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Combined Determination of Poly-beta-Hydroxyalkanoic and Cellular Fatty Acids in Starved Marine Bacteria and Sewage Sludge by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization or Mass Spectrometry Detection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 52:905-10. [PMID: 16347181 PMCID: PMC239136 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.4.905-910.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of lipids from bacterial cells or sewage sludge samples followed by simple and rapid extraction procedures and room temperature esterification with pentafluorobenzylbromide allowed combined determinations of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate constituents and fatty acids. Capillary gas chromatography and flame ionization or mass spectrometric detection was used. Flame ionization permitted determination with a coefficient of variation ranging from 10 to 27% at the picomolar level, whereas quantitative chemical ionization mass spectrometry afforded sensitivities for poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate constituuents in the attomolar range. The latter technique suggests the possibility of measuring such components in bacterial assemblies with as few as 10 cells. With the described technique using flame ionization detection, it was possible to study the rapid formation of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate during feeding of a starved marine bacterium isolate with a complex medium or glucose and correlate the findings to changes in cell volumes. Mass spectrometric detection of short beta-hydroxy acids in activated sewage sludge revealed the presence of 3-hydroxybutyric, 3-hydroxyhexanoic, and 3-hydroxyoctanoic acids in the relative proportions of 56, 5 and 39%, respectively. No odd-chain beta-hydroxy acids were found.
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Detection of microbial contamination in fermentation processes: mass spectrometric determination of gram-negative bacteria in Leuconostoc mesenteroides cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 35:787-92. [PMID: 18592579 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260350806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to detect the presence of Enterobacter cloacae in cultures of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, an organism used in an industrial process for production of dextrane. The penta-fluorobenzoyl-methyl ester derivative of 3-hydroxy-myristic acid, a characteristic compound of gram-negative bacteria, was used as the analyte. By using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring, E. cloacae was determined over the range of 1 ppm to 1% in cultures of L. mesenteroides. The proposed analytical approach represents a useful alternative to conventional methods for determining contaminating organisms in industrial fermentation processes.
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Pharmacokinetics of triclosan following oral ingestion in humans. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:1861-73. [PMID: 16952905 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600631706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The number of personal hygiene products containing triclosan has increased rapidly during the last decade, and triclosan is one of the most common antibacterial compounds used in dentifrices today. However, the extent of triclosan exposure has not yet been well described. The potential risks of generating triclosan-resistant pathogenic microorganisms or of the selection of resistant strains are some areas of concern. The aim of the present study was to (1) obtain information on baseline levels of triclosan in plasma and urine, and (2) study the pharmacokinetic pattern of triclosan after a single-dose intake. Ten healthy volunteers were exposed to a single oral dose of 4 mg triclosan by swallowing an oral mouthwash solution. Triclosan in plasma and urine was followed before and up to 8 d after exposure. Triclosan levels in plasma increased rapidly, with a maximum concentration within 1 to 3 h, and the terminal plasma half-life was 21 h. The major fraction was excreted within the first 24 h. The accumulated urinary excretion varied between the subjects, with 24 to 83% of the oral dose being excreted during the first 4 d after exposure. In conclusion, triclosan appears to be readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has a rapid turnover in humans. The high lipid solubility of the substance gives rise to questions regarding distribution properties and accumulation. The findings of the present study form a basis for greater understanding of the toxicokinetic properties of triclosan in humans.
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Transformations of dissolved organic matter in a landfill leachate--a size exclusion chromatography/mass spectrometric approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:1093-9. [PMID: 16423378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to search for qualitative changes in the landfill leachate DOM along a groundwater gradient. The study was focused on DOM characteristics of importance for its interaction with pollutants, such as molecular weight distribution and aromaticity. It was concluded that the leachate DOM underwent substantial qualitative changes along the investigated gradient at the Vejen landfill, Denmark. The molecular weight decreased, the polydispersity increased, and the aromaticity varied with the lowest values found in the middle of the gradient. The high aromaticity in the end of the gradient may explain the higher DOM binding capacity towards hydrophobic compounds seen earlier in these samples. The relative abundance of ions with mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 600-1200 seemed to be very stable along the gradient, indicating that the observed qualitative changes of the DOM is mostly attributed to changes in the m/z 100-600 range. The DOM seemed to become more similar to fulvic acids present in uncontaminated groundwater with respect to molecular weight and polydispersity along the gradient.
