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Nightingale RW, Roche AE, Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Edwards DP, Gunson MR, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Connell PS. Global CF2Cl2measurements by UARS cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer: Validation by correlative data and a model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Mu M, Randerson JT, van der Werf GR, Giglio L, Kasibhatla P, Morton D, Collatz GJ, DeFries RS, Hyer EJ, Prins EM, Griffith DWT, Wunch D, Toon GC, Sherlock V, Wennberg PO. Daily and 3-hourly variability in global fire emissions and consequences for atmospheric model predictions of carbon monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mu
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - J. T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - G. R. van der Werf
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - L. Giglio
- Department of Geography; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - P. Kasibhatla
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - D. Morton
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - G. J. Collatz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. S. DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology; Columbia University; New York New York USA
| | - E. J. Hyer
- Marine Meteorology Division; Naval Research Laboratory; Monterey California USA
| | - E. M. Prins
- Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - D. W. T. Griffith
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong, New South Wales Australia
| | - D. Wunch
- Divisions of Engineering and Applied Science and Geological and Planetary Science; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - V. Sherlock
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd.; Wellington New Zealand
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Divisions of Engineering and Applied Science and Geological and Planetary Science; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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3
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Paulot F, Wunch D, Crounse JD, Toon GC, Millet DB, DeCarlo PF, Vigouroux C, Deutscher NM, González Abad G, Notholt J, Warneke T, Hannigan JW, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Dunlea EJ, De Mazière M, Griffith DWT, Bernath P, Jimenez JL, Wennberg PO. Importance of secondary sources in the atmospheric budgets of formic and acetic acids. Atmos Chem Phys 2011; 11:1989-2013. [PMID: 33758586 PMCID: PMC7983864 DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-1989-2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed budget of formic and acetic acids, two of the most abundant trace gases in the atmosphere. Our bottom-up estimate of the global source of formic and acetic acids are ∼1200 and ∼1400Gmolyr-1, dominated by photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, in particular isoprene. Their sinks are dominated by wet and dry deposition. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to evaluate this budget against an extensive suite of measurements from ground, ship and satellite-based Fourier transform spectrometers, as well as from several aircraft campaigns over North America. The model captures the seasonality of formic and acetic acids well but generally underestimates their concentration, particularly in the Northern midlatitudes. We infer that the source of both carboxylic acids may be up to 50% greater than our estimate and report evidence for a long-lived missing secondary source of carboxylic acids that may be associated with the aging of organic aerosols. Vertical profiles of formic acid in the upper troposphere support a negative temperature dependence of the reaction between formic acid and the hydroxyl radical as suggested by several theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Paulot
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - D. Wunch
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - J. D. Crounse
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - P. F. DeCarlo
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Vigouroux
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N. M. Deutscher
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - J. Notholt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany
| | - T. Warneke
- Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany
| | - J. W. Hannigan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J. A. de Gouw
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E. J. Dunlea
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - M. De Mazière
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. W. T. Griffith
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - P. Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - J. L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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4
