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Baltas I, Sturdy A, Kavallieros K, McGregor A, Corrah T, John L, Cooke G, Whittington AM. Diabetes mellitus is not a predictor of poor TB treatment outcomes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:140-145. [PMID: 36853108 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether diabetes mellitus (DM) influences TB treatment outcomes.METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study of all notified TB cases from a large London TB centre over a 5-year period. WHO criteria were used to define TB treatment outcomes.RESULTS: The prevalence of DM at TB treatment initiation was 15% (126/838). Most patients (83.3%, 105/126) were on hypoglycaemic treatment and well-controlled (median glycated haemoglobin 53.5 mmol/mol). DM patients were older, more likely to be of Asian ethnicity and had a higher pre-treatment weight. Time from presentation to treatment initiation was longer (median 87.5 vs. 63 days; P < 0.001), while they were significantly more comorbid (median Charlson Comorbidity Index 3 vs. 0; P < 0.001). Overall, favourable treatment outcomes were recorded for 89.5% of patients (87.7% vs. 89.8% for DM and non-DM patients respectively, P = 0.52). In multivariable analysis, DM was not associated with unfavourable TB treatment outcomes (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.23-1.04, P = 0.06). Independent predictors of unfavourable outcome included age, cavitation, chronic neurological disease and malignant neoplasm.CONCLUSIONS: In a well-resourced setting, with predominantly well-controlled DM patients on treatment, DM was not an independent predictor of unfavourable TB treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Baltas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Sturdy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K Kavallieros
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A McGregor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
| | - T Corrah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
| | - L John
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
| | - G Cooke
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A M Whittington
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK
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Carter S, Keogan B, O'Reilly P, Coughlan S, Cooke G, De Gascun C, Gallagher C, McKone E. P176 Detection of respiratory viruses in cystic fibrosis: comparison of nasal FLOQ Swabs™ and sputum using the FilmArray® platform. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [PMCID: PMC7129069 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Mica NA, Almahmoud SAJ, Krishnan Jagadamma L, Cooke G, Samuel IDW. An investigation of the role acceptor side chains play in the processibility and efficiency of organic solar cells fabricated from small molecular donors featuring 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene cores. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39231-39240. [PMID: 35558030 PMCID: PMC9090895 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic devices fabricated from small molecular donors continue to receive significant interest due to their desirable properties such as convenient synthesis, purification and batch-to-batch reproducibility. In this study, we have synthesized two small molecules based on an alternating A–D–A structure, utilizing a central EDOT donor moiety and either 2-ethylhexyl cyanoacetate (SAM-72) or N-(2-ethylhexyl)cyanoacetamide (SAM-80) units as acceptor termini. The small molecules were incorporated into bulk heterojunction solar cells with PC71BM. Our investigations have shown that the side chains utilized for SAM-80 only allow for solution processing using volatile solvents, such as chloroform, which limits the reproducibility of device fabrication. However, SAM-72 displays better solubility and devices fabricated using a SAM-72:PC71BM active layer reached average power conversion efficiencies of 1.9%, with fill factors reaching 60%. Post-processing methods such as thermal and solvent vapor annealing were found to significantly increase the stability of devices, but were not able to improve overall device performance. The chemical nature of the acceptor side chain plays an important role in the processability and photovoltaic performance of EDOT-based small molecule donors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Mica
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy St Andrews Fife KY16 9SS UK
| | - S A J Almahmoud
- Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry (GCPOC), WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - L Krishnan Jagadamma
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy St Andrews Fife KY16 9SS UK
| | - G Cooke
- Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry (GCPOC), WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - I D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy St Andrews Fife KY16 9SS UK
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4
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Martinello M, Bhagani S, Gane E, Orkin C, Cooke G, Dore GJ, Petoumenos K, Applegate TL, Tu E, Marks P, Pagani N, Grebely J, Nelson M, Matthews GV. Shortened therapy of eight weeks with paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir is highly effective in people with recent HCV genotype 1 infection. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:1180-1188. [PMID: 29660224 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks are approved for treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. This study assessed the efficacy of shortened duration paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for 8 weeks among people with recent HCV infection. In this open-label single-arm trial conducted in Australia, England and New Zealand, adults with recent HCV (duration of infection <12 months) received paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir (with weight-based ribavirin for genotypes 1a and 1, no subtype) for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response at 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Thirty people (median age 38 years, male 93%) commenced treatment (with ribavirin, 97%), of whom 77% (n = 23) were HIV-positive, 93% (n = 28) had genotype 1a infection and 53% (n = 16) had ever injected drugs. Median maximum ALT in the preceding 12 months was 433 IU/L (IQR 321, 1012). Acute clinical hepatitis with ALT > 10 x ULN was documented in 83% (n = 25); one participant (3%) had jaundice. At baseline, median estimated duration of infection was 30 weeks (range 11, 51), and median HCV RNA was 5.7 log10 IU/mL (range 2.7, 7.3). SVR12 was achieved in 97% (29/30; early discontinuation at week 2, n = 1; per protocol 100%, 29/29). No relapse or reinfection was observed. In conclusion, paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir (with ribavirin) for eight weeks were highly effective among HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals with recent HCV infection. These data support the use of this shortened duration direct-acting antiviral regimen in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinello