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Total lipid extraction of homogenized and intact lean fish muscles using pressurized fluid extraction and batch extraction techniques. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5506-12. [PMID: 15998106 DOI: 10.1021/jf0501286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The reliability and efficiency of pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) technique for the extraction of total lipid content from cod and the effect of sample treatment on the extraction efficiency have been evaluated. The results were compared with two liquid-liquid extraction methods, traditional and modified methods according to Jensen. Optimum conditions were found to be with 2-propanol/n-hexane (65:35, v/v) as a first and n-hexane/diethyl ether (90:10, v/v) as a second solvent, 115 degrees C, and 10 min of static time. PFE extracts were cleaned up using the same procedure as in the methods according to Jensen. When total lipid yields obtained from homogenized cod muscle using PFE were compared yields obtained with original and modified Jensen methods, PFE gave significantly higher yields, approximately 10% higher (t test, P < 0.05). Infrared and NMR spectroscopy suggested that the additional material that inflates the gravimetric results is rather homogeneous and is primarily consists of phospholipid with headgroups of inositidic and/or glycosidic nature. The comparative study demonstrated that PFE is an alternative suitable technique to extract total lipid content from homogenized cod (lean fish) and herring (fat fish) muscle showing a precision comparable to that obtained with the traditional and modified Jensen methods. Despite the necessary cleanup step, PFE showed important advantages in the solvent consumption was cut by approximately 50% and automated extraction was possible.
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A quantitative lipid extraction method for residue analysis of fish involving nonhalogenated solvents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:5607-5611. [PMID: 12952408 DOI: 10.1021/jf0301201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous intercalibration exercises have indicated that the in Sweden frequently used, so called Jensen extraction method for total lipids and lipophilic pollutants gave satisfactory yields when applied to fatty aquatic organisms. However, a comparison with the classical Bligh and Dyer method and the forerunner, the Folch methods, revealed that in the case of very lean fish (fat content below 1%, e.g., cod), the lipid yields were about 25% too low for the Jensen method; consequently, residue levels quoted on a lipid weight basis were correspondingly too high. To rectify the unacceptably low fat recovery from lean marine organisms, the Jensen extraction method has been modified to give recoveries not significantly different from the Folch and Bligh and Dyer methods. In the modified version, acetone is replaced by 2-propanol and part of the hexane is replaced by diethyl ether. Comparison between the modified Jensen method and the Folch method for cod muscle gave the same recovery of total lipids but slightly lower than that obtained with the Bligh-Dyer method. A possible explanation for this small difference is discussed. It is anticipated that the reported increased yield for cod is due to the superior solubility of phospholipids in 2-propanol as compared to acetone. The possible use of correction factors for previously reported contaminant residual levels of lean and medium fat fish calculated on lipid basis in the future is suggested.
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Precision and sensitivity of the measurement of 15N enrichment in D-alanine from bacterial cell walls using positive/negative ion mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2001; 3:237-45. [PMID: 11539051 DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(85)90051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of cellular components from specific groups of microbes can be utilized as 'signatures' in the examination of microbial consortia from soils, sediments or biofilms. Utilizing capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and stereospecific derivatizing agents, D-alanine, a component localized in the prokaryotic (bacterial) cell wall, can be detected reproducibly. Enrichments of D-[15N]alanine determined in E. coli grown with [15N]ammonia can be determined with precision at 1.0 atom%. Chemical ionization with methane gas and the detection of negative ions (M - HF)- and (M - F or M + H - HF)- formed from the heptafluorobutyryl D-2 butanol ester of D-alanine allowed as little as 8 pg (90 fmol) to be detected reproducibly. This method can be utilized to define the metabolic activity in terms of 15N incorporation at the level of 10(3)-10(4) cells, as a function of the 15N-14N ratio.
