurred more frequently among pregnant symptomatic women compared to nonpregnant symptomatic women (2.9% and 0.3%, respectively). Compared to nonpregnant symptomatic women, pregnant symptomatic women were at increased risk of hospitalisation (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 2.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07, 2.32) and death (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.60, 2.07), after adjusting for age, type of health insurance and presence of certain underlying medical conditions. Among complete pregnancies, 55 (2.1%) were pregnancy losses, 72 (2.8%) resulted in term low birthweight infants and 375 (14.4%) were preterm deliveries.

CONCLUSIONS

Although pregnant women were infrequently reported with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnant symptomatic women with COVID-19 were at increased risk for hospitalisation and death compared to nonpregnant symptomatic women. Almost all infections we reported on were third-trimester infections; ongoing follow-up is needed to determine pregnancy outcomes among women infected earlier in pregnancy. Healthcare providers should counsel pregnant women about preventive measures to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection and when to seek care.

Long-term outcomes of Guillain-Barré syndrome possibly associated with Zika virus infection

Background

This prospective cohort investigation analyzed the long-term functional and neurologic outcomes of patients with Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in Barranquilla, Colombia.

Methods

Thirty-four Zika virus-associated GBS cases were assessed a median of 17 months following acute GBS illness. We assessed demographics, results of Overall Disability Sum Scores (ODSS), Hughes Disability Score (HDS), Zung Depression Scale (ZDS), and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) questionnaires; and compared outcomes indices with a normative sample of neighborhood-selected control subjects in Barranquilla without GBS.

Results

Median age at time of acute neurologic onset was 49 years (range, 10–80); 17 (50%) were male. No deaths occurred. At long-term follow-up, 25 (73%) patients had a HDS 0–1, indicating complete / near complete recovery. Among the group, HDS (mean 1.4, range 0–4), ODSS (mean 1.9, range 0–9) and ZDS score (mean 34.4, range 20–56) indicated mild / moderate ongoing disability. Adjusting for age and sex, Zika virus-associated GBS cases were similar to a population comparison group (n = 368) in Barranquilla without GBS in terms of prevalence of physical or mental health complaints, though GBS patients were more likely to have an ODSS of ≥ 1 (OR 8.8, 95% CI 3.2–24.5) and to suffer from moderate / moderate-severe depression (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.23–11.17) than the comparison group.

Conclusions

Long-term outcomes of Zika virus-associated GBS are consistent with those associated with other antecedent antigenic stimuli in terms of mortality and ongoing long-term morbidity, as published in the literature. Persons with Zika virus-associated GBS more frequently reported disability and depression after approximately one year compared with those without GBS.

National immunization day evaluation in Colombia, 2001: an ecological approach

OBJECTIVES

To determine OPV coverage impact of the 2001 national immunization day in different geographic regions and its association with the Unsatisified Basic Needs Index (NBI), forced displacement and armed conflict.

METHODS

This is an analytical ecological study of multiple groups using multilevel observation units such as region, department, province and municipality. A bivariate analysis with difference between proportions between paired samples (McNemar test), estimation of OR, lineal regression and relative risk determination (Morgenstern) was carried out. In addition, protected and susceptible populations in each observation unit were compared.

RESULTS

The OPV3 coverage increase between October and December, 2001, was 15 to 19% (p<0.05) and the final coverage was 78-84%. The provincial analysis demonstrated a 25.8% of total population with OPV3 coverage greater than 95%. An increase of 4 to 7 departments and 281 to 328 cities with at least 95% coverage (p<0.05) was observed. The risk of having incomplete immunization schedules decreased in armed conflict zones, remained stable in areas with high NBI and increased in areas with a high proportion of displaced families. The booster goal of the OPV had reached a median of 61%.

CONCLUSIONS

The national immunization day diminished immunization access barriers for children under 5 years. The analysis of different geographic units controls the effect of the unknown population denominators. The ecological studies improved routine data analysis.

Bifocal reflector for electrohydraulic lithotripters

OBJECTIVE

To describe the design and construction of a bifocal reflector that could be used in electrohydraulic extracorporeal shockwave lithotripters in order to increase their efficiency.

METHODS

The new reflector is obtained by joining two sectors of two rotationally symmetric ellipsoidal reflectors having different distances between their foci, which results in a bifocal composite reflector with the F1 foci in coincidence and the two F2 foci separated by a certain distance. As in conventional reflectors, shockwaves are generated by the electrical breakdown of water between two electrodes, located at the focus (F1) closest to the reflector. A prototype was constructed and tested in an experimental shockwave generator of our own make, using two different types of kidney-stone models, one to test the stone fragmentation abilities, and the other to test the stone pitting abilities. Fragmentation data for the new reflector were compared with those of a conventional ellipsoidal reflector tested on the same device.

RESULTS

The new design appeared to be more efficient in breaking up both types of kidney-stone models than the conventional reflector. Pressure measurements were obtained with both reflectors using needle hydrophones. The physical background of shockwave reflection on both reflectors is also explained.

CONCLUSION

With this new reflector, it could be possible, in principle, to reduce the treatment time of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.

The influence of electrode shape on the performance of electrohydraulic lithotripters

This study was performed to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the two shapes of electrodes (flat and conical) commonly used in electrohydraulic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripters. Hundreds of measurements made on profiles obtained from a piezoelectric pressure gauge in an underwater shock wave research device showed that conical electrodes are more convenient than flat electrodes, since they produce shock waves with larger compressional amplitudes, less misfires and a better reproducibility, having similar widths and rise times. In an attempt to improve the effectiveness and duration of the electrode tips, a new shape was designed that proved to be more reliable and suitable for lithotripsy than the conventional flat or conical electrodes. Experiments with calculi models placed in the focal region of the shock wave generator seem to confirm the results obtained from pressure measurements.