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Bhagani
- Department of Infectious Diseases/HIV Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - E Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C Orkin
- Barts Health, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - G Cooke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - G J Dore
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Petoumenos
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T L Applegate
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E Tu
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Marks
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N Pagani
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Grebely
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Nelson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - G V Matthews
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cooke G, Kamal I, Strengert M, Hams E, Mawhinney L, Tynan A, O’Reilly C, O’Dwyer DN, Kunkel SL, Knaus UG, Shields DC, Moller DR, Bowie AG, Fallon PG, Hogaboam CM, Armstrong ME, Donnelly SC. Toll-like receptor 3 L412F polymorphism promotes a persistent clinical phenotype in pulmonary sarcoidosis. QJM 2018; 111:217-224. [PMID: 29237089 PMCID: PMC6256937 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in target organs. In 90% of cases, there is thoracic involvement. Fifty to seventy percent of pulmonary sarcoidosis patients will experience acute, self-limiting disease. For the subgroup of patients who develop persistent disease, no targeted therapy is currently available. AIM To investigate the potential of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), Toll-like receptor 3 Leu412Phe (TLR3 L412F; rs3775291), as a causative factor in the development of and in disease persistence in pulmonary sarcoidosis. To investigate the functionality of TLR3 L412F in vitro in primary human lung fibroblasts from pulmonary sarcoidosis patients. DESIGN SNP-genotyping and cellular assays, respectively, were used to investigate the role of TLR3 L412F in the development of persistent pulmonary sarcoidosis. METHODS Cohorts of Irish sarcoidosis patients (n = 228), healthy Irish controls (n = 263) and a secondary cohort of American sarcoidosis patients (n = 123) were genotyped for TLR3 L412F. Additionally, the effect of TLR3 L412F in primary lung fibroblasts from pulmonary sarcoidosis patients was quantitated following TLR3 activation in the context of cytokine and type I interferon production, TLR3 expression and apoptotic- and fibroproliferative-responses. RESULTS We report a significant association between TLR3 L412F and persistent clinical disease in two cohorts of Irish and American Caucasians with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Furthermore, activation of TLR3 in primary lung fibroblasts from 412 F-homozygous pulmonary sarcoidosis patients resulted in reduced IFN-β and TLR3 expression, reduced apoptosis- and dysregulated fibroproliferative-responses compared with TLR3 wild-type patients. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study identifies defective TLR3 function as a previously unidentified factor in persistent clinical disease in pulmonary sarcoidosis and reveals TLR3 L412F as a candidate biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cooke
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute of Technology Tallaght,
Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - I Kamal
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- National Pulmonary Fibrosis Referral Centre at St. Vincent’s University
Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Strengert
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - E Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital
Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - L Mawhinney
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A Tynan
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C O’Reilly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D N O’Dwyer
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- National Pulmonary Fibrosis Referral Centre at St. Vincent’s University
Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - U G Knaus
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD
Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D C Shields
- UCD Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D R Moller
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - A G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital
Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - C M Hogaboam
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M E Armstrong
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S C Donnelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity
College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences,
Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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6
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Nailon W, Welsh D, MacDonald K, Burns D, Forsyth J, Cooke G, Cutanda F, McLaren D, Puxeu-Vaque J, Kehoe T, Andiappa S. EP-1456: In-vivo dosimetry using Dosimetry Check: 5-year experience on 345 prostate cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Fanning J, Porter G, Awick EA, Ehlers DK, Roberts SA, Cooke G, Burzynska AZ, Voss MW, Kramer AF, McAuley E. Replacing sedentary time with sleep, light, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: effects on self-regulation and executive functioning. J Behav Med 2017; 40:332-342. [PMID: 27586134 PMCID: PMC5332375 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent attention has highlighted the importance of reducing sedentary time for maintaining health and quality of life. However, it is unclear how changing sedentary behavior may influence executive functions and self-regulatory strategy use, which are vital for the long-term maintenance of a health behavior regimen. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the estimated self-regulatory and executive functioning effects of substituting 30 min of sedentary behavior with 30 min of light activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or sleep in a sample of older adults. This study reports baseline data collected from low-active healthy older adults (N = 247, mean age 65.4 ± 4.6 years) recruited to participate in a 6 month randomized controlled exercise trial examining the effects of various modes of exercise on brain health and function. Each participant completed assessments of physical activity self-regulatory strategy use (i.e., self-monitoring, goal-setting, social support, reinforcement, time management, and relapse prevention) and executive functioning. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors were measured using accelerometers during waking hours for seven consecutive days at each time point. Isotemporal substitution analyses were conducted to examine the effect on self-regulation and executive functioning should an individual substitute sedentary time with light activity, MVPA, or sleep. The substitution of sedentary time with both sleep and MVPA influenced both self-regulatory strategy use and executive functioning. Sleep was associated with greater self-monitoring (B = .23, p = .02), goal-setting (B = .32, p < .01), and social support (B = .18, p = .01) behaviors. Substitution of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with higher accuracy on 2-item (B = .03, p = .01) and 3-item (B = .02, p = .04) spatial working memory tasks, and with faster reaction times on single (B = -23.12, p = .03) and mixed-repeated task-switching blocks (B = -27.06, p = .04). Substitution of sedentary time with sleep was associated with marginally faster reaction time on mixed-repeated task-switching blocks (B = -12.20, p = .07) and faster reaction time on mixed-switch blocks (B = 17.21, p = .05), as well as reduced global reaction time switch cost (B = -16.86, p = .01). Substitution for light intensity physical activity did not produce significant effects. By replacing sedentary time with sleep and MVPA, individuals may bolster several important domains of self-regulatory behavior and executive functioning. This has important implications for the design of long-lasting health behavior interventions. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00438347.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fanning
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - G Porter
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - E A Awick
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - D K Ehlers
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - S A Roberts
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - G Cooke
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - A Z Burzynska
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M W Voss
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, 11 Seashore Hall E., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - A F Kramer
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - E McAuley
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Cooke G, Golby C, Erridge S, Peoples S, Seaton L, Ronaldson T, Wawrzyniak L, McIntosh L. EP-1661: Comparing different planning techniques for brain tumour radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)32912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Belal K, Poitras-Jolicoeur S, Lyskawa J, Pembouong G, Cooke G, Woisel P, Stoffelbach F. A triple carboxylic acid-functionalized RAFT agent platform for the elaboration of well-defined telechelic 3-arm star PDMAc. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1847-50. [PMID: 26670290 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09684g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis of a triple acid-functionalized RAFT agent and its use to prepare well-defined 3-arm star polymers of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAc). A simple esterification reaction allowed the convenient integration of three electron-rich naphthalene recognition units on the RAFT agent platform and subsequently the elaboration of a naphthalene end-decorated telechelic 3-arm star PDMAc. This functionalized star polymer was further exploited to build a hydrogel with a complementary homoditopic host unit featuring tetracationic macrocycle cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) units.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Belal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France. and Université de Lille, ENSCL, Unité des Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S Poitras-Jolicoeur
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - J Lyskawa
- Université de Lille, ENSCL, Unité des Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - G Pembouong
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - G Cooke
- Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - P Woisel
- Université de Lille, ENSCL, Unité des Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - F Stoffelbach
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France.
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Pope C, Jorth P, Hisert K, Grogan B, Gallagher C, Cooke G, Donnelly S, Welsh M, Singh P, McKone E, Hoffman L. WS02.4 Short-term and long-term effects of ivacaftor treatment on sputum microbiota in people with the G551D CFTR mutation. J Cyst Fibros 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(15)30010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Laggoune N, Delattre F, Lyskawa J, Stoffelbach F, Guigner JM, Ruellan S, Cooke G, Woisel P. Synthesis, binding and self-assembly properties of a well-defined pillar[5]arene end functionalised polydimethylacrylamide. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01186h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, binding and self-assembly properties of a well-defined pillar[5]arene end functionalised polydimethylacrylamide are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Laggoune
- Université de Lille
- ENSCL
- Unité des Matériaux et Transformations
- UMR CNRS 8207
- Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
| | - F. Delattre
- UCEIV
- EA 4492
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale
- 59140 Dunkerque
- France
| | - J. Lyskawa
- Université de Lille
- ENSCL
- Unité des Matériaux et Transformations
- UMR CNRS 8207
- Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
| | - F. Stoffelbach
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- CNRS
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- Equipe Chimie des Polymères
| | - J. M. Guigner
- Institut de Minéralogie
- de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC)
- UPMC Univ Paris 06-IRD-CNRS UMR 7590-MNHN
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - S. Ruellan
- UCEIV
- EA 4492
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale
- 59140 Dunkerque
