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Lam RK, Raj SL, Pascal TA, Pemmaraju CD, Foglia L, Simoncig A, Fabris N, Miotti P, Hull CJ, Rizzuto AM, Smith JW, Mincigrucci R, Masciovecchio C, Gessini A, Allaria E, De Ninno G, Diviacco B, Roussel E, Spampinati S, Penco G, Di Mitri S, Trovò M, Danailov M, Christensen ST, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Coreno M, Poletto L, Drisdell WS, Prendergast D, Giannessi L, Principi E, Nordlund D, Saykally RJ, Schwartz CP. Soft X-Ray Second Harmonic Generation as an Interfacial Probe. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:023901. [PMID: 29376703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processes at soft x-ray wavelengths have remained largely unexplored due to the lack of available light sources with the requisite intensity and coherence. Here we report the observation of soft x-ray second harmonic generation near the carbon K edge (∼284 eV) in graphite thin films generated by high intensity, coherent soft x-ray pulses at the FERMI free electron laser. Our experimental results and accompanying first-principles theoretical analysis highlight the effect of resonant enhancement above the carbon K edge and show the technique to be interfacially sensitive in a centrosymmetric sample with second harmonic intensity arising primarily from the first atomic layer at the open surface. This technique and the associated theoretical framework demonstrate the ability to selectively probe interfaces, including those that are buried, with elemental specificity, providing a new tool for a range of scientific problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S L Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T A Pascal
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C D Pemmaraju
- Theory Institute for Materials and Energy Spectroscopies, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - N Fabris
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P Miotti
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C J Hull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A M Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Roussel
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Spampinati
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Trovò
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Danailov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S T Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - D Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T-C Weng
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - M Coreno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ISM-CNR, Elettra Laboratory, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Poletto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - W S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ENEA, C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy
| | - E Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R J Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C P Schwartz
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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2
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Takanashi T, Golubev NV, Callegari C, Fukuzawa H, Motomura K, Iablonskyi D, Kumagai Y, Mondal S, Tachibana T, Nagaya K, Nishiyama T, Matsunami K, Johnsson P, Piseri P, Sansone G, Dubrouil A, Reduzzi M, Carpeggiani P, Vozzi C, Devetta M, Negro M, Faccialà D, Calegari F, Trabattoni A, Castrovilli MC, Ovcharenko Y, Mudrich M, Stienkemeier F, Coreno M, Alagia M, Schütte B, Berrah N, Plekan O, Finetti P, Spezzani C, Ferrari E, Allaria E, Penco G, Serpico C, De Ninno G, Diviacco B, Di Mitri S, Giannessi L, Jabbari G, Prince KC, Cederbaum LS, Demekhin PV, Kuleff AI, Ueda K. Time-Resolved Measurement of Interatomic Coulombic Decay Induced by Two-Photon Double Excitation of Ne_{2}. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:033202. [PMID: 28157370 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.033202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The hitherto unexplored two-photon doubly excited states [Ne^{*}(2p^{-1}3s)]_{2} were experimentally identified using the seeded, fully coherent, intense extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser FERMI. These states undergo ultrafast interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD), which predominantly produces singly ionized dimers. In order to obtain the rate of ICD, the resulting yield of Ne_{2}^{+} ions was recorded as a function of delay between the extreme ultraviolet pump and UV probe laser pulses. The extracted lifetimes of the long-lived doubly excited states, 390(-130/+450) fs, and of the short-lived ones, less than 150 fs, are in good agreement with ab initio quantum mechanical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takanashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - N V Golubev
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - H Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - K Motomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - D Iablonskyi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - Y Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - S Mondal
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - T Tachibana
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - K Nagaya
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Nishiyama
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Matsunami
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - P Johnsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Piseri
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Sansone
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Physikalisches Institut Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Dubrouil
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Reduzzi
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - P Carpeggiani
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Vozzi
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Devetta
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Negro
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D Faccialà
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - F Calegari
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Trabattoni
- CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Y Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Mudrich
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Stienkemeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Coreno
- CNR-ISM, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Alagia
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - B Schütte
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2 A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N Berrah
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 2152 Hillside Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - O Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Spezzani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Ferrari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Serpico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Jabbari
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - L S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ph V Demekhin
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - A I Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
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3
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Iablonskyi D, Nagaya K, Fukuzawa H, Motomura K, Kumagai Y, Mondal S, Tachibana T, Takanashi T, Nishiyama T, Matsunami K, Johnsson P, Piseri P, Sansone G, Dubrouil A, Reduzzi M, Carpeggiani P, Vozzi C, Devetta M, Negro M, Calegari F, Trabattoni A, Castrovilli MC, Faccialà D, Ovcharenko Y, Möller T, Mudrich M, Stienkemeier F, Coreno M, Alagia M, Schütte B, Berrah N, Kuleff AI, Jabbari G, Callegari C, Plekan O, Finetti P, Spezzani C, Ferrari E, Allaria E, Penco G, Serpico C, De Ninno G, Nikolov I, Diviacco B, Di Mitri S, Giannessi L, Prince KC, Ueda K. Slow Interatomic Coulombic Decay of Multiply Excited Neon Clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:276806. [PMID: 28084773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.276806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ne clusters (∼5000 atoms) were resonantly excited (2p→3s) by intense free electron laser (FEL) radiation at FERMI. Such multiply excited clusters can decay nonradiatively via energy exchange between at least two neighboring excited atoms. Benefiting from the precise tunability and narrow bandwidth of seeded FEL radiation, specific sites of the Ne clusters were probed. We found that the relaxation of cluster surface atoms proceeds via a sequence of interatomic or intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) processes while ICD of bulk atoms is additionally affected by the surrounding excited medium via inelastic electron scattering. For both cases, cluster excitations relax to atomic states prior to ICD, showing that this kind of ICD is rather slow (picosecond range). Controlling the average number of excitations per cluster via the FEL intensity allows a coarse tuning of the ICD rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Iablonskyi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - K Nagaya
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - H Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - K Motomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - Y Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - S Mondal
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - T Tachibana
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - T Takanashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - T Nishiyama
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Matsunami
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - P Johnsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Piseri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Sansone
- CNR-IFN, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - F Calegari
- CNR-IFN, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Trabattoni
- CNR-IFN, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - D Faccialà
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Y Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, TU Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Mudrich
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Stienkemeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Coreno
- CNR-ISM, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Alagia
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - B Schütte
- Max-Born-Institut, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N Berrah
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - A I Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Jabbari
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - O Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - P Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Spezzani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Ferrari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Serpico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - I Nikolov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - K C Prince
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - K Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
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4
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Ciprian R, Torelli P, Giglia A, Gobaut B, Ressel B, Vinai G, Stupar M, Caretta A, De Ninno G, Pincelli T, Casarin B, Adhikary G, Sberveglieri G, Baratto C, Malvestuto M. New strategy for magnetic gas sensing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategy for room temperature magnetic gas sensing based on magnetoelectrically-coupled hybrids. The sensor is sensitive, fast and cost-effective. The sensing is allowed thanks to the magneto-electric coupling at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ciprian
- Elettra Sincrotrone di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - P. Torelli
- CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - A. Giglia
- CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - B. Gobaut
- Elettra Sincrotrone di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | | | - G. Vinai
- CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM
- Trieste
- Italy
| | | | - A. Caretta
- Elettra Sincrotrone di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - G. De Ninno
- Elettra Sincrotrone di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
- University of Nova Gorica
- Slovenia
| | - T. Pincelli
- CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM
- Trieste
- Italy
- Physics Department
- University of Milano
| | - B. Casarin
- Elettra Sincrotrone di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
- Physics Department
- University of Trieste
| | | | - G. Sberveglieri
- CNR-INO and Department of Information Engineering
- University of Brescia
- 25133 Brescia
- Italy
| | - C. Baratto
- CNR-INO and Department of Information Engineering
- University of Brescia
- 25133 Brescia
- Italy
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5
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Ferrari E, Allaria E, Buck J, De Ninno G, Diviacco B, Gauthier D, Giannessi L, Glaser L, Huang Z, Ilchen M, Lambert G, Lutman AA, Mahieu B, Penco G, Spezzani C, Viefhaus J. Single Shot Polarization Characterization of XUV FEL Pulses from Crossed Polarized Undulators. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13531. [PMID: 26314764 PMCID: PMC4551986 DOI: 10.1038/srep13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization control is a key feature of light generated by short-wavelength free-electron lasers. In this work, we report the first experimental characterization of the polarization properties of an extreme ultraviolet high gain free-electron laser operated with crossed polarized undulators. We investigate the average degree of polarization and the shot-to-shot stability and we analyze aspects such as existing possibilities for controlling and switching the polarization state of the emitted light. The results are in agreement with predictions based on Gaussian beams propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ferrari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - J Buck
- European XFEL, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.,Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Gauthier
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.,Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.,Enea, via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Z Huang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Ilchen
- European XFEL, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - G Lambert
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech-CNRS UMR 7639-Ecole polytechnique, Chemin de la Huniére, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - A A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Mahieu
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech-CNRS UMR 7639-Ecole polytechnique, Chemin de la Huniére, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Spezzani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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6
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Allaria E, Badano L, Bassanese S, Capotondi F, Castronovo D, Cinquegrana P, Danailov MB, D'Auria G, Demidovich A, De Monte R, De Ninno G, Di Mitri S, Diviacco B, Fawley WM, Ferianis M, Ferrari E, Gaio G, Gauthier D, Giannessi L, Iazzourene F, Kurdi G, Mahne N, Nikolov I, Parmigiani F, Penco G, Raimondi L, Rebernik P, Rossi F, Roussel E, Scafuri C, Serpico C, Sigalotti P, Spezzani C, Svandrlik M, Svetina C, Trovó M, Veronese M, Zangrando D, Zangrando M. The FERMI free-electron lasers. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:485-491. [PMID: 25931057 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515005366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FERMI is a seeded free-electron laser (FEL) facility located at the Elettra laboratory in Trieste, Italy, and is now in user operation with its first FEL line, FEL-1, covering the wavelength range between 100 and 20 nm. The second FEL line, FEL-2, a high-gain harmonic generation double-stage cascade covering the wavelength range 20-4 nm, has also completed commissioning and the first user call has been recently opened. An overview of the typical operating modes of the facility is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Badano
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - G D'Auria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - R De Monte
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - W M Fawley
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Ferianis
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Ferrari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Gaio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Gauthier
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - G Kurdi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - N Mahne
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - I Nikolov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Rebernik
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Roussel
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Scafuri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Serpico
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - C Spezzani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - C Svetina
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Trovó
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Veronese
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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7
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Penco G, Allaria E, De Ninno G, Ferrari E, Giannessi L. Experimental demonstration of enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission by an optical klystron. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:013901. [PMID: 25615469 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental evidence of enhancement of self-amplified spontaneous emission, due to the use of an optical klystron. In this free-electron laser scheme, a relativistic electron beam passes through two undulators, separated by a dispersive section. The latter converts the electron-beam energy modulation produced in the first undulator in density modulation, thus enhancing the free-electron laser gain. The experiment has been carried out at the FERMI facility in Trieste. Powerful radiation has been produced in the extreme ultraviolet range, with an intensity a few orders of magnitude larger than in pure self-amplified spontaneous emission mode. Data have been benchmarked with an existing theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - E Ferrari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Europa 1, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and Enea, via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