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Popp PJ, Marcy TP, Gao RS, Watts LA, Fahey DW, Richard EC, Oltmans SJ, Santee ML, Livesey NJ, Froidevaux L, Sen B, Toon GC, Walker KA, Boone CD, Bernath PF. Stratospheric correlation between nitric acid and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Santee ML, Lambert A, Read WG, Livesey NJ, Manney GL, Cofield RE, Cuddy DT, Daffer WH, Drouin BJ, Froidevaux L, Fuller RA, Jarnot RF, Knosp BW, Perun VS, Snyder WV, Stek PC, Thurstans RP, Wagner PA, Waters JW, Connor B, Urban J, Murtagh D, Ricaud P, Barret B, Kleinböhl A, Kuttippurath J, Küllmann H, von Hobe M, Toon GC, Stachnik RA. Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder ClO measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Froidevaux L, Jiang YB, Lambert A, Livesey NJ, Read WG, Waters JW, Browell EV, Hair JW, Avery MA, McGee TJ, Twigg LW, Sumnicht GK, Jucks KW, Margitan JJ, Sen B, Stachnik RA, Toon GC, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Walker KA, Filipiak MJ, Harwood RS, Fuller RA, Manney GL, Schwartz MJ, Daffer WH, Drouin BJ, Cofield RE, Cuddy DT, Jarnot RF, Knosp BW, Perun VS, Snyder WV, Stek PC, Thurstans RP, Wagner PA. Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric ozone measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Santee ML, Lambert A, Read WG, Livesey NJ, Cofield RE, Cuddy DT, Daffer WH, Drouin BJ, Froidevaux L, Fuller RA, Jarnot RF, Knosp BW, Manney GL, Perun VS, Snyder WV, Stek PC, Thurstans RP, Wagner PA, Waters JW, Muscari G, de Zafra RL, Dibb JE, Fahey DW, Popp PJ, Marcy TP, Jucks KW, Toon GC, Stachnik RA, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Walker KA, Urban J, Murtagh D. Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Lambert A, Read WG, Livesey NJ, Santee ML, Manney GL, Froidevaux L, Wu DL, Schwartz MJ, Pumphrey HC, Jimenez C, Nedoluha GE, Cofield RE, Cuddy DT, Daffer WH, Drouin BJ, Fuller RA, Jarnot RF, Knosp BW, Pickett HM, Perun VS, Snyder WV, Stek PC, Thurstans RP, Wagner PA, Waters JW, Jucks KW, Toon GC, Stachnik RA, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Walker KA, Urban J, Murtagh D, Elkins JW, Atlas E. Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder middle atmosphere water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Miller CE, Crisp D, DeCola PL, Olsen SC, Randerson JT, Michalak AM, Alkhaled A, Rayner P, Jacob DJ, Suntharalingam P, Jones DBA, Denning AS, Nicholls ME, Doney SC, Pawson S, Boesch H, Connor BJ, Fung IY, O'Brien D, Salawitch RJ, Sander SP, Sen B, Tans P, Toon GC, Wennberg PO, Wofsy SC, Yung YL, Law RM. Precision requirements for space-based data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Miller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. L. DeCola
- Science Mission Directorate; NASA Headquarters; Washington, DC USA
| | - S. C. Olsen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - J. T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - A. M. Michalak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - A. Alkhaled
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - P. Rayner
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - P. Suntharalingam
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. B. A. Jones
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - A. S. Denning
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. E. Nicholls
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - S. C. Doney
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - S. Pawson
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - H. Boesch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. J. Connor
- Atmospheric Research; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Central Otago, Omakau New Zealand
| | - I. Y. Fung
- Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. O'Brien
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - R. J. Salawitch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. P. Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. Tans
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. C. Wofsy
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Y. L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. M. Law
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research; Aspendale Victoria Australia
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10
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Bösch H, Toon GC, Sen B, Washenfelder RA, Wennberg PO, Buchwitz M, de Beek R, Burrows JP, Crisp D, Christi M, Connor BJ, Natraj V, Yung YL. Space-based near-infrared CO2
measurements: Testing the Orbiting Carbon Observatory retrieval algorithm and validation concept using SCIAMACHY observations over Park Falls, Wisconsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Bösch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. A. Washenfelder
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Buchwitz
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - R. de Beek
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - J. P. Burrows
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - D. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Christi
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - B. J. Connor
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Lauder New Zealand
| | - V. Natraj
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Y. L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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11