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On-line size-exclusion chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry of aquatic humic and fulvic acids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:286-292. [PMID: 10669889 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000229)14:4<286::aid-rcm879>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Isolated aquatic humic and fulvic acids were analysed with on-line size exclusion chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (SEC/ESI-MS). An eluent composition which enabled electrospray ionisation was identified. The SEC separation improved interpretability of mass spectra and may open up new possibilities for molecular weight determination of humic substances. A linear dose-response relationship over a factor of 20 was obtained and the limit of detection was 50ng/uL for humic and fulvic acids. Spectral changes due to different ionisation conditions (pH and cone voltage) were investigated. A natural water sample from a Swedish lake was analysed. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Molecular species of sphingomyelin: determination by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 1998; 33:1192-1198. [PMID: 9875523 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(199812)33:12<1192::aid-jms735>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In a sphingomyelin-enriched sample of polar lipids from bovine milk, molecular species of intact sphingomyelin were separated by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry (MS) for structural information. First, by using electrospray with positive ionization (ESI), protonated molecules ([M + H]+) were detected. Second, in atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI+), in-source fragmentation of sphingomyelin ions led to the formation of ceramide ions. With the ceramide ions as precursors, ions representative of both the long-chain base (LCB) parts and the fatty acid (FA) parts were detected in APCI-MS/MS via collision-induced decomposition (CID). Using this procedure, it was possible to determine the sphingomyelin molecular masses using ESI+ and then their respective LCB-FA combinations(s) using APCI+(-)MS/MS. At least 36 protonated molecules of intact sphingomyelin were detected in the bovine milk sample. The combinations found covered a range of molecular masses from 673 to 815 Da. The 12 most common protonated molecules (constituting approximately 90% of the total ion current in ESI) were composed of at least 25 different LCB-FA combinations. Saturated and unsaturated LCBs and FAs were detected in addition to hydroxy fatty acids. The most common LCBs were 16:1, 17:1, 18:1 and 19:1, whereas the most common FAs were 16:0, 22:0, 23:0 and 24:0. LCB-FA combinations of sphingomyelin from bovine brian, bovine erythrocytes and chicken egg yolk are also presented.
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Chlorinated fatty acids in membrane lipids of fish. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1998; 85:229-32. [PMID: 9672905 DOI: 10.1007/s001140050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Determination of phosphatidylethanol in blood from alcoholic males using high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering or electrospray mass spectrometric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 705:243-9. [PMID: 9521560 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 'pathologic' phospholipid, phosphatidylethanol (PEth), formed only in the presence of ethanol, was determined in extracts of human blood using high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) or electrospray (ES) mass spectrometry. Separation was performed using a diol column and a normal-phase binary gradient system. Decreasing concentrations of PEth (15 to 1 nmol/ml blood) could be detected by ELSD in three male alcoholics, up to 3 weeks after the beginning of an alcohol-free period. Using ES, levels down to 100 pmol/ml blood was detected. The molecular species of PEth were similar to those of phosphatidylcholine found in the same blood sample. The method provides a rapid quantitative and qualitative determination of PEth in blood. The limits of detection were 200 pmol (approximately 125 ng) using ELSD and 140 fmol (approximately 100 pg) using ES, total amounts injected. ON
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Separation of polyphosphoinositides using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection or electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1997; 254:293-6. [PMID: 9417793 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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A Method to Quantify the Allelopathic Compound Batatasin-III in Extracts from Empetrum hermaphroditum Using Gas Chromatography: Applied on Extracts from Leaves of Different Ages. J Chem Ecol 1997. [DOI: 10.1023/b:joec.0000006678.37973.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Quantification and comparison of some natural sphingomyelins by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography/discharge-assisted thermospray mass spectrometry. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 23:313-9. [PMID: 8038224 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200230603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelins obtained from bovine brain, chicken egg yolk and bovine milk fat were analysed. Separation was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing a binary solvent gradient consisting of n-butanol-water-1-propanol-isooctane. Detection was accomplished by light scattering and on-line discharge-assisted thermospray (plasmaspray) ionization mass spectrometry. The positive ion mass spectra exhibit prominent ions related to the amine base structure and fragments which can be utilized for identification of molecular species. The abundance of the fragments containing the fatty acid reflects relatively well the fatty acid composition of natural sphingomyelin mixtures. Bovine brain sphingomyelin has, for example, two distinctive major molecular species composed of C24:1 and C18:0 acids as indicated by the m/z 630.6 and m/z 548.5 ions, respectively. While egg yolk exhibits ions of m/z 520.6 which indicate the presence of C16:0, bovine milk sphingomyelin has several prominent ions of m/z 632.5, 618.6 and 604.7, reflecting the proportions of C24:0, C23:0 and C22:0, respectively.