- France
| | - G. Cooke
- Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
| | - P. Woisel
- Université de Lille
- ENSCL
- Unité des Matériaux et Transformations
- UMR CNRS 8207
- Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
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Sambe L, Belal K, Stoffelbach F, Lyskawa J, Delattre F, Bria M, Sauvage FX, Sliwa M, Humblot V, Charleux B, Cooke G, Woisel P. Multi-stimuli responsive supramolecular diblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ross CL, Anwar M, Wickremasinghe M, Cooke G, Rebec M, Fahy E, Jepson A, Kon OM. P25 Sensitivity of the Xpert ®MTB/RIF assay in bronchoalveolar lavage samples in a North West London Hospital: a useful adjunct to current diagnostic modalities. Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cooke G, Govender P, Watson CJ, Armstrong ME, O'Dwyer DN, Keane MP, King R, Tynan A, Dunn M, Donnelly SC. Sarcoidosis, alveolar β-actin and pulmonary fibrosis. QJM 2013; 106:897-902. [PMID: 23904517 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hct160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology. Proteins present within the alveolar space early in sarcoidosis disease may provide an insight into novel mechanisms for the development of fibrotic disease and in particular pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS A modified two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis protocol was applied to the human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (hBALF) of four patients with non-persistent pulmonary interstitial disease at 4-year follow-up (defined as mild disease) and four patients who developed pulmonary interstitial disease at 4-year follow-up (defined as severe disease). The protein β-actin was identified by LC-MS/MS from a preparative gel and found to be significantly elevated in early lavages from the severe disease group. To look at the potential pro-fibrotic effects of this protein, primary human pulmonary fibroblasts (CCD-19Lu) were treated with recombinant β-actin following which qPCR and ELISA assays were used to measure any effects. RESULTS We found that β-actin levels were significantly elevated in early hBALF samples in patients who subsequently developed severe disease when compared to the mild group. Treating primary human pulmonary fibroblasts with recombinant β-actin led to enhanced gene expression of the pro-fibrotic markers alpha smooth muscle actin and collagen 1 as well as the increased secretion of interleukin-13 and metalloproteinases 3 and 9. CONCLUSION Free β-actin within the lungs of sarcoidosis patients potentially may contribute to disease pathogenesis particularly in the context of abnormal remodelling and the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cooke
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Toczek A, Cox H, du Cros P, Cooke G, Ford N. Strategies for reducing treatment default in drug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis [Review article]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:299-307. [DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Toczek
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - H. Cox
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P. du Cros
- Manson Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK
| | - G. Cooke
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - N. Ford
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Manson Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ashby
- a St Mary's Hospital , Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust , London , UK
| | - B. Braithewaite
- b Hammersmith Hospital , Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust , London , UK
| | - J. Walsh
- a St Mary's Hospital , Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust , London , UK
| | - S. Gnani
- b Hammersmith Hospital , Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust , London , UK
| | - S. Fidler
- a St Mary's Hospital , Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust , London , UK
- c Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - G. Cooke
- a St Mary's Hospital , Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust , London , UK
- c Imperial College London , London , UK
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Pollock KM, Montamat-Sicotte D, Cooke G, Kapembwa M, Kon OM, Taylor GP, Lalvani A. S43 Polyfunctional T cells reveal the spectrum of tuberculosis in HIV co-infection through the identification of immunological correlates of latent and active disease. Thorax 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201054b.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sturdy A, Goodman A, Jose RJ, Loyse A, O'Donoghue M, Kon OM, Dedicoat MJ, Harrison T, John L, Lipman M, Cooke G. S2 Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment in the UK: a survey of injectable use and toxicity in practice. Thorax 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/thx.2010.150912.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Cooke G, Hargreaves S, Natkunaraja J, Sandhu G, Dhasmana D, Holmes A, Friedland J. The Presentation of Infectious Diseases in International Migrants. J Infect 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Tryphonas H, Cooke G, Caldwell D, Bondy G, Parenteau M, Hayward S, Pulido O. Oral (gavage), in utero and post-natal exposure of Sprague–Dawley rats to low doses of tributyltin chloride. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:221-35. [PMID: 14667469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The immunotoxic effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTC) were examined in the offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed in utero from day 8 of gestation, through lactation and post-weaning until pups reached the age of 30 days (male and female), 60 days (female) and 90 days (male). Daily oral (gavage) doses of 0.025, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day were administered in olive oil 7 days/week. Immunologic endpoints were investigated at the termination of each study. Statistically significant results (P<0.05) included the following: At 30 days, the mean percent and absolute natural killer (NK) cell numbers were increased in male and female rats treated with the high TBTC dose. At 60 days, female rats had increased mean serum IgM levels at the low and high TBTC doses, increased mean percentage CD4(+)8(+) (immature) T lymphocytes at the middle and high doses, a non-linear dose-response increase in NK cell activity at the 50:1 and 100:1 effector:target cell ratios (pairwise comparisons significant at the low dose compared with control), and increased mean numbers of L. monocytogenes