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Washenfelder RA, Toon GC, Blavier JF, Yang Z, Allen NT, Wennberg PO, Vay SA, Matross DM, Daube BC. Carbon dioxide column abundances at the Wisconsin Tall Tower site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ejiri MK, Terao Y, Sugita T, Nakajima H, Yokota T, Toon GC, Sen B, Wetzel G, Oelhaf H, Urban J, Murtagh D, Irie H, Saitoh N, Tanaka T, Kanzawa H, Shiotani M, Aoki S, Hashida G, Machida T, Nakazawa T, Kobayashi H, Sasano Y. Validation of the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II) Version 1.4 nitrous oxide and methane profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Irie H, Sugita T, Nakajima H, Yokota T, Oelhaf H, Wetzel G, Toon GC, Sen B, Santee ML, Terao Y, Saitoh N, Ejiri MK, Tanaka T, Kondo Y, Kanzawa H, Kobayashi H, Sasano Y. Validation of stratospheric nitric acid profiles observed by Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)–II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Notholt J, Kuang Z, Rinsland CP, Toon GC, Rex M, Jones N, Albrecht T, Deckelmann H, Krieg J, Weinzierl C, Bingemer H, Weller R, Schrems O. Enhanced upper tropical tropospheric COS: impact on the stratospheric aerosol layer. Science 2003; 300:307-10. [PMID: 12690193 DOI: 10.1126/science.1080320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is considered to be a major source of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol during periods of volcanic quiescence. We measured COS at the tropical tropopause and find mixing ratios to be 20 to 50% larger than are assumed in models. The enhanced COS levels are correlated with high concentrations of biomass-burning pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The analysis of backward trajectories and global maps of fire statistics suggest that biomass-burning emissions transported upward by deep convection are the source of the enhanced COS in the upper tropical troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Notholt
- University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
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15
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Proffitt MH, Aikin K, Tuck AF, Margitan JJ, Webster CR, Toon GC, Elkins JW. Seasonally averaged ozone and nitrous oxide in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Proffitt
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. Aikin
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. F. Tuck
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. J. Margitan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
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16
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Herman RL, Drdla K, Spackman JR, Hurst DF, Popp PJ, Webster CR, Romashkin PA, Elkins JW, Weinstock EM, Gandrud BW, Toon GC, Schoeberl MR, Jost H, Atlas EL, Bui TP. Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - J. R. Spackman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. F. Hurst
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. A. Romashkin
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. M. Weinstock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - E. L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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17
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Pierce RB, Al-Saadi J, Fairlie TD, Natarajan M, Harvey VL, Grose WL, Russell JM, Bevilacqua R, Eckermann SD, Fahey D, Popp P, Richard E, Stimpfle R, Toon GC, Webster CR, Elkins J. Large-scale chemical evolution of the Arctic vortex during the 1999/2000 winter: HALOE/POAM III Lagrangian photochemical modeling for the SAGE III-Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Pierce
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - J. Al-Saadi
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | | | - M. Natarajan
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - V. L. Harvey
- Science Applications International Corporation; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - W. L. Grose
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - J. M. Russell
- Center for Atmospheric Sciences; Hampton University; Hampton Virginia USA
| | | | | | - D. Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Popp
- Aeronomy Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Richard
- Aeronomy Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. Stimpfle
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. Elkins
- NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
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18
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Manney GL, Michelsen HA, Bevilacqua RM, Gunson MR, Irion FW, Livesey NJ, Oberheide J, Riese M, Russell JM, Toon GC, Zawodny JM. Comparison of satellite ozone observations in coincident air masses in early November 1994. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Manney GL, Michelsen HA, Irion FW, Toon GC, Gunson MR, Roche AE. Lamination and polar vortex development in fall from ATMOS long-lived trace gases observed during November 1994. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Michelsen HA, Irion FW, Manney GL, Toon GC, Gunson MR. Features and trends in Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) version 3 stratospheric water vapor and methane measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Webster CR, Michelsen HA, Gunson MR, Margitan JJ, Russell JM, Toon GC, Traub WA. Response of lower stratospheric HCl/Clyto volcanic aerosol: Observations from aircraft, balloon, space shuttle, and satellite instruments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bonne GP, Stimpfle RM, Cohen RC, Voss PB, Perkins KK, Anderson JG, Salawitch RJ, Elkins JW, Dutton GS, Jucks KW, Toon GC. An examination of the inorganic chlorine budget in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Notholt J, Toon GC, Rinsland CP, Pougatchev NS, Jones NB, Connor BJ, Weller R, Gautrois M, Schrems O. Latitudinal variations of trace gas concentrations in the free troposphere measured by solar absorption spectroscopy during a ship cruise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Goldman A, Paton-Walsh C, Bell W, Toon GC, Blavier JF, Sen B, Coffey MT, Hannigan JW, Mankin WG. Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change Fourier transform infrared intercomparison at Table Mountain Facility, November 1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Toon GC, Blavier JF, Sen B, Margitan JJ, Webster CR, May RD, Fahey D, Gao R, Del Negro L, Proffitt M, Elkins J, Romashkin PA, Hurst DF, Oltmans S, Atlas E, Schauffler S, Flocke F, Bui TP, Stimpfle RM, Bonne GP, Voss PB, Cohen RC. Comparison of MkIV balloon and ER-2 aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rex M, Salawitch RJ, Toon GC, Sen B, Margitan JJ, Osterman GB, Blavier JF, Gao RS, Donnelly S, Keim E, Neuman J, Fahey DW, Webster CR, Scott DC, Herman RL, May RD, Moyer EJ, Gunson MR, Irion FW, Chang AY, Rinsland CP, Bui TP. Subsidence, mixing, and denitrification of Arctic polar vortex air measured during POLARIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Toon GC, Blavier JF, Sen B, Salawitch RJ, Osterman GB, Notholt J, Rex M, McElroy CT, Russell JM. Ground-based observations of Arctic O3loss during spring and summer 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sen B, Osterman GB, Salawitch RJ, Toon GC, Margitan JJ, Blavier JF, Chang AY, May RD, Webster CR, Stimpfle RM, Bonne GP, Voss PB, Perkins KK, Anderson JG, Cohen RC, Elkins JW, Dutton GS, Hurst DF, Romashkin PA, Atlas EL, Schauffler SM, Loewenstein M. The budget and partitioning of stratospheric chlorine during the 1997 Arctic summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pougatchev NS, Jones NB, Connor BJ, Rinsland CP, Becker E, Coffey MT, Connors VS, Demoulin P, Dzhola AV, Fast H, Grechko EI, Hannigan JW, Koike M, Kondo Y, Mahieu E, Mankin WG, Mittermeier RL, Notholt J, Reichle HG, Sen B, Steele LP, Toon GC, Yurganov LN, Zander R, Zhao Y. Ground-based infrared solar spectroscopic measurements of carbon monoxide during 1994 Measurement of Air Pollution From Space flights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sen B, Toon GC, Osterman GB, Blavier JF, Margitan JJ, Salawitch RJ, Yue GK. Measurements of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Notholt J, Toon GC, Lehmann R, Sen B, Blavier JF. Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic trace gas column abundances from ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jaegle L, Yung YL, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF. Balloon observations of organic and inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere: the role of HClO4 production on sulfate aerosols. Geophys Res Lett 1996; 23:1749-1752. [PMID: 11539365 DOI: 10.1029/96gl01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous observations of stratospheric organic and inorganic chlorine were made in September 1993 out of Fort Sumner, New Mexico, using JPL balloon-borne MkIV interferometer. Between 15 and 20 km, a significant fraction (20-60%) of the inorganic chlorine could not be accounted for by the sum of measured HCl, ClONO2, and HOCl. Laboratory measurements of the reaction of ClO radicals on sulfuric acid solutions have indicated that, along with HCl, small amounts of perchloric acid, HClO4, were formed. Very little is known about the fate of HClO4 in the stratosphere and we use a photochemical box model to determine the impact of this new species on the partitioning of inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere. Assuming that HClO4 is photochemically stable, it is shown that in the enhanced aerosol loading conditions resulting from Mt. Pinatubo's eruption, HClO4 could represent a significant reservoir of chlorine in the lower stratosphere, sequestering up to 0.2 ppbv (or 50%) of the total inorganic chlorine at 16 km. The occurrence of this new species could bring to closure the inorganic chlorine budget deficiency made apparent by recent ER-2 aircraft in situ measurements of HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jaegle
- California Institute of Technology, USA