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On-line straight-phase liquid chromatography/plasmaspray tandem mass spectrometry of glycerolipids. Lipids 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02536649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Production and release of the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol byBipolaris sorokinianaduring growth. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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Chlorinated triacylglycerols in fish lipids? Chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of model compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200211204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Evaluation of chromatographic methods for the detection of bacterial contamination in biotechnical processes. J Microbiol Methods 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(92)90042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Determination of muramic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography-plasma spray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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D-alanine as a chemical marker for the determination of streptococcal cell wall levels in mammalian tissues by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1989; 61:265-70. [PMID: 2712297 DOI: 10.1021/ac00178a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method using selected ion monitoring with negative ion detection and methane chemical ionization was employed to quantitate a marker for bacterial peptidoglycan, D-alanine, in mammalian tissues. D-Alanine originating from bacterial peptidoglycan was obscured by substantial amounts of D-alanine generated by racemization from L-alanine present in tissue protein. To overcome this problem, samples were enzymatically treated and hydrolyzed in deuterated hydrochloric acid. Newly formed D-alanine derived from protein was labeled with deuterium and bacterial D-alanine remained unlabeled, enabling differentiation by the molecular weight increase. Butyl heptafluorobutyryl derivatives of the D- and L-amino acids were separated on a fused silica capillary column coated with Chirasil-val. The amounts of bacterial D-alanine found in livers of arthritic rats were consistent with previously reported levels of other carbohydrate-derived markers for bacterial peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complexes.
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Highly sensitive determination and characterization of intact cellular ester-linked phospholipids using liquid chromatography-plasma spray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 434:31-41. [PMID: 3149645 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(88)80059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatographic class separations of common cellular phospholipids combined with plasma spray ionization of the effluents were investigated. Comparison with true thermospray ionization involving ammonium acetate buffering revealed a gain in total ionization in the plasma spray of a factor of approximately 10 using a cation-exchange column and a solvent mixture consisting of acetonitrile-methanol-water (400:100:15, v/v). Plasma spray ionization studies of bovine brain polyphosphoinositides interrelated by the phosphate content in the inositol moiety showed almost identical monoglyceride and diglyceride ion clusters, indicating possibilities of studying the biochemical turnover of such phospholipids. Plasma spray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of bacterial membrane phospholipids (Pseudomonas fluorescens) revealed possibilities of obtaining indications of individual fatty acid compositions from the spectra of the phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions present. Conventional gas chromatographic fatty acid analysis agreed with the direct mass spectrometric structure elucidations. Interestingly, the two phospholipid classes had different relative fatty acid compositions with a significantly higher degree of cyclic fatty acids in the phosphatidyl ethanolamines. Plasma spray ionization yielded linear dose-response curves for both the monoglyceride and diglyceride fragment signals in the selected-ion monitoring mode. The detection limit for the monoglyceride and diglyceride species of phosphatidylcholine under the chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions used was found to be in the picogram range.
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Determination of environmental levels of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide using gas chromatography with negative-ion chemical-ionization mass spectrometry utilizing bacterial amino acids and hydroxy fatty acids as biomarkers. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 431:1-15. [PMID: 3235520 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
D-Alanine and diaminopimelic acid originating from bacterial peptidoglycans and hydroxy fatty acids from lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) were analysed by gas chromatography using a chiral column (Chirasil-Val as stationary phase) and selected-ion monitoring detection with negative-ion chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. The amino acids were analysed as N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters after rapid hydrolysis of peptidoglycan followed by isolation of the amino acids with disposable ion-exchange columns. Racemization of amino acid enantiomers was controlled by using deuterium chloride in the hydrolysis. The hydroxy acids were analysed as O-pentafluorobenzoyl methyl esters. Most of the bacteria present in airborne dust from a poultry confinement building were found to be Gram-positive according to the analytical chemical method whereas the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test suggested the presence of appreciable amounts of lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria. Further studies are required to compare the utility of these two methods for determining endotoxins in complex environments.