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8
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Spezzani C, Ferrari E, Allaria E, Vidal F, Ciavardini A, Delaunay R, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Coreno M, Svetina C, Raimondi L, Zangrando M, Ivanov R, Nikolov I, Demidovich A, Danailov MB, Popescu H, Eddrief M, De Ninno G, Kiskinova M, Sacchi M. Magnetization and microstructure dynamics in Fe/MnAs/GaAs(001): Fe magnetization reversal by a femtosecond laser pulse. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:247202. [PMID: 25541801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.247202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thin film magnetization reversal without applying external fields is an attractive perspective for applications in sensors and devices. One way to accomplish it is by fine-tuning the microstructure of a magnetic substrate via temperature control, as in the case of a thin Fe layer deposited on a MnAs/GaAs(001) template. This work reports a time-resolved resonant scattering study exploring the magnetic and structural properties of the Fe/MnAs system, using a 100 fs optical laser pulse to trigger local temperature variations and a 100 fs x-ray free-electron laser pulse to probe the induced magnetic and structural dynamics. The experiment provides direct evidence that a single optical laser pulse can reverse the Fe magnetization locally. It reveals that the time scale of the magnetization reversal is slower than that of the MnAs structural transformations triggered by the optical pulse, which take place after a few picoseconds already.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spezzani
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Ferrari
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Vidal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Ciavardini
- CNR-ISM, via Salaria km 29, 300-00016 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - R Delaunay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7614, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Capotondi
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Pedersoli
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Coreno
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and CNR-ISM, via Salaria km 29, 300-00016 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - C Svetina
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and Graduate School of Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Zangrando
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R Ivanov
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - I Nikolov
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Demidovich
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M B Danailov
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - H Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - M Eddrief
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G De Ninno
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Kiskinova
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Sacchi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France and Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, France
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9
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Poletto L, Miotti P, Frassetto F, Spezzani C, Grazioli C, Coreno M, Ressel B, Gauthier D, Ivanov R, Ciavardini A, de Simone M, Stagira S, De Ninno G. Double-configuration grating monochromator for extreme-ultraviolet ultrafast pulses. Appl Opt 2014; 53:5879-88. [PMID: 25321666 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and characterization of a double-configuration grating monochromator for the spectral selection of extreme-ultraviolet ultrafast pulses. Two grating geometries are joined in an instrument with two interchangeable diffracting stages, both used at grazing incidence: one with the gratings in the off-plane mount (OPM), the other in the classical diffraction mount (CDM). The use of two stages gives great flexibility: the OPM stage is used for sub-50 fs time response and low spectral resolution, while the CDM stage is for 100-200 fs time response and high spectral resolution. The monochromator spectral and temporal performances have been experimentally demonstrated on a high-order laser-harmonics beam line.
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10
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Mazza T, Ilchen M, Rafipoor AJ, Callegari C, Finetti P, Plekan O, Prince KC, Richter R, Danailov MB, Demidovich A, De Ninno G, Grazioli C, Ivanov R, Mahne N, Raimondi L, Svetina C, Avaldi L, Bolognesi P, Coreno M, O'Keeffe P, Di Fraia M, Devetta M, Ovcharenko Y, Möller T, Lyamayev V, Stienkemeier F, Düsterer S, Ueda K, Costello JT, Kazansky AK, Kabachnik NM, Meyer M. Determining the polarization state of an extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser beam using atomic circular dichroism. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3648. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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11
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Grazioli C, Callegari C, Ciavardini A, Coreno M, Frassetto F, Gauthier D, Golob D, Ivanov R, Kivimäki A, Mahieu B, Bučar B, Merhar M, Miotti P, Poletto L, Polo E, Ressel B, Spezzani C, De Ninno G. CITIUS: an infrared-extreme ultraviolet light source for fundamental and applied ultrafast science. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:023104. [PMID: 24593346 DOI: 10.1063/1.4864298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the main features of CITIUS, a new light source for ultrafast science, generating tunable, intense, femtosecond pulses in the spectral range from infrared to extreme ultraviolet (XUV). The XUV pulses (about 10(5)-10(8) photons/pulse in the range 14-80 eV) are produced by laser-induced high-order harmonic generation in gas. This radiation is monochromatized by a time-preserving monochromator, also allowing one to work with high-resolution bandwidth selection. The tunable IR-UV pulses (10(12)-10(15) photons/pulse in the range 0.4-5.6 eV) are generated by an optical parametric amplifier, which is driven by a fraction of the same laser pulse that generates high order harmonics. The IR-UV and XUV pulses follow different optical paths and are eventually recombined on the sample for pump-probe experiments. We also present the results of two pump-probe experiments: with the first one, we fully characterized the temporal duration of harmonic pulses in the time-preserving configuration; with the second one, we demonstrated the possibility of using CITIUS for selective investigation of the ultra-fast dynamics of different elements in a magnetic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grazioli