colony-forming bacteria on Day 2 post-infection (significant for trend) and Day 3 post infection (pairwise comparisons significant only in the middle dose). The 90-day male rats had decreased mean serum IgA levels at the middle dose group; increased IgM levels at the high dose group, increased IgG levels at the middle and high doses; decreased IgG2(a) in the high dose compared to the control; a dose-related increase in the mean percentage NK cell numbers (pairwise comparisons significant at the high dose compared with the control) and increased mean NK cell activity (pairwise comparisons significant at all dose groups compared with the control). The delayed-type hypersensitivity response to oxazolone was increased in the low and middle doses and decreased in the high dose. Thymus atrophy was observed in the high TBTC dose across all ages. Thus, in utero and post-natal treatment of F1 rats with low levels of TBTC affected some aspects of humoral and cell mediated immunity as well as the number and function of cells which are involved in the host's immunosurveillance mechanisms against tumours and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tryphonas
- Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Tunneys' Pasture, Ross Avenue, PL2202D2 Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2 Canada
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Augier de Cremiers H, Clavier G, Ilhan F, Cooke G, Rotello VM. Tuneable electrochemical interactions between polystyrenes with anthracenyl and tetrathiafulvalenyl sidechains. Chem Commun (Camb) 2001:2232-3. [PMID: 12240126 DOI: 10.1039/b106588m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer 4 and its monomeric counterpart 3 exhibit electrochemically tuneable interactions with anthracene polymer 2 and a structurally similar monomer 1 and seen by the variation of the oxidation waves of TTF groups and the fluorescence of the anthracene.
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24
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Bourgel C, Boyd AS, Cooke G, de Cremiers HA, Duclairoir FM, Rotello VM. The first redox controlled hydrogen bonded three-pole switch. Chem Commun (Camb) 2001:1954-5. [PMID: 12240236 DOI: 10.1039/b106342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a redox controlled hydrogen bonded three-pole switch is described, which exploits both electrochemical oxidation and reduction of the host-guest dyad to modulate the intermolecular recognition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bourgel
- Centre for Biomimetic Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK EH14 4AS
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Boden N, Bushby RJ, Cooke G, Lozman OR, Lu Z. CPI: a recipe for improving applicable properties of discotic liquid crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7915-6. [PMID: 11493069 DOI: 10.1021/ja003443b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Boden
- SOMS Centre, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane, Leeds West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT United Kingdom
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26
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Price C, Cooke G, Sanford L. Influence of season and low-level oestradiol immunoneutralization on episodic LH and testosterone secretion and testicular steroidogenic enzymes and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the adult ram. Reproduction 2000. [DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.1180251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boyd NF, Jensen HM, Cooke G, Han HL, Lockwood GA, Miller AB. Mammographic densities and the prevalence and incidence of histological types of benign breast disease. Reference Pathologists of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2000; 9:15-24. [PMID: 10777006 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200002000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is now a large amount of evidence indicating that women with extensive areas of mammographic densities are 4-6 times more likely to develop breast cancer than those with little or no density in the mammogram. We have examined one potential biological explanation for this association by estimating the incidence of various histological types of benign breast disease in relation to mammographic density. We studied the large cohort of women taking part in the National Breast Screening Study (NBSS), a randomized trial of screening with mammography. Mammograms from subjects with biopsies (n = 423) and from a comparison group of subjects randomly selected from the NBSS (n = 465) were included. Histological slides from biopsied subjects (n = 353) were classified independently by the pathologists of the NBSS and by a review pathologist (H.M.J.). Mammographic density in more than 75% of the breast area was associated with an increased risk of incidence of hyperplasia without atypia, and of atypical hyperplasia and/or carcinoma in situ. The classifications of the review pathologist showed that, compared to women with no density, the relative risk of incident lesions for women with density in more than 75% of breast was 13.85 (95% CI 2.65-72.49) for hyperplasia, and 9.23 (95% CI 1.66-51.48) for atypical hyperplasia and/or carcinoma in situ. These findings suggest that the association between extensive mammographic density and breast cancer risk may, at least in part, be attributable to biological processes in the breast that give rise to these histological features that are known to be related to breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Boyd
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
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28
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Abstract
Differences in the proportion of the breast occupied by mammographic densities have been shown to be associated with differences in breast cancer risk. However, estimation of these densities by radiologists may be subject to error, and it is likely that quantitative measurement will reduce misclassification of densities and strengthen their association with risk of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to compare the extent of mammographic densities estimated subjectively by an experienced radiologist with the measured extent of densities using a digital planimeter. A total of 225 sets of mammograms from women aged 40-49 years and enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) were selected. The extent of the radiological densities was estimated visually by one radiologist. Independently, the total area of the breast and the areas of density were traced and measured using a digital planimeter. Visual estimations and measurements of mammographic densities were then compared to determine the extent of agreement between the two methods. In general, the two methods showed good agreement (kappa = 0.78). The measured area of mammographic densities tended to be slightly greater than the radiologist's estimations. Both methods were highly reproducible (radiologist-dependent method, kappa = 0.89; quantitative method, r = 0.95, P = 0.0001). Our results indicate that measurement of the area of mammographic density using a quantitative method is reliable, and correlates well with assessment by an experienced radiologist. The method may be useful for identifying women at increased risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee-Han