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Determination of 13C-enrichment in bacterial fatty acids using chemical ionization mass spectrometry with negative ion detection. J Microbiol Methods 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(87)90028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A new system for estimating the bacterial cheomotactic response applied to a model oligotrophic marine system. J Microbiol Methods 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(87)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Tuberculostearic acid in lymph nodes from patients with sarcoidosis. SARCOIDOSIS 1987; 4:101-4. [PMID: 3659613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It has earlier been suggested that mycobacteria may play an aetiological role in the development of sarcoidosis. To investigate this further we analyzed the presence of a characteristic mycobacterial constituent, tuberculostearic acid (TS, 10-methyloctadecanoic acid), in lymph nodes from 22 patients with sarcoidosis and in eleven children and three adult controls. To detect TS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used. These findings were compared with the results from conventional mycobacterial culture and radiometric respirometry. Although the latter techniques failed to detect mycobacteria in all the tested tissue samples, TS was found in various amounts. Thus, 0-3 micrograms TS/g freeze-dried tissue was noted in eight sarcoid patients, 3-50 micrograms TS/g in eight and 51-400 micrograms TS/g in the remaining six patients. Among the controls only 1/14 had detectable TS. In one patient with lymph node tuberculosis TS was in the range 51-400 micrograms/g. We conclude that the findings could be explained by the presence of mycobacteria not cultivable with the studied techniques or with the presence of remnants after an earlier colonisation with mycobacteria, e.g. BCG-vaccination. Mycobacteria or mycobacterial cell-envelope in sarcoid tissue may possibly act as cofactors in the development of the disease, i.e. they might function as triggering agents (adjuvans) of the immune response. On the other hand the findings may be without any aetiological significance. In that latter case a hitherto unknown lack of wax decomposition during several decades has to be considered.
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Determination of endotoxins by gas chromatography: evaluation of electron-capture and negative-ion chemical-ionization mass spectrometric detection of halogenated derivatives of beta-hydroxymyristic acid. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 417:11-25. [PMID: 3624388 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and selectivity of gas chromatography for analysing several halogenated ester derivatives of beta-hydroxymyristic acid were studied using both selected-ion monitoring detection with negative-ion chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and electron-capture detection. Six different derivatization methods were compared with respect to yield, chemical stability and formation of by-products. Procedures for removal of excess reagents using disposable silica columns and thin-layer chromatography were elaborated. The 3-O-pentafluorobenzoyl-methyl ester was the preferred derivative since it provided high sensitivity and had the molecular ion as the base peak in the mass spectrum. The detection limit was 0.5 pg with electron-capture detection and 0.3 pg with the mass spectrometric system. Using beta-hydroxymyristic acid as a chemical marker it was possible to detect Escherichia coli endotoxin in aqueous solution at a level of 1 ng/ml.
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Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by selected-ion monitoring: improved analysis of tuberculostearate in sputum using negative-ion mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:893-6. [PMID: 3584423 PMCID: PMC266112 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.5.893-896.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coded sputum specimens from patients with tuberculous (8 specimens) and nontuberculous (15 specimens) pneumonia were analyzed for tuberculostearic acid by selected-ion monitoring of the pentafluorobenzyl ester derivative by using negative-ion mass spectrometry. The analytical results agreed with those from culturing of the specimens, except in three cases in which the chromatograms were difficult to interpret owing to insufficient amounts of sputa available. Negative-ion mass spectrometry provided superior sensitivity and selectivity for detection of tuberculostearic acid compared with the previously used gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods. The technique reported here should have considerable potential for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by direct analysis of sputum.