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | | | - M Coreno
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Frassetto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Padova, Italy
| | - D Gauthier
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - D Golob
- Kontrolni Sistemi d.o.o., Sežana, Slovenia
| | - R Ivanov
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - A Kivimäki
- Institute of Materials Manufacturing (CNR-IOM), TASC Laboratory, Trieste, Italy
| | - B Mahieu
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - B Bučar
- Laboratory of Mechanical Processing Technologies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Merhar
- Laboratory of Mechanical Processing Technologies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Miotti
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Padova, Italy
| | - L Poletto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Padova, Italy
| | - E Polo
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (CNR-ISOF), Ferrara, Italy
| | - B Ressel
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - C Spezzani
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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12
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Penco G, Danailov M, Demidovich A, Allaria E, De Ninno G, Di Mitri S, Fawley WM, Ferrari E, Giannessi L, Trovó M. Experimental demonstration of electron longitudinal-phase-space linearization by shaping the photoinjector laser pulse. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:044801. [PMID: 24580459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.044801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Control of the electron-beam longitudinal-phase-space distribution is of crucial importance in a number of accelerator applications, such as linac-driven free-electron lasers, colliders and energy recovery linacs. Some longitudinal-phase-space features produced by nonlinear electron beam self- fields, such as a quadratic energy chirp introduced by geometric longitudinal wakefields in radio-frequency (rf) accelerator structures, cannot be compensated by ordinary tuning of the linac rf phases nor corrected by a single high harmonic accelerating cavity. In this Letter we report an experimental demonstration of the removal of the quadratic energy chirp by properly shaping the electron beam current at the photoinjector. Specifically, a longitudinal ramp in the current distribution at the cathode linearizes the longitudinal wakefields in the downstream linac, resulting in a flat electron current and energy distribution. We present longitudinal-phase-space measurements in this novel configuration compared to those typically obtained without longitudinal current shaping at the FERMI linac.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Danailov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Demidovich
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - W M Fawley
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Ferrari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy and Enea, via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - M Trovó
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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13
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Spezzani C, Allaria E, Coreno M, Diviacco B, Ferrari E, Geloni G, Karantzoulis E, Mahieu B, Vento M, De Ninno G. Coherent light with tunable polarization from single-pass free-electron lasers. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:084801. [PMID: 21929170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tunable polarization over a wide spectral range is a required feature of light sources employed to investigate the properties of local symmetry in matter. In this Letter, we provide the first experimental characterization of the polarization of the harmonic light produced by a free-electron laser and demonstrate a method to obtain free-electron laser harmonics with tunable polarization. Experimental results are successfully compared with theory. Our findings can be expected to have a deep impact on the design and realization of experiments requiring full control of light polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spezzani
- Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 km 163.5, Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
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14
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Bachelard R, Dauxois T, De Ninno G, Ruffo S, Staniscia F. Vlasov equation for long-range interactions on a lattice. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 83:061132. [PMID: 21797327 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that, in the continuum limit, the dynamics of Hamiltonian systems defined on a lattice with long-range couplings is well described by the Vlasov equation. This equation can be linearized around the homogeneous state, and a dispersion relation, which depends explicitly on the Fourier modes of the lattice, can be derived. This allows one to compute the stability thresholds of the homogeneous state, which turns out to depend on the mode number. When this state is unstable, the growth rates are also functions of the mode number. Explicit calculations are performed for the α-Hamiltonian mean field model with 0≤α<1, for which the mean-field mode is always found to dominate the exponential growth. The theoretical predictions are successfully compared with numerical simulations performed on a finite lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bachelard
- University of Nova Gorica, School of Applied Sciences, Ajdovcina, Slovenia.