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
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29
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Lee-Han HW, Jensen HM, Cooke G, Miller AB, Boyd NF. A comparison of the epidemiology of atypical hyperplasia of the breast epithelium and mammographic parenchymal densities. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993; 2 Suppl 3:33-40. [PMID: 8298450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H W Lee-Han
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
A double-masked, randomized study in four parts was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying certain soft contact lens design parameters on clinical performance. The effects of varying back optic zone radius (BOZR) (8.20 to 9.00 mm), back surface design (monocurve, bicurve, aspheric), edge thickness (0.12 to 0.24 mm), and back vertex power (+ 1.00 to -6.00 D) were investigated using test lenses manufactured in a high water content material. In each part of the study, between 20 and 35 volunteer subjects wore a range of lenses which were assessed after > 30 min settling periods. Postblink movement and lens "tightness" as assessed by the push-up test were unaffected by the variation in BOZR. Lenses of flatter BOZR centered lower and more temporally than steeper lenses. Lenses of similar back surface sagittal depth, but differing in terms of back surface design, did not center the same; the monocurve lenses decentered more than bicurve or aspheric lenses. Edge thickness had no significant effect on comfort or lens fit. Plus power lenses resulted in more postblink movement than minus lenses of similar power. The results are discussed in relation to the design and fitting of soft contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Young
- Visioncare Research Ltd., Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom
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31
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Bryce MR, Moore AJ, Coffin MA, Marshallsay GJ, Cooke G, Skabara PJ, Batsanov AS, Howard JAK, Clegg W. Synthesis and Properties of New Functionalised Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)π-Electron Donors. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509308038113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on breast cancer risk can be obtained both from the histological appearance of the breast epithelium in biopsy specimens and from the pattern of parenchymal densities in the breast revealed by mammography. It is not understood, however, how parenchymal densities influence breast cancer risk or whether these densities are associated with histological risk factors. PURPOSE We have estimated, in a large cohort of women, the relative risk of detecting carcinoma in situ, atypical hyperplasia, hyperplasia without atypia, or nonproliferative disease in biopsy specimens from women with different extents of mammographic density. We also examined the association between these histological classifications and radiological features present specifically at the biopsy site. METHODS The source of study material was a population of women aged 40-49 years who were enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS). Mammograms from women who had undergone a biopsy (n = 441) and from a comparison group of women (n = 501) randomly selected from the mammography arm of the NBSS were classified according to the extent of mammographic density. The corresponding histological slides were independently classified by a review pathologist. RESULTS Compared with women showing no mammographic densities, women with the most extensive densities (i.e., occupying greater than 75% of the breast volume) had a 9.7 times greater risk of developing carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.75-53.97), a 12.2 times greater risk of developing hyperplasia without atypia (95% CI = 2.97-50.14), and a 3.1 times greater risk of developing non-proliferative disease (95% CI = 1.20-8.11). The gradients in risk were not monotonic across the five classifications of mammographic density. The association could not be explained by the presence of mammographic densities at the biopsy site, but calcification at the biopsy site was strongly associated with high-risk histological changes (relative risk = 24; 95% CI = 5.0-156.0). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the radiological patterns referred to as mammographic dysplasia may influence breast cancer risk by virtue of their association with high-risk histological changes in the breast epithelium. IMPLICATIONS Identification of the factors responsible for high-risk histological changes may offer new insights into the etiology of breast cancer and potentially lead to the development of methods for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Boyd
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Canada
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Caldwell CB, Stapleton SJ, Holdsworth DW, Jong RA, Weiser WJ, Cooke G, Yaffe MJ. Characterisation of mammographic parenchymal pattern by fractal dimension. Phys Med Biol 1990; 35:235-47. [PMID: 2315379 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/35/2/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A consistent, quantitative, observer-independent method of characterising mammographic parenchymal pattern is described. The method is based on the calculation of the 'fractal dimension' of digitised mammograms. The degree of correlation between the parenchymal pattern classifications by a fractal-based system and those of radiologists is assessed. For a set of 70 mammograms, average weighted proportion agreement among three radiologists in calling Wolfe grades was 85%, while agreement between the radiologists and our fractal classifier was 84%. The method developed may prove to be useful in establishing an index of risk for breast cancer and, ultimately, in determining intervals between examinations for individuals in a mammographic screening programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Caldwell