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Abstract
An autoclavable all-glass system for studying microbial dynamics at permeable surfaces is described. Standard hydrophobic or hydrophilic membranes (46-mm diameter) of various pore sizes were supported on a glass frit through which nutrient solutions were pumped by a peristaltic pump. The pump provided a precisely controlled flow at speeds of 0.5 to 500 ml of defined or natural cell exudates per h, which passed through the membrane into a receiving vessel. The construction allowed a choice of membranes, which could be modified. The system was tested with a bacterium, isolated from rape plant roots (Brassica napus L.), that was inoculated on a hydrophilic membrane filter and allowed to develop into a biofilm. A defined medium with a composition resembling that of natural rape root exudate was pumped through the membrane at 0.5 ml/h. Scanning electron microscopic examinations indicated that the inoculum formed microcolonies embedded in exopolymers evenly distributed over the membrane surface. The lipid composition and content of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in free-living and adhered cells were determined by gas chromatography. The bacterial consumption of amino acids in the exudate was also studied.
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30
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C15, C20, and C25 isoprenoid homologues in glycerol diether phospholipids of methanogenic archaebacteria. J Lipid Res 1985; 26:1120-5. [PMID: 3934307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycerol diether phospholipids of 25 monocultures of methanogenic bacteria were isolated and degraded with hydriodic acid. The resulting alkyl iodides were converted to acetate esters and alcohols which were examined using capillary gas-liquid chromatography. The presence of C20 phytanol was observed in accordance with previous studies. Soft fragmentation by chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with selected ion monitoring enabled the detection, for the first time, of C15 and C25 isoprenologues as components of the diether phospholipids in several strains.
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31
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C15, C20, and C25 isoprenoid homologues in glycerol diether phospholipids of methanogenic archaebacteria. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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[Mycobacteriosis in AIDS: easy to miss the correct diagnosis]. LAKARTIDNINGEN 1985; 82:2349-51. [PMID: 4010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Highly sensitive diastereoisomeric analysis of secondary alcohols and short-chain 1,2-diacylglycerols by capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(85)80035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Diastereomeric separation of natural glycero derivatives as their 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl carbamates by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Injection principles in capillary gas chromatographic analysis of bacterial fatty acids. J Microbiol Methods 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(84)90008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Analysis of moth pheromone acetates by selected ion monitoring using electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Capillary gas chromatography using electron capture or selected ion monitoring detection for the determination of muramic acid, diaminopimelic acid and the ratio of d/l-alanine in bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(83)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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39
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Determination of fatty acids and carbohydrate monomers in micro-organisms by means of glass capillary gas chromatography: analysis of Mycobacterium gordonae and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1983; 129:401-5. [PMID: 6842180 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-129-2-401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetylated whole-cell methanolysates of four strains each of Mycobacterium gordonae and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum were analysed by gas chromatography, using a glass capillary column. The major chromatographic peaks were identified by mass spectrometry as derivatives of fatty acids and carbohydrates. In addition, two predominant peaks, present in chromatograms representing M. scrofulaceum, were identified as 2-octadecanol and 2-eicosanol. These secondary alcohols were not found in any of the strains of M. gordonae studied. The amount of tuberculostearic acid in the latter species was less than 1% of that in M. scrofulaceum.
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40
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Selected ion monitoring for rapid differentiation of mycobacteria isolated from domestic animals. J Microbiol Methods 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(83)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Mass spectrometric determination of selected microbial constituents using fused silica and chiral glass capillary gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02258874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Blood cultures from 196 patients with suspected bacteraemia or septicaemia were analysed by automated head-space gas chromatography, using a 25 m fused silica capillary column, when turbidity indicated growth. Gas chromatography correctly identified 105 cultures as positive and 71 correctly as negative. No false-positive results were obtained. Of the 20 false-negative chromatographic results, Staphylococcus spp accounted for 14. Automated head-space gas chromatography is quicker, easier and more efficient than other gas chromatographic techniques for the evaluation of blood cultures.