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Gordley LL, Russell JM, Mickley LJ, Frederick JE, Park JH, Stone KA, Beaver GM, McInerney JM, Deaver LE, Toon GC, Murcray FJ, Blatherwick RD, Gunson MR, Abbatt JPD, Mauldin RL, Mount GH, Sen B, Blavier JF. Validation of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide measurements made by the Halogen Occultation Experiment for UARS platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roche AE, Kumer JB, Nightingale RW, Mergenthaler JL, Ely GA, Bailey PL, Massie ST, Gille JC, Edwards DP, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Webster CR, Traub WA, Jucks KW, Johnson DG, Murcray DG, Murcray FH, Goldman A, Zipf EC. Validation of CH4and N2O measurements by the cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Park JH, Russell JM, Gordley LL, Drayson SR, Benner DC, McInerney JM, Gunson MR, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Webster CR, Zipf EC, Erdman P, Schmidt U, Schiller C. Validation of Halogen Occultation Experiment CH4measurements from the UARS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mergenthaler JL, Kumer JB, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Potter JF, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Edwards D, Connell PS, Kinnison DE, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Murcray DG, Murcray FJ, Goldman A. Validation of CLAES ClONO2measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Ely GA, Uplinger WG, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Stachnik RA, Webster CR, May RD, Murcray DG, Murcray FJ, Goldman A, Traub WA, Jucks KW, Johnson DG. Comparison of correlative data with HNO3version 7 from the CLAES instrument deployed on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Zele F, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Connell PS, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Smith SE, Taylor FW. Comparison of CLAES preliminary N2O5data with correlative data and a model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abrams MC, Toon GC, Schindler RA. Practical example of the correction of Fourier-transform spectra for detector nonlinearity. Appl Opt 1994; 33:6307-6314. [PMID: 20941162 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.006307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
HgCdTe photoconductive detectors can display a nonlinear response when illuminated. In interferometric applications, this behavior must be accounted for in the data transformation process to avoid errors in the measurement of the spectral distribution of the incident radiation. A model for the distortion of the interferogram is proposed and applied to solar observations made by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier-transform spectrometer during orbital sunrise and sunset from the Space Shuttle. Empirical estimation of the dc current level is necessary for this instrument, and satisfactory nonlinearity correction is obtained for several of the primary ATMOS optical filters. For ATMOS broadband optical filters that cover more than one half the alias bandwidth, the model is inadequate because of the presence of antialiasing electronic filters within the instrument, and it is necessary to resort to estimation and subtraction of the residual baseline offset. In either case the remaining base line offsets are typically smaller than 1%, which is satisfactory, although offset remains a significant systematic source of error in the estimation of the abundance of telluric and solar constituents from the spectra.
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Lowes LL, Norton RH, Schoeberl MR, Lait LR, Newman PA. Evidence for subsidence in the 1989 Arctic winter stratosphere from airborne infrared composition measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Lowes LL, Norton RH. Composition measurements of the 1989 Arctic winter stratosphere by airborne infrared solar absorption spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Margitan JJ, Brothers GA, Browell EV, Cariolle D, Coffey MT, Farman JC, Farmer CB, Gregory GL, Harder JW, Hofmann DJ, Hypes W, Ismail S, Jakoubek RO, Komhyr W, Kooi S, Krueger AJ, Larsen JC, Mankin W, McCormick MP, Mount GH, Proffitt MH, Ravishankara AR, Schmeltekopf AL, Starr WL, Toon GC, Torres A, Tuck AF, Wahner A, Watterson I. Intercomparison of ozone measurements over Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rodriguez JM, Ko MKW, Sze ND, Pierce SD, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Kelly K, Farmer CB, Toon GC, Coffey MT, Heidt LE, Mankin WG, Chan KR, Starr WL, Vedder JF, McCormick MP. Nitrogen and chlorine species in the spring Antarctic stratosphere: Comparison of models With Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Blavier JF, Lowes LL. Ground-based infrared measurements of tropospheric source gases over Antarctica during the 1986 Austral Spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Lowes LL, Schaper PW, Blavier JF, Norton RH. Infrared aircraft measurements of stratospheric composition over Antarctica during September 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kinne S, Toon OB, Toon GC, Farmer CB, Browell EV, McCormick MP. Measurements of size and composition of particles in polar stratospheric clouds from infrared solar absorption spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rinsland CP, Toon GC, Farmer CB, Norton RH, Namkung JS. Stratospheric N2O5profiles at sunrise and sunset from further analysis of the ATMOS/Spacelab 3 solar spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id15p18341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Russell JM, Farmer CB, Rinsland CP, Zander R, Froidevaux L, Toon GC, Gao B, Shaw J, Gunson M. Measurements of odd nitrogen compounds in the stratosphere by the ATMOS experiment on Spacelab 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id02p01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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