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Urbanski S, Jensen HM, Cooke G, McFarlane D, Shannon P, Kruikov V, Boyd NF. The association of histological and radiological indicators of breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1988; 58:474-9. [PMID: 2849977 PMCID: PMC2246805 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that extensive mammographic dysplasia in women aged less than 50 was strongly associated with breast cancer but that the radiological appearance of ductal prominence was not associated with risk. In the present paper we examine the association between these mammographic signs in the breast and histological patterns in the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU), the region of the breast where breast cancer is believed to originate. Surgical biopsies from a consecutive series of women aged less than 50 were reviewed and classified according to the histopathology of the epithelium in the TDLU. Mammograms from the same subjects were independently classified according to the extent of the radiological signs of dysplasia and ductal prominence. Degree of histopathology and the extent of mammographic dysplasia were associated and atypia of the ductal type was found more frequently in patients with extensive dysplasia. However, the strength and statistical significance of the association varied according to the radiologist who classified the mammograms. No association was found between degree of histopathology and ductal prominence. These results add to the evidence that extensive mammographic dysplasia in women aged less than 50 is a risk factor for breast cancer. They do not indicate that the radiological signs of dysplasia are caused by histological changes in the TDLU.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Urbanski
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Boyd NF, O'Sullivan B, Fishell E, Simor I, Cooke G. Mammographic patterns and breast cancer risk: methodologic standards and contradictory results. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72:1253-9. [PMID: 6587146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The claim that classification of the pattern of the breast parenchyma upon mammography can distinguish groups at different risks for breast cancer has been examined by 17 other studies published in the English language literature with contradictory results; this controversy was assessed by us in examination of these studies for their adherence to commonly accepted methodologic standards for the investigation of causal relationships. The nine standards for the examination of the studies included a description of the way the study population had been assembled and followed up and descriptions of the methods of mammographic pattern classification and breast cancer risk analysis. A strong association was found between the standards adopted by a study and the obtained results. Among nine cohort and case-control studies that found a statistically significant association between mammographic pattern and breast cancer risk, all met at least four standards, whereas only two of six "negative" cohort or case-control studies met as many as four standards. Among prevalence surveys, the association between methods and results was less striking, but several negative prevalence surveys were associated with "positive" cohort studies employing the same group of patients. These results indicate that methodologic differences among studies contribute substantially to the controversy surrounding this subject. Studies that follow the usual scientific methods employed in the epidemiologic investigation of risk generally have confirmed an association between mammographic pattern and breast cancer risk.
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Cooke G, Wallace H. The California Statewide Family Health Education and Training Program 1981-1982. J Sch Health 1984; 54:118-121. [PMID: 6562283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1984.tb08784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Through support from the California State Department of Health Services, San Diego State University continued a statewide program in family life education, which consisted of: 1) establishment of a statewide advisory committee representative of many diverse points of view; 2) performance of a study of the teaching of family life education in the ninth and 10th grades of public schools in the state, as well as an examination of the present status of training of teachers; 3) provision of consultation and training programs for local school districts, including community support and implementation training, program development consultation teacher training and a limited number of small block grants to improve local family life education program efforts; and 4) preservice education classes to be conducted at teacher preparation campuses in the California State University system. The paper describes some of the findings of the study of the ninth and 10th grades, as well as the details of methodology of all four components of the statewide program.
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Houlihan WJ, Cooke G, Van Bochoven R, Perrine J, Takesue EI, Jukniewicz E. Antiinflammatory properties of 8-aryl-5-isopropyl-2H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]quinazolin-6(5H)-ones and -thiones. J Med Chem 1982; 25:1110-3. [PMID: 7131493 DOI: 10.1021/jm00351a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Cooke G. Special needs beyond sixteen. Spec Educ Forward Trends 1982; 9:39-41. [PMID: 7135079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Wolfe's finding that some mammographic patterns (P2 and DY) are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer has been challenged by some authors who suggest that this is due to denser patterns concealing cancers present on the first examination: these cancers, it is argued, are diagnosed in later years, creating the spurious impression of increased cancer incidence. The authors examined this hypothesis in a series of patients with breast cancer but failed to find any evidence that the diagnosis was subject to systematic delay in patients with the P2 or DY pattern. Moreover, studies of a hypothetical model showed that bias in the detection of breast cancer was unlikely to account for more than a small increase in apparent cancer incidence. Thus it appears unlikely that such a bias is responsible for the risk of breast cancer observed in patients with these mammographic patterns.