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43
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Use of selected ion monitoring for detection of tuberculostearic and C32 mycocerosic acid in mycobacteria and in five-day-old cultures of sputum specimens from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B, MICROBIOLOGY 1981; 89:245-51. [PMID: 6797240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1981.tb00184_89b.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring (SIM), employing both electron (EI) and chemical ionization (CI), was used to detect 10-methyloctadecanoic (tuberculostearic) and 2, 4, 8, 8-tetramethyloctacosanoic (C32 mycocerosic) acids in bacteria of 14 species of Mycobacterium and 3 species of Nocardia. Tuberculostearic acid was found in all species studied, while C32 mycocerosic acid was demonstrated only in M. africanum, M bovis, M. bovis strain BCG, M. kansasii and M. tuberculosis. The relative amounts of these acids in the organisms of these five species varied, thereby constituting a presumptive diagnostic technique. The lowest detectable amount of C32 mycocerosic acid was approximately 5 pg when using EI-SIM, monitoring at m/zz 88 and m/z 101. When using CI, employing isobutane as reactant gas, and focusing at m/z 495, 2 pg could be detected, and when ammonia was the reactant gas, the corresponding figure was 1 pg, monitoring at m/z 512. Tuberculostearic acid was demonstrated in 5-day incubated sputum specimens from 6 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, including 5 patients infected with M tuberculosis and 1 patient infected with M. avium. C32 mycocerosic acid was detected in 4 of the 5 patients with M. tuberculosis infection. None of the acids was found in a further 8 patients who had viral or bacterial (non-mycobacterial) pneumonia. Tuberculostearic acid could be demonstrated in 10 of another 12 sputum specimens from patients with tuberculosis, when the samples were analyzed directly, viz prior to culturing. The possibility of using SIM for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is thus worth consideration.
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44
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Glass capillary gas-chromatographic analysis of free amino acids in biological microenvironments using electron capture or selected ion-monitoring detection. Anal Biochem 1981; 111:163-75. [PMID: 7235234 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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45
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Determination of volatile nematode exudates and their effects on a nematode-trapping fungus. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1980; 6:241-251. [PMID: 24227131 DOI: 10.1007/bf02010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds exuded from axenically grown free-living nematodes were determined with gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. Carbon dioxide evolved from 5-200 nematodes was determined with an ampoule technique, whereas total ammonia (NH3 + NH4 (+)) and acetic and propionic acids were determined by direct injection of water in which nematodes had been suspended for 1-3 days. CO2 amounted to about 80 ng nematode(-1) d(-1), total ammonia to 1-5 ng, and acetic and propionic acids to 0.5 and 1.0 pg nematode(-1) d(-1).The effects of these compounds on induction of trap formation in the nematodetrapping fungusArthrobotrys oligospora were tested. CO2 inhibited trap formation at 5-10% CO2 in air (v/v), whereas ammonia stimulated trap formation in a certain concentration range. No effects of acetic and propionic acids were noted for the concentrations tested. The combined effects of these volatiles in the aqueous environment are discussed on the basis of stoichiometric considerations.
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46
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Detection of tuberculostearic acid in biological specimens by means of glass capillary gas chromatography-electron and chemical ionization mass spectrometry, utilizing selected ion monitoring. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1980; 182:402-8. [PMID: 6771301 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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47
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Analysis of glucose catabolites by using head-space gas chromatography for differentiation of some Gram-negative species. Curr Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02602817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Microcalorimetric and Gas Chromatographic Studies of Microbial Activity in Water Leached, Acid Leached and Restored Soils. OIKOS 1980. [DOI: 10.2307/3544556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Detection of tuberculostearic acid in mycobacteria and nocardiae by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1979; 163:221-4. [PMID: 541376 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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50
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Demonstration of tuberculostearic acid in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis by selected ion monitoring. J Clin Invest 1979; 63:813-9. [PMID: 109465 PMCID: PMC372021 DOI: 10.1172/jci109380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected ion monitoring was used to detect tuberculostearic acid (10-methyloctadecanoic acid) in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The specimens were autoclaved, lyophilized, extracted, and methanolysed before being subjected to thin-layer chromatography and injected into the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. Tuberculostearic acid could be detected in five of six tuberculous sputum specimens containing acid-fast rods detectable by light microscopy of Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears. After the sputum specimens had been cultured for five days on Löwenstein-Jensen medium, when still no colonies could be observed visually, the presence of tuberculostearic acid was demonstrated in all six cases of tuberculosis. In corresponding analyses of sputum from eight patients with non-tuberculous pneumonia, tuberculostearic acid was not found. This fatty acid, the presence of which was also demonstrated in cultures of various mycobacterial and nocardial species, is characteristic of organisms of the order Actinomycetales. The demonstration of tuberculostearic acid in sputum specimens may constitute a rapid and sensitive way of diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis.
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