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15
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Allaria E, De Ninno G, Spezzani C. Experimental demonstration of frequency pulling in single-pass free-electron lasers. Opt Express 2011; 19:10619-10624. [PMID: 21643316 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Frequency pulling is a well-known phenomenon in standard laser physics, leading to a shift of the laser frequency when the cavity and maximum gain frequencies are detuned. In this letter we present the first experimental demonstration of frequency pulling in single-pass free-electron lasers. Measurements are performed using the single-pass free-electron laser installed on the Elettra storage ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allaria
- 1Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 km 163.5, Basovizza, Ts, Italy
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16
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Staniscia F, Chavanis PH, De Ninno G. Out-of-equilibrium phase transitions in the Hamiltonian mean-field model: a closer look. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 83:051111. [PMID: 21728494 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We provide a detailed discussion of out-of-equilibrium phase transitions in the Hamiltonian mean-field (HMF) model in the framework of Lynden-Bell's statistical theory of the Vlasov equation. For two-level initial conditions, the caloric curve β(E) only depends on the initial value f(0) of the distribution function. We evidence different regions in the parameter space where the nature of the phase transitions between magnetized and nonmagnetized states changes: (i) For f(0)>0.10965, the system displays a second-order phase transition; (ii) for 0.109497<f(0)<0.10965, the system displays a second-order phase transition and a first-order phase transition; (iii) for 0.10947<f(0)<0.109497, the system displays two second-order phase transitions; and (iv) for f(0)<0.1047, there is no phase transition. The passage from a first-order to a second-order phase transition corresponds to a tricritical point. The sudden appearance of two second-order phase transitions from nothing corresponds to a second-order azeotropy. This is associated with a phenomenon of phase reentrance. When metastable states are taken into account, the problem becomes even richer. In particular, we find another situation of phase reentrance. We consider both microcanonical and canonical ensembles and report the existence of a tiny region of ensemble inequivalence. We also explain why the use of the initial magnetization M(0) as an external parameter, instead of the phase level f(0), may lead to inconsistencies in the thermodynamical analysis. Finally, we mention different causes of incomplete relaxation that could be a limitation to the application of Lynden-Bell's theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Staniscia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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17
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Staniscia F, Turchi A, Fanelli D, Chavanis PH, De Ninno G. Negative specific heat in the canonical statistical ensemble. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:010601. [PMID: 20867431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
According to thermodynamics, the specific heat of Boltzmannian short-range interacting systems is a positive quantity. Less intuitive properties are instead displayed by systems characterized by long-range interactions. In that case, the sign of specific heat depends on the considered statistical ensemble: Negative specific heat can be found in isolated systems, which are studied in the framework of the microcanonical ensemble; on the other hand, it is generally recognized that a positive specific heat should always be measured in systems in contact with a thermal bath, for which the canonical ensemble is the appropriate one. We demonstrate that the latter assumption is not generally true: One can, in principle, measure negative specific heat also in the canonical ensemble if the system under scrutiny is non-Boltzmannian and/or out-of-equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Staniscia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, Italy
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Paskauskas R, De Ninno G. Lyapunov stability of Vlasov equilibria using Fourier-Hermite modes. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 80:036402. [PMID: 19905225 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.036402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose an efficient method to compute Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov eigenvectors of long-range interacting many-particle systems, whose dynamics is described by the Vlasov equation. We show that an expansion of a distribution function using Hermite modes (in velocity variable) and Fourier modes (in configuration variable) converges fast if an appropriate scaling parameter is introduced and identified with the inverse of the temperature. As a consequence, dynamics and linear stability properties of many-particle states, both in the close-to and in the far-from equilibrium regimes, can be predicted using a small number of expansion coefficients. As an example of a long-range interacting system we investigate stability properties of stationary states, the Hamiltonian mean-field model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paskauskas
- Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
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Staniscia F, Chavanis PH, De Ninno G, Fanelli D. Out-of-equilibrium phase re-entrance(s) in long-range interacting systems. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 80:021138. [PMID: 19792108 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Systems with long-range interactions display a short-time relaxation toward quasistationary states (QSSs) whose lifetime increases with system size. The application of Lynden-Bell's theory of "violent relaxation" to the Hamiltonian Mean Field model leads to the prediction of out-of-equilibrium first- and second-order phase transitions between homogeneous (zero magnetization) and inhomogeneous (nonzero magnetization) QSSs, as well as an interesting phenomenon of phase re-entrances. We compare these theoretical predictions with direct N -body numerical simulations. We confirm the existence of phase re-entrance in the typical parameter range predicted from Lynden-Bell's theory, but also show that the picture is more complicated than initially thought. In particular, we exhibit the existence of secondary re-entrant phases: we find unmagnetized states in the theoretically magnetized region as well as persisting magnetized states in the theoretically unmagnetized region. We also report the existence of a region with negative specific heats for QSSs both in the numerical and analytical caloric curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Staniscia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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De Ninno G, Allaria E, Coreno M, Curbis F, Danailov MB, Karantzoulis E, Locatelli A, Menteş TO, Nino MA, Spezzani C, Trovò M. Generation of ultrashort coherent vacuum ultraviolet pulses using electron storage rings: a new bright light source for experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:053902. [PMID: 18764393 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.053902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time that seeded harmonic generation on electron storage rings can produce coherent optical pulses in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range. The experiment is performed at Elettra, where coherent pulses are generated at 132 nm, with a duration of about 100 fs. The light source has a repetition rate of 1 kHz and adjustable polarization; it is very bright, with a peak power several orders of magnitude above that of spontaneous synchrotron radiation. Owing to high stability, the source is used in a test photoemission electron microscopy experiment. We anticipate that seeded harmonic generation on storage rings can lead to unprecedented developments in time-resolved femtosecond spectroscopy and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Ninno
- Physics Department, Nova Gorica University, Nova Gorica, SI-5000 Slovenia and Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Allaria E, Curbis F, Coreno M, Danailov M, Diviacco B, Spezzani C, Trovó M, De Ninno G. Experimental characterization of nonlinear harmonic generation in planar and helical undulators. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:174801. [PMID: 18518299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.174801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental characterization of the process of coherent harmonic generation in single-pass free electron lasers. The harmonic radiation is obtained by seeding the electron beam stored in the Elettra storage ring with a Ti:sapphire laser. Different methods for generating harmonics are compared between them, and a detailed characterization of the emitted light is performed for different polarizations. Our results also contribute to the debate about the possible presence of a coherent on-axis signal in helical undulators. In this respect, we provide an experimental confirmation of recent theoretical studies that predict no coherent on-axis signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allaria
- Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 km 163.5, Trieste, I-34012 Italy
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De Ninno G, Allaria E, Coreno M, Chowdhury S, Curbis F, Danailov MB, Diviacco B, Ferianis M, Karantzoulis E, Longhi EC, Pinayev IV, Spezzani C, Trovò M, Litvinenko VN. Self-induced harmonic generation in a storage-ring free-electron laser. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:104801. [PMID: 18352194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Coherent radiation from a relativistic electron beam is a valuable way to overcome the present limitations of conventional lasers and synchrotron radiation light sources. The typical scheme has electrons, directly from a linac, in a single-pass interaction with a laser pulse in the presence of a static undulator magnetic field. We demonstrate that a storage-ring free-electron laser can also achieve harmonic generation (down to 36.5 nm), presenting both experimental and theoretical results, and offer a reliable interpretation of the peculiar underlying physical processes involved.
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Abstract
Coherent harmonic generation using single-pass free-electron lasers is a promising method for generating coherent radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray spectral region. We propose a simple scheme allowing one to generate powerful coherent radiation in the soft x-ray region by making use of present available technology. The method relies on the possibility of creating substantial bunching in a relativistic electron beam, while limiting the growth of its energy spread. The validity of the scheme is demonstrated using a simple one-dimensional model. Results are confirmed by three-dimensional simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allaria
- Sincrotrone Trieste, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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De Ninno G, Antoniazzi A, Diviacco B, Fanelli D, Giannessi L, Meucci R, Trovó M. Dynamics and stabilization of the Elettra storage-ring free-electron laser. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 71:066504. [PMID: 16089888 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.066504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate performance of a storage-ring free-electron laser in terms of light stability and extracted power depends on the possibility of simultaneously controlling the electron-beam and laser dynamics. As a preliminary requirement, the level of longitudinal and transverse electron-beam stability must be high enough to guarantee the laser start-up and growth. This is usually obtained by means of dedicated feedback systems. Once such a requirement is satisfied, the possibility of establishing and maintaining a continuous-wave operation mode finally resides in a deep understanding of the strongly coupled laser-electrons dynamics. For this purpose, we have developed a simple theoretical model which has been proved to be able to provide insight into the evolution of the laser intensity. In this framework, we have also proposed the possibility of utilizing a derivative closed-loop feedback to create or enlarge the region of stable signal. A feedback of this type has been implemented on the Elettra storage-ring free-electron laser. The obtained results, which fully confirm our predictions, are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Ninno
- Sincrotrone Trieste, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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De Ninno G, Bruni C, Nutarelli D, Garzella D, Thomas C, Couprie ME. Steady state of a fully detuned storage-ring free-electron laser. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 67:026501. [PMID: 12636832 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.026501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper gives an analytical description of the stationary regime of a storage-ring free-electron laser in the presence of the maximum detuning (compatible with the laser onset) between the laser pulse and the electron beam when they pass and interact in the optical cavity. In this condition, the conservation of the first moments of the laser intensity distribution allows one to express the peak gain of the light amplification process and the maximum detuning as a function of system parameters that are directly measurable. These theoretical results are compared with experiments performed on the Super-ACO free-electron laser.
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De Ninno G, Nutarelli D, Garzella D, Couprie ME. Internal micropulse structure of a storage-ring free-electron laser. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 65:056504. [PMID: 12059722 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.056504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal distribution of a free-electron laser (FEL) may present a complex internal structure. This phenomenon has been already observed in the case of LINAC based oscillators and self-amplified spontaneous emission devices (for which the presence of "spikes" in the temporal distribution is systematically observed). We investigate here the physical process responsible for the growth of complex substructures inside the micropulse of a storage-ring free-electron laser. This "hole-burning-like" process results from the localized character of the interaction between the ultrarelativistic electron beam circulating in the storage ring and the laser pulse. Experimental results concerning the case of the super-ACO FEL are presented and interpreted by means of a pass-to-pass tracking code containing all the relevant features of the system dynamics.
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Bartolini R, Dattoli G, Mezi L, Renieri A, Migliorati M, Couprie ME, De Ninno G, Roux R. Suppression of the sawtooth instability in a storage ring by free-electron laser: an example of nonlinear stabilization by noise. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:134801. [PMID: 11580594 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of nonlinear excitations by noise is a topic of fundamental importance in many physical problems. We discuss a genuine example within the context of storage ring-free electron laser physics, by presenting a model which allows the characterization of the system evolution and the determination of the conditions leading to the suppression of instabilities of sawtooth type. The conclusions of the model are confirmed by a comparison with experimental results on the Super Aco Storage Ring-Free Electron Laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bartolini
- ENEA, Divisione Fisica Applicata, Centro Ricerche Frascati, CP 65, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
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De Ninno G, Couprie ME, Nutarelli D, Garzella D, Renault E, Billardon M. Local energy exchange in a storage-ring free-electron laser. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:026502. [PMID: 11497720 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.026502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper a theoretical model is presented, which is based on a pass to pass analysis of the localized interaction between a short laser pulse with a wider electron distribution. It can be applied to a large class of physical phenomena and, in particular, to the case of a storage-ring free-electron laser (FEL). Numerical results are confirmed by experimental measurements done on the ACO and Super-ACO FELs.
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De Ninno G, Nutarelli D, Garzella D, Nahon L, Hirsch M, Renault E, Couprie M. The super-ACO free electron laser source in the UV and its applications. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(01)00295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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De Ninno G, Nutarelli D, Garzella D, Nahon L, Hirsch M, Renault E, Visentin B, Couprie M. Gamma rays produced by inverse Compton scattering in the Super-ACO storage ring free electron laser. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(01)00263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rossi A, De Ninno G, Mergoni M. Respiratory muscles in intensive care medicine. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1999; 54:532-8. [PMID: 10695326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Rossi
- Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Ospedale Maggiore di Borgo Trento, Verona, Italy
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