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Boyd NF, O'Sullivan B, Campbell JE, Fishell E, Simor I, Cooke G, Germanson T. Bias and the association of mammographic parenchymal patterns with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1982; 45:179-84. [PMID: 7059468 PMCID: PMC2010905 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1982.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have carried out a case-control study to evaluate the association between Wolfe's mammographic patterns and the risk of breast cancer, and to examine the influence of control selection and the radiologist who read the films upon the results obtained. Mammograms of the non-cancerous breast of 183 women with unilateral breast cancer were compared with mammograms from two age-matched control groups: a group of asymptomatic women attending a screening centre, and a group of symptomatic women referred for the diagnostic evaluation of suspected breast disease. Films were arranged in random sequence and independently classified by 3 radiologists. A strong and statistically significant association was found between mammographic dysplasia and breast cancer when controls from the screening centre were compared to cases, but not when cases were compared to women referred for the diagnostic evaluation of breast disease. This result appears to arise in part because of an association between symptoms of benign breast disease and mammographic dysplasia, and suggests that some previous negative studies of the association of mammographic patterns with breast cancer may have arisen from the inclusion of symptomatic subjects as controls.
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Abstract
We have carried out a case-control study to examine the relationship between mammographic signs and breast cancer. The mammographic signs assessed were prominent ducts and dysplasia. The cases were a group of 183 women with histologically verified unilateral breast cancer. The controls were a group of women attending a screening centre. Cases and controls were individually age-matched. Mammograms from the non-cancerous breast of the cases were randomly assembled with those of the controls and classified by 3 radiologists without knowledge of which films were from cases and which from controls. Mammographic dysplasia was found to be strongly associated with breast cancer, particularly in women aged less than 50. Prominent ducts were only weakly associated with breast cancer. Multivariate analysis showed that the association between dysplasia and breast cancer could not be explained on the basis of other risk factors for breast cancer, and that classification of dysplasia discriminated more strongly between cases and controls than did classification of Wolfe's mammographic patterns. These results show that mammograms contain information about risk of breast cancer. Mammographic dysplasia is strongly associated with breast cancer, is present in a substantial proportion of patients with the disease, and may offer opportunities for prevention.
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Gruber J, Wehmer G, Cooke G. Training paraprofessionals in the treatment of alcoholism: differences in effects due to prior history of alcohol and drug abuse. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs 1979; 74:31-5. [PMID: 283825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1979.tb02409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cooke G. Training police officers to handle suicidal persons. J Forensic Sci 1979; 24:227-33. [PMID: 512609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Losito A, Williams DG, Cooke G, Harris L. The effects on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function of prednisolone and azathioprine in vivo and prednisolone, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 1978; 32:423-8. [PMID: 357052 PMCID: PMC1541321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of prednisolone azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine on polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been studied. In twenty patients with a functioning kidney graft, taking both azathioprine 2.5 mg/kg/day and prednisolone (mean dose 0.59 mg/kg/day; range 0.30-1.0 mg/kg/day), the polymorphonuclear function did not significantly differ from that in either twenty-two normal or eighteen uraemic controls. Addition of prednisolone, 1.2 X 10(-5) M, azathioprine, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, and 6-mercaptopurine, 2.1 X 10(-5) M, using each drug alone, to normal human polymorphonuclear cells in vitro did not significantly alter their function. It is concluded that prednisolone and azathioprine together in vivo and that both these drugs and 6-mercaptopurine singly in vitro have no significant deleterious effect on polymorphonuclear function and do not contribute, in this way, to the increased susceptibility of patients receiving these drugs to infection.
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Cooke G, Wehmer G, Gruber J. Training paraprofessionals in the treatment of alcoholism. Effects on knowledge, attitudes and therapeutic techniques. J Stud Alcohol 1975; 36:938-48. [PMID: 240073 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1975.36.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Participation in a training program for paraprofessional alcoholism counselors increased the trainees' knowledge of alcoholism, modified their attitudes toward alcoholism and affected their therapeutic techniques.
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Cooke G, Sikorski CR. Factors affecting length of hospitalization in persons adjudicated not guilty by reason of insanity. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1974; 2:251-61. [PMID: 4467931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wehmer G, Cooke G, Gruber J. Evaluation of the effects of training of paraprofessionals in the treatment of alcoholism: a pilot study. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs 1974; 69:25-32. [PMID: 4532015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1974.tb01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pierce D, Cooke G, Frahm P. SORT-score correlates of schizophrenia. J Pers Assess 1973; 37:508-11. [PMID: 4766739 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.1973.